DESALINIZACION DEL AGUA PARA INCREMENTAR LA DISPONIBILIDAD EN EL ESTADO DE SONORA

GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE SONORASECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERÍA,

RECURSOS HIDRÁULICOS, PESCA Y ACUACULTURA

Por:Rodrigo González

Desalination for water supply augmentation in the Sonora State

Comité del Agua

Con el apoyo de:

FONDO SECTORIAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO SOBRE EL AGUA

Water is the basic

engine of the system

that supports life and

development

our own life

Agriculture and cattle

Live beings

or obtaining power

Our food has waterEvery live being has water

in its body

Multiple industrial processes

It is a province that has a unique nature and also has a high potential for economic development directly related to water availability in the regionIt is a province that has a unique nature and also has a high potential for economic development directly related to water availability in the region

Sonora …

ESCALERA NÁUTICA MEGAPROJECT:INVESTMENT FOR TOURIST, COAST AND HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE

• 60,000 empleos directos• Inversión de 520 millones de USD• 5 millones de turistas anuales

(+800%)• Retorno de 12,000 millones de

USD.

Even though there is a small amount of fresh water in

relation to the total amount of water in the planet, it is still

abundant, but....…….its distribution is unequal.its distribution is unequal

Unequal in time:

Álvaro Obregón Dam (Río Yaqui)

Floods Droughts

Meteorological extreme phenomena

The droughts have persisted for 7-10 years

Unequal in geographic areas

Precipitations are scarce in the North of

Sonora, but “abundant” in the South

Altar Desert

Wetlands of Río Yaqui

Recent Tabasco flooding

The planet suffers from water and degradation stress.

The index of available water per capita is below the necessary level to satisfy a country’s needs

Thus, it must be guaranteed the ecosystem’s resistance to different kinds of stress:pollution, climate change, etc…

The demographic growth.

The overexploitation of water resources.

Physical and chemical manipulations to the territory.

Wastewaters without treatment.

The main causes for degradation are:

Overexploitation of the water and groundwater

Principal reasons of the reduction and pollution of water resources of SonoraPrincipal reasons of the reduction and pollution of water resources of Sonora

Water pollution:

Others: Lack of culture of water and ineffective application of instruments of

management and legislation.

Inappropriate managing of superficial and ground waters.

Insufficient measurement and control of the extracted volumes.

Insufficient hydrological information necessary for the planning and managing of the hydraulic resources.

Deforestation that accelerates the erosion and evaporation.

Partial coverage of the services of drinkable water and sewer.

Inappropriate managing and scanty treatment, public - urban of wastewater and direct unloads of cattle, industrial, mines, etc…

Inadequate and excessive use of agrochemical in agricultural zones

Reduction in the water table of the aquifers of Mesa del Seri-La Victoria, Pesqueira, Sonoyta-Puerto Peñasco and alluvial valley of Río Yaqui (in Hornos Town)

Sea water intrusion in the coastal aquiferous near the Valleys of Guaymas-Boca Abierta, Costa de Hermosillo and Caborca

The overexploited coastal aquifers like the one in Guaymas-Empalme, present the most severe seawater intrusion

These problems could be dealt by:

While facing this critical situation, different options are proposed, although dealing with such complex problem can be done by the

combination of all options and a good management

Desalination

OPTIONS:

Wastewaters treatment and recycling

Use reduction strategies (improve efficiency) and preservation of water ecosystems

Desalination represents an alternative consolidated

by its technical and economic viability.

Great Hydraulic Projects of Northamerica(Transbasing)

NAWAPA: North American Water and Power Alliance.PLHINO: Plan Hidráulico del Noroeste.PLHIGON: Plan Hidráulico del Golfo Norte.

Cooper y Frías, 1964.

Seawater desalination tower that will be installed in the coast of California.EME Process (284.000 m3/day)

REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION COST TENDENCIES

1. Thermal Technology: it covers Multi-Stage Flash (MSF), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) and Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC).

2. Membrane Technology: it covers Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Electrodyalisis (ED).

DESALINATION is obtained by the processes of:

Consolidated alternative with a strong growth

According to the last inventory in December 2005 of the International

Desalination Association (IDA) the world capacity is 47 Million m3, by

12,300 desalination plants located in 155 countries.

National inventory of desalination plants in Mexico taken in December 2006State Desalination plants Sites Number of

units%

NationalDo they operate? Maximum installed

capacity

        Yes No m3/d

Baja California 23 38 8.74% 24 14 51,938

BCS 71 73 16.78% 53 20 36,971

Campeche 8 19 4.37% 14 5 5,456

Coahuila 31 33 7.59% 23 10 7,668

Colima 17 18 4.14% 2 2 2,856

Edo. de México 3 4 0.92% 2 2 7,000

D.F. 14 17 3.91% 12 5 95,471

Durango 26 26 5.98% 13 13 868

Guerrero 6 6 1.38% 3 3 2,355

Jalisco 3 4 0.92% 3 1 2,865

Morelos 2 21 4.83% 21 1  110

Nuevo León 5 5 1.15% 5 2  2,847

Oaxaca 1 4 0.92% 4 1  14,256

Q. Roo 79 124 28.51% 73 51 53,339

SLP 1 1 0.23% 1 0 60

Sonora 16 22 5.06% 15 7 9,349

Tamaulipas 4 4 0.92% 2 2 5,100

Veracruz 9 15 3.45% 11 4 12,167

Yucatán 1 1 0.23% 1 1  700

Total national 320 435 100% 282 153 311,377

IDA e ITSON (2006)

• Hydrology • Hydrogeology • Geophysics exploration applied to hydrology • Hydraulic and sanitary engineering • Environmental hydrology

• Technologies and processes of desalination of sea water for the production of drinkable water and ultrapure water

• Development of technologies for the efficient use of water • To formulate and to check policies for the management and the

sustainable managing of water • Workshops of ecological education and promotion of the culture of water

Regional Center for Research and Development of WaterRegional Center for Research and Development of Water (CRIDA, (CRIDA, ITSON)ITSON)

Products Monitoring of the quality of water and ground waters in the basin of the Sonora,

Zanjón and San Miguel de Horcasitas rivers Detailed characterization of the superficial permeability in places of the riverbed of

the rivers Sonora and San Miguel de Horcasitas in the basins Determination of the efficiency of a pilot desalination plant for drinkable water, to be

in use in the design of a real scale plant Ocean and hydrologic research of the Cochorit - Guásimas coastal zone

Geophysical explorations of the quality of water for the supply of drinkable water to Alamos City

Development of national laws and rules for the control of the wastewater and brines of desalination plants

El Cochórit

Playas del Sol

RESEARCH OF DESALINATION PLANT FOR GUAYMAS-EMPALME

DESALINATION PLANT

Guaymas-Empalme Water System

450 LPS

380 LPS

260 LPS

“RIO YAQUI” INTAKE

“ESTACION

CORRAL” TANK

PB-1

PB-2

C-1

“BOCA ABIERTA” INTAKE

RE-PUMPING“SAN JOSE”

RE-PUMPING“BATUECAS”

GUAYMAS

“MAYTORENA”INTAKE

EMPALME160 LPS

600 LPS

Support

57,000 hab

Support

84,000 hab

Support

100,000 hab

280 LPS

250 LPS

270 LPS

530 LPS

“YAQUI-GUAYMAS” AQUEDUCT

60,000 hab

130,000 hab

20 LPS60 LPS

50 LPS

SEA

117 km

Group of wells of the Alluvial Valley of the Río Yaqui, brings 450 LPS

Desalination Plant

100-550 LPS

BRACKISH WATER

AQUIFERSolution Alternatives

• Endless source of water• Economic development of the

location• Water quality improvement for

the cities• Elimination of the intake need of

the Yaqui-Guaymas aquifer

• Recuperation of the Alluvial of the Río Yaqui aquifer

• Eradication of seawater intrusion in the Guaymas aquifer

• Future vision of the water supply to Hermosillo and example to other coastal cities

• A cost of US$ 0.7/m3 is considered by a BOT contract for 20 years

• It will be done in several phases, with modules of 100 LPS

BENEFITS(Guaymas, Empalme, Rìo Yaqui)

Depression in the water table in the Alluvial Valley of Río Yaqui (1996 and 2003).On the right, vegetation lost shown in color (1994 and 2004).

1996 20042003 1994

Z-I

Z-II

Z-III

Z-IV

Z-V

Regional Trees: Alamo (Populus fremontii), Sauce (Salix laevigata), Guamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce)

and Mezquite (Prosopis glandulosa)

SONORA

Cities

No. of habitants 2005 Projection to 2030

1980 1990 2000 2005Demand m3/year Habitants

Demand m3/year

Hermosillo 340,779 448,966 629,882 691,164 63,068,715 955,129 87,155,521

Guaymas 97,962 129,092 133,895 139,588 12,737,405 156,802 14,308,183

Empalme 41,063 46,017 51,494 55,080 5,026,050 68,108 6,214,855

Puerto Peñasco 26,755 26,625 37,416 33,730 3,077,862 61,413 5,603,936

Huatabampo 60,399 70,027 78,517 80,924 7,384,315 95,601 8,723,591

Total 568,938 722,717 933,204 1,002,491 91,294,347 1,337,053 122,006,087

Source: INEGI censo de población y vivienda 1980,1990, 2000 y 2005

Population and Drinkable Water Demand of Sonora

Water Demand of Empalme160 LPS or 573 m3/h (2007)