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Caponi, A. I. (Buenos Aires, Argentina) DETERMINATION OF THE SEQUENCE OF WRITING WRITTEN ON BOTH SIDES OF A PAPER

One of the most difficult subjects the Examiner of Questioned Documents has to deal with is the determination of the sequence of written materials.

As far as this author knows techniques are available only for cases where the relevant writings are placed on the same side of the paper. This work deals with the investigation of the possibility of the determination of temporal sequence of writings written on both sides of the same paper.

Numerous experiments have been made on a range of papers varying in weight. In all of these tests both sides of the paper were written upon with typewriting machines as well as by hand (pencil, pen, ball-point pen, fountain-pen and felt-tip pen). Several examples are shown where the possibility of such determination is seen to be feasible, especially in cases where both sides are typewritten and where one is typewritten and the other is handwritten with pencil or ball-point pen.

Carlsson, L. (Solna, Sweden) THE APPLICATION OF CATHODOLUMINESCENCE IN THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TO FORENSIC PROBLEMS

Studies of cathodoluminescence (CL) of materials in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can provide additional information not obtainable from the electron image or X-ray microanalysis. If subjects other than phosphors are to be studied, the low light intensity is a problem. We therefore constructed an apparatus which collects as much as possible of the light emitted from a specimen in the SEM, and minimizes the signal due to back-scattered electrons. The light-collector is a mirror in the shape of an ellipsoid of revolution, and the spectro- meter incorporates a continuous interference filter.

The apparatus is currently being used for preliminary investigations on subjects of forensic interest, mainly glass of various kinds. The results are promising and show that this technique can be a valuable accessory of the SEM.

Carmi, A. (Haifa, Israel) EXPERIMENTAL MEDICAL TREATMENT DURING STATE OF EMERGENCY - LEGAL ASPECTS

This essay aims at clarifying the legal standards by which the treating physician should be guided in dealing with casualties in an emergency. Conditions of emergency have become part of our contemporary life. The doctor and the professional must prepare themselves for the performance of their work in unusual conditions. A state of emergency does not exempt the doctor from legal liability for damages caused by his treatment. The precaution expected from the treating physician applies equally to states of emergency and to those of daily life. The skill expected from the treating physician will be evaluated in accordance with accepted practice of the profession in similar circumstances. Legal requirements will be reduced, to