design theory – part i si jung “jun” kim, phd 1. outline design theory - part i research...
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Design Theory – Part I
Si Jung “Jun” Kim, PhD
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Outline• Design Theory - Part I
• Research Design - Part I
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Announcement• Have you created discussion groups on facebook?
• Add a prefix, DIG4725c Fall 2012
• Ask me your preliminary ideas
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The beginning of gameplay• Mankind has been playing games• The Senet
– Credited as the first game; Egyptian game around 3500BC– Two player game
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The beginning of gameplay• Mankind has been playing games• The Senet
– Credited as the first game; Egyptian game around 3500BC– Two player game
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The beginning of gameplay (cont.)• The Royal Game of Ur (aka Game of Twenty Squares)• An ancient mesopotamian board game; Found in the Royal Tombs
of Ur in Iraq by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s.• Two players
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The beginning of gameplay (cont.)• The Royal Game of Ur (aka Game of Twenty Squares)• An ancient mesopotamian board game; Found in the Royal Tombs
of Ur in Iraq by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s.• Two players
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The beginning of gameplay (cont.)• Extended Versions
http://www.odessadesign.co.uk/bmgame.htm
http://agongame.com/boardgames/
iPad
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Some Common Examples of Game Mechanics in the Ancient Games
• Luck– Random chance, an outcome that the player has no control over
• Strategy– Player’s ability to turns and moves
• Diplomacy– How players interact with the others
• Resource Management– Assets that players can use
• Territory Control– Controlling the game space
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More History of Games• Read articles at
1) http://historicgames.com/gamestimeline.html
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_games
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The Beginning of Videogame
• Some ideas in the 1947• The cathode ray tube (CRT) amusement device
– Earliest known interactive electronic game to use a CRT
– Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann
– The gaming device was never marketed nor sold to the public.
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)
• First video game: – Tennis For Two by physicist William Higinbotham– Tennis game in an Oscilloscope in 1958– First electronic game– Two players
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)
• First video game: – Tennis For Two by physicist William Higinbotham– Tennis game in an Oscilloscope in 1958– First electronic game– Two players
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)
• First video game: – Tennis game in an Oscilloscope
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)• 1960s
– Space War (MIT)– The first influential computer game
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)• 1970s
– Galaxy– The first coin-operated video game
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Space War Legacy
1971 Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck formed Computer Recreations
Galaxy Game Cost: $20KPlay cost: 10 centBuilt: dozens
1972 Noland Bushnell and Ted Dabney (@Nutting Associates)
Galaxy Game Built: 1.5K
1972
PONGBuilt: 10K“Breaks down”
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The Beginning of Videogame (Cont.)• Pong (1972, Atari)
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PONG - First documented Video Ping-Pong game (1969)
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The Golden Age 1979-1981
• Atari releases Asteroids!
• Pac-Man, Bally/Midway, 1980
• Frogger, Konami/Sega, 1981
• Donkey Kong, Nintendo, 1981
• Namco releases Pac-Man, 1982 (+300K machines sold)
– Own television show
• US Army commissions Atari for a tank simulation game– Start of a long enduring activity
• Nintendo releases first console in 1981• http://www.tripletsandus.com/80s/80s_games/
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The Great Crash 1982-1984
• The Commodore 64 PC is released• Coleco releases the Adam PC• Too many competitors small and large saturate the market
– 1982 Warner Corp. stock fell 32% after Atari announces les-that-expected sells of consoles
– Atari sold to Jack Tramiel (owner of Commodore)– New company: Atari Corp. pulls from Console market
• Bright spot: Nintendo releases famicon does well in Japan
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The Return of the Video Games 1985-1988
• Nintendo releases NES
– Met with skepticism by market observers
– Turns out to be an instant hit
– Legend of Zelda
• Apple releases the Mac, Atari releases 520ST
– Who won?
• Tetris is released!
• Coleco files for bankruptcy
• 1985 MS releases Windows• PC as a gaming platform
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The Story Continues
• 1989 Nintendo releases Gameboy, Sega releases Genesis
• 1991 Nintendo releases SNES, Sega releases Sonic• 1993 32-bit consoles
– Nintendo releases Mortal Combat!
• 1999-2001 Playstation 2, Gamecube, Xbox22
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More History of Video Games• Read articles at
1) http://www.onlineeducation.net/videogame_timeline
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games
3) http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,2029221,00.html
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Type of Games• Digital vs. Non-Digital
• Single vs. Multiple (known as MUD)
• 2D vs. 3D
• First Person vs. Third Person
• Platform specific
• Purpose specific• Device specific• …
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Non-Digital Games• Board Games
– Cover whole rage of themes; family/group entertainment; based on luck– E.g., Monopoly
• Card Games– Games played with playing cards– E.g., Magic: The Gathering
• Role-Playing Games (RPG)– Players assume the roles of characters in a fictional setting– E.g., Dungeons & Dragons (D&D)
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Monopoly
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Magic: The Gathering
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Dungeons & Dragons
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http://www.wizards.com/playdnd/playdnd.asp
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Hybrid Games• Dungeons & Dragons-style
• Nintendo 3DS AR Games Cards
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• Ting Ting
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Types of Digital Games• Shoot-’em-ups (shooting games)
– A subgenre of action game, which often test the player's speed and reaction time. – E.g, Space Invaders (1978)
• First-person shooter (FPS)– The view is given to the player as if seeing the scene through the character’s eyes– E.g., doom (1993)
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Types of Digital Games (Cont.)• Platform
– Characterized by requiring the player to jump to and from suspended platforms or over obstacles – E.g., Donkey Kong
• Strategy – Requiring the players' decision-making and skillful thinking to achieve victory– Coined by Brett Sperry – E.g., Intellivision's Utopia
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Types of Digital Games (Cont.)• Platform
– Characterized by requiring the player to jump to and from suspended platforms or over obstacles – E.g., Donkey Kong
• Strategy – Requiring the players' decision-making and skillful thinking to achieve victory– Coined by Brett Sperry – E.g., Intellivision's Utopia
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Types of Digital Games (Cont.)• Puzzle
– A maze game that player action is required to escape monsters, outrace an opponent, or navigate the maze within a time limit.
– Action, arcade, hidden, etc.
– E.g., Heiankyo Alien (1979 Denki Onkyo Co.)
• Game structure types – Linear vs. Nonlinear (Sandbox
– Every player sees every challenge and sees them in the same order, vs. Every player sees only some of the challenges possible in a different order.
– E.g., Shenmue (1999)
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Next (Sept. 14th)• Design Theory - Part 2• Project Design – Part 2
• Phase I: Project Proposal Due• 11:59pm, Tuesday 11th Sept.• Send to [email protected] & post to your fb group
• Phase II: Project Design/ Research Design Due• 11:59pm, Tuesday 18th Sept.• Send to [email protected] & post to your fb group
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Suggested Template for Phase I
1. Project summary (1/2 - 1 page – use a diagram, etc)
* Motivation, goal/objectives
2. Team responsibility (1/2 page – use a chart, etc.)
3. Context of use (Place to be used) (1 page)
4. Stakeholder analysis (user analysis) (1-2 pages)
5. Expected prototype (1-2 pages – use a figure/diagram, etc.)
* Game type, genre, etc.
6. Expected results (1/2 – 1 page)
7. Expected outcomes (1/2 page)
8. References (1-2 pages)