DETECTING CROOKED AND FALLACIOUS THINKING

CRITICAL READING

GROUP E

Lecturer : YB. Unggul Djatmika

Group Members :

Evo Luhur luthfiana20111500592

Hanifah Dwi Andari .P

20111500609

Bunga Mentari201112500597

EquivocationEquivocation

Detecting Crooked and

Fallacious Thinking

Talking ‘What is’ to be ‘What

Ought’

Talking ‘What is’ to be ‘What

Ought’

False AnalogyFalse Analogy

Either-or Assumption

Either-or Assumption

FALSE ANALOGY

What’s Analogy ?

A comparison between two things.

Form :A is like B.B has property X.Therefore, A has property X.

A false analogy is where an invalid conclusion is drawn from a comparison between two apparently similar situations.

Example 1 :

Vikri is handsome and he belongs to class 4D. Carlo also belongs to class 4D, so he is handsome.

FALSE ANALOGY

Example 2 :

It is cruel to kill fowls for food because no human beings would like to be killed.

EQUIVOCATION

Equivocation is the same word is used with two different meanings. Equivocation is the type of ambiguity which occurs when a single word or phrase is ambiguous.

Example 1 :

Prof. Parker asked me to create a table and collect it on the table.

Example 2 :

All banks are beside rivers. Therefore, the financial institution where I deposit my money is beside a river.

Lawyers know all the laws. Since you can’t understand what your lecturers have told you about Newton’s laws, you should consult lawyers in John and Paul Law Firm.

Dog is the most faithful animal in the world. It is ready to sacrifice its life to guard its master. Realizing this, it is important for scientists to study how to train people like a dog. There is no doubt that if we design such training, the world will be peaceful because all people are faithful one to another.

Exercise : False Analogy and Equivocation

Either-or Assumption

An either/or fallacy occurs when a speaker makes a claim that presents an artificial range of choices. For instance, it may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist.

Either-or Assumption

An either/or fallacy occurs when a speaker makes a claim that presents an artificial range of choices. For instance, it may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist.

A mother may tell her child: “Eat your broccoli or you won’t get dessert.”

Example :

An ignorant friend might say: “I’m not a doctor, but your runny nose and cough tell me that you either have a cold or the flu.”

Talking ‘What is’ to be ‘What ought’

In order to be heard persuasive, some people try to treat ‘what is’ as ‘what to be’. People are more easily persuaded by their weakness than by reason.

Example :

Smoking is not good for health, because a lot of people like it. Large numbers of ciggarete are sold every day.

Conclusion False Analogy “comparison between two apparently similar situations with an invalid conclusion”.

Equivocation“A single word may have a variety of meanings”.

Either-or Assumption “the assumption that there is no middle ground between two extremes: things are either black or white, right or wrong!”.

Talking ‘What is’ to be ‘What ought’“Usually used to persuade people which people more easily persuaded by their weakness than by reason”.