design of experiments & introduction to research
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Design of Experiments & Introduction to Research. Design of Experiments. Introduction to Research Definition and Purpose Scientific Method Research Project Paradigm Structure of a Research Project Types of Research Descriptive Experimental. Design of Experiments - continued. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Design of Experiments &
Introduction to Research
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Design of Experiments Introduction to Research
Definition and Purpose Scientific Method Research Project Paradigm Structure of a Research Project
Types of Research Descriptive Experimental
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Design of Experiments - continued
Sampling Designs Sampling Theory & Random Sampling Statistical Inference Types of Designs
Principles of Experimental Design Confounding Variables Validity & Reliability Related Terms
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Research - Definition and Purpose
Process - Systematic, Organized, Logical Investigation of nature and natural phenomena
Purpose - Develop Understanding Discover Truths Ascertain “What Causes What”
Leads to unequivocal interpretations/generalizations.
Helps choose and decide upon one hypothesis from among equally plausible hypotheses.
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Research
Research CANNOT prove a hypothesis; however it helps disprove (disaffirm) alternate hypotheses and helps build a cumulative body of corroborating evidence in support of the primary hypothesis.
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Scientific Method Propose Hypothesis (Based on Theory) Collect and Analyze Data Test Hypothesis (Statistical Analysis) Confirm / Deny Hypothesis Explain Discrepancies Report Conclusions
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Research Cycle Observation Theory Formulation -
Statement of Research Hypotheses Research and Data Collection Statistical Analyses Reporting
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Research Cycle - continued
Observation Literature Search, Own Research Natural Setting, Laboratory Environment
Statement of Research Hypothesis Supported by Theoretical Basis Stated in Specific Terms Testable Scenario Predictive Results
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Research Cycle - continued
Data Collection Study, Experiment, Clinical Observations Data Collected and Recorded
Statistical Analyses Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
Parameter Estimation Null Hypothesis Testing
Research Hypothesis Supported or Refuted
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Research Cycle - continued
Reporting Written Reviewed Presented Published Replicated
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Structure of a Research Report
Introduction Methodology Analysis (Results) Discussion
Summary Limitations
Conclusions Recommendations
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Research Report - continued
Introduction Problem Area Literature Review Problem Statement Variables (Independent and Dependent) Hypotheses
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Research Report - continued
Methodology Subjects Experimental Design Operational definitions Treatments Apparatus Instrumentation Stimuli Techniques Procedures
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Types of Research
Descriptive Research
Experimental Research
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Descriptive Research
Describes differences based on observations.
May be used to suggest possible causation agents.
Cause and Effect conclusions are NOT supported.
Descriptive Research CANNOT and DOES NOT prove anything !!!!
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Experimental Research Controls the experimental environment -
Helps discover cause and effect Manipulates (Controls) the
Independent variable (Treatment) Do what, to whom, how much, how often
where, when, etc, etc, etc. Observe the effects on the
Dependent variable (Response) Draw conclusions about the extent of the cause
and effect relationship.
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Types of Descriptive Research
Survey Case Study Developmental
Trend Analysis Longitudinal Studies Cross-Sectional Studies
Causal Comparative (Correlational, Ex Post Facto)
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Types of Experimental Research
Nomothetic
Ideographic
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Experimental Design Completely Randomized (Between Subjects)
Design All subject participate in only one treatment level.
Repeated Measures (Within Subject) Design All subjects participate in all treatment levels.
Mixed Factorial (Blocked or Nested) Design Subjects are grouped according to some common
characteristic, then participate in all remaining treatment conditions.
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Producing Meaningful Data Why Sample - Faster, Cheaper, Easier Meaningful data, not just numbers
What needs to be measured How should it be measured What are the variables
Experimental Design addresses the following How many subjects, how to select, how to
group How many trials How to analyze the results
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Sampling Designs
Simple Random Sample (SRS) Stratified Random Sample Multi-Stage Sample Cluster Sample Systematic Sampling Purposive Sampling
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Random Sampling
Chance is deliberately used in statistical sampling, experimentation, and analysis.
Chance helps eliminate bias andhelps assure a representative sample.
Bias controlled by randomization. Variability controlled by sample size.
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Sampling Theory Subjects randomly selected and
randomly assigned to different treatment levels. Any characteristics (differences) that are present
in the population, will be proportionally distributed in a random sample, thereby canceling any bias between the groups (treatment levels).
Any differences between the groups, will be due to the effects of the different treatments themselves and not do to any differences between individual subjects.
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Statistical Inference Making Inferences
Drawing Conclusions Generalizing
about a population based on sample data.
Estimate the value of a population parameter using the value of a sample statistic.
Form a conclusion about a population in general based on a specific sample characteristic.
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Principles of Experimental Design
Control of or Accounting for the Effects from Confounding (Extraneous) Variables.
Randomization
Replication and Repeatability
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Confounding Variables History Maturation Instrumentation Testing Regression Selection Mortality Interaction of Testing with the Experimental Variable Interaction of Selection with the Experimental Variable Reactive Effects of the Experimental Environment Multiple Treatment Effects
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Validity
Face Validity
Content (Internal) Validity
Construct Validity
Predictive (External) Validity
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Reliability
Stability (Test / Re-Test)
Equivalence (Alternate Forms)
Internal Consistency (Split-Halves)
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Related Terms Experiment, Subjects, Regressors, Responses Independent and Dependent Variables Bias and Variability Block(ing) / Nesting and Repeated Measures Within, Between, Mixed Factorial Designs Fixed, Random, and Mixed Effects Treatment, Factors, Levels Control Group, Control, Placebo Main Effects, Simple Effects, Interactions Hawthorn Effect, Blind, Double Blind Anecdotal Evidence