determinants of individual growth
TRANSCRIPT
Determinants of individual growth
2 populations with different body size = an environmental effect
2 pop. in the same environment 1 pop. in 2 environments
Sorci, Clobert, Bélichon (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology 65:781-790
Determinants of individual growth Density dependence (competition)
Massot, Clobert, Pilorge, Lecomte, Barbault (1992) Ecology 73:1742-1756
Experimental density manipulation
Density Competition Yearling body size Growth
2 y. old female body size
Determinants of individual growth
Le Galliard, Massot, et al. (2006) Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:690-704
Female growth > Male growth Yearly variation
High family resemblances in the first month of growth (genetic, prenatal or postnatal determinants)
Prenatal stress Juvenile growth
Prenatal temperature
Juvenile growth
Postnatal humidity Juvenile growth
Postnatal food Juvenile growth
Lorenzon, Clobert et al. (2001) Evolution 55: 392-404
Determinants of individual growth
Uller, Massot, et al. (2004) Evolution 58:2511-2516
Litter sex ratio may influence fitness due to hormonal interaction between foetuses
Male biased litters Growth of juvenile females
Body size of females at maturity
Determinants of individual growth characteristics at birth
Clobert, Oppliger, Sorci, Ernande, Swallow, Garland (2000) Functional Ecology 14:675-684
Determinants of individual growth
Compensatory processes (negative feedbacks)
Growth Body size Growth Fecundity Trade-off
Growth
Upper limit to body size
Growth
Competition
Ontogeny and age structure
Fitze, Le Galliard (2005) Ecology Letters 11:432-439 Pilorge, Castanet (1981) Acta Oecologica - Oecologia Generalis 2:3-16
Size distribution influenced by age distribution and population sex ratio
Maternal age effect
Maternal age effect dependent on sex, habitat and maternal body size !
Meylan,Clobert, Montes, Haussy, Cubo, Massot (en préparation)
Juve
nile
sur
viva
l rat
e
Juvenile body size
Mugabo, Marquis, Le Galliard (en preparation)
Size-dependent mortality
Size-dependent dispersal
Cote, Clobert, Fitze (2007) PNAS 104:9703-9708
Size-dependent dispersal with mother-offspring competition
Cote, Clobert(2007) Ecology Letters 10:411-417
Le Galliard, Ferrière, et al. (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology 74:241-249
Size-dependent dispersal
Higher growth rate in juveniles colonizing empty patches
Interaction with other species
Pilorge (1982) Amphibia-Reptilia 3:27-31
Overlap in prey size with a common frog
Growth Competition with a frog
Interaction with other species
Sorci, Clobert (1995) Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8:711-723
Ectoparasites on the mother => Maternal effect on growth of offspring females
Interaction with abiotic factors
Lorenzon, Clobert, Oppliger, John-Alder (1999) Oecologia 118:423-430
Humidity Activity Body size Growth
Effects of Body size
in the Common lizard
Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances
Eizaguirre, Laloi et al. (2007) Proceeding of the Royal Society B 274:425-430 Massot, Clobert, Pilorge, Lecomte, Barbault (1992) Ecology 73:1742-1756 Pilorge (1987) Herpetologica 43:345-356 Pilorge, Xavier, Barbault (1983) Holarctic Ecology 6:381-386
Body size Litter size A classical fitness
advantage in reptiles
Stronger relationship in older females Meylan,Clobert, Montes, Haussy, Cubo, Massot (en préparation)
Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances
Body size Age at maturity Another classical fitness
advantage in reptiles
Massot (unpublished data)
Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances
Reproductive failures more frequent in the longest monoandrous females
Reproductive system 2-5 fathers within litters
in approximately 50% of females
Eizaguirre, Laloi et al. (2007) Proceeding of the Royal Society B 274:425-430
Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances
Meylan, Clobert (2004) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:450-458
Sorci, Clobert (1997) Evolutionary Ecology 11:531-541
but relationship sensitive to juvenile sex, maternal feeding
and year
Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances
Le Galliard, Ferrière (2008) Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:157-176 Le Galliard, Clobert et al. (2004) Nature 432:502-505
Body size Endurance Survival But mainly in small individuals
Mugabo, Marquis, Le Galliard (en preparation)
Positive relationship between juvenile size
and endurance
Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances
Sorci, Swallow, Garland, Clobert (1995) Physiological Zoology 68:698-720 Le Galliard, Clobert, et al. (2004) Nature 432:502-505
• Juvenile endurance negatively correlated with maternal body size
Meylan, Clobert (2004) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:450-458 • Juvenile endurance not correlated with maternal body size
Maternal influence dependent on year or/and population
Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances
Belliure, Meylan, Clobert (2004) Journal of Experimental Zoology 301A:401-410
Maternal stress Juvenile basking
Only in large mother Body size =
conditional variable
Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances
de Fraipont, Clobert, Alder (2000) Journal of Animal Ecology 69:404-413
Maternal stress Juvenile activity
Only in small mother Body size =
conditional variable
Effects on other species
Pilorge (1982) Amphibia-Reptilia 3:27-31 Massot, Clobert (unpublished data)
Overlap in prey size with a common frog
Body size Prey size Competition with a frog
Climate change & Body size
in the Common lizard
Climate warming in the study area (daily maximum temperatures)
Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402 Massot, Clobert, Ferrière (2008) Global Change Biology 14:461-469
Independent temperatures during the study period
Warming in 4 of the 6 months of the activity season :
August r=0.49 P=0.0082 (without the heatwave 2003)
June r=0.53 P=0.0033
May r=0.59 P=0.0007
April r=0.38 P=0.0410
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
August
June
May
April
Significant warming only in June during the study period (other months cannot explain observed trends)
Effects of climate warming from individual to metapopulation
relations between populations
dynamics, composition
Individual traits, fitness, dispersal
phenology behaviour
Climate warming
physiology Individual
Population
evolution
Integrative approach
Laying date
Body size
Litter size
Survival
Dorsal morphs
Dispersal relations between populations
dynamics, composition
Individual traits, fitness, dispersal
phenology behaviour
Climate warming
physiology Individual
Population
evolution
Integrative approach
Body size
a key parameter
relations between populations
dynamics, composition
Individual traits, fitness, dispersal
phenology behaviour
Climate warming
physiology Individual
Population
evolution
Body size
Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402
Body size P<0,0001 for each study sites
+ 28 % in yearlings !
until mid-90s
Positive relationships between body size in yearlings and
temperature in June / August
Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402
Climate warming still moderate =
a series of ‘good activity seasons’ / usual temperature variations
Expectation of a decrease in body size with a stronger climate warming
perf
orm
ance
temperature
Tpreferendum Tp
Ts Tstress
Tlethal Tl
Body size
Litter size in 3 sites (P<0,0001)
Relationship between Litter size and Body size …
Litter size in 1 site (P=0,047)
Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402
Climate warming still moderate =
a series of ‘good activity seasons’ / usual temperature variations
Expectation of a decrease in litter size with a stronger climate warming (CHA ?)
perf
orm
ance
temperature
Tpreferendum Tp
Ts Tstress
Tlethal Tl
Litter size
Marquis, Massot, Le Galliard (2008) Ecology 89:2575-2583
Cohort effects
We found effects of rainfall, but not of temperature
Climate conditions may have delayed life history effects (Stenseth et al. 2002 Science 297:1292-1296)
Perf
orm
ance
t t+1 t+2 année
Intergenerational effects on reproductive performances ? (litter size, offspring size, survival)
time
Marquis, Massot, Le Galliard (2008) Ecology 89:2575-2583
Cohort effects
Rainfall during gestation
Offspring body size
Offspring survival (independently of offspring body size)
- +
Offspring fecundity
- F1
Offspring body size (independently of fecundity)
+ F2
Complexity…
Important messages …
Body size is a key parameter ! Body size = target variable
" Effects from other individuals, other populations, others species, abiotic factors
! Body size = conditional variable " Allometric relationships mediate a large number of individual and
population processes
! Body size = influential variable " Effects on other individuals, other populations, others species,
abiotic factors ___________________________________
! Many relationships with body size ! " Ignore body size in an investigation/study/analysis is dangerous …
" Body size = Integrative parameter of individual quality/history and population functioning
! Impacts of Climate change " Dramatic change of body size in populations
" Consequence on fecundity
" Delayed effects (until a grand-maternal effect on body size !)
! Cascade effects …
Body size is a key parameter
Dispersal
Sex-ratio
Fecundity Warming Body size
Age at maturity
Sexual harassment
Population regulation Metapopulation persistence Colonising ability
Female mortality Litter size Population
vortex
Density dependence