deponent verbs: overview

1

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverview

Latin, like English, has two verbal Latin, like English, has two verbal voicesvoices: Active and Passive.: Active and Passive.

We have learned that Latin uses two We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System and one for the Perfect System.System.

2

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverviewPresent SystemPresent System::

Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal EndingsPresent Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Endings- r- r - mur- mur

- ris- ris - mini- mini

- tur- tur - ntur- ntur

Perfect SystemPerfect System::Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4thth P.P.) + Present of sum, esse P.P.) + Present of sum, esse

Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4thth P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, esseesse

Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4thth P.P.) + Future of sum, P.P.) + Future of sum, esseesse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

3

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverviewSome verbs in Latin are classified as Some verbs in Latin are classified as Deponent Deponent

VerbsVerbs (from (from deponeredeponere, to put aside)., to put aside).

These are verbs whichThese are verbs which DO NOT have active forms, DO NOT have active forms, but must be translated as active voice.but must be translated as active voice.

A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that is is Passive in Form but Active in Meaning.Passive in Form but Active in Meaning.

The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the exact same rules and patternsexact same rules and patterns as the as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice.Voice.

4

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverview

NB: NB: Even though a deponent verb looks Even though a deponent verb looks passive, its subject is the doer of the passive, its subject is the doer of the verbal action. This means that verbal action. This means that Deponent Verbs can therefore never be Deponent Verbs can therefore never be put into the passive voice or have a put into the passive voice or have a passive meaning.passive meaning.

5

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsSince Deponent Verbs have only Passive Forms, Since Deponent Verbs have only Passive Forms,

they necessarily have only three Principle Parts they necessarily have only three Principle Parts (because the 3(because the 3rdrd Principle Part of a regular verb Principle Part of a regular verb is the Perfect Active Stem), and is the Perfect Active Stem), and the Principle the Principle Parts will all be in Passive Voice form.Parts will all be in Passive Voice form.

Exempla:Exempla:

Sequor, Sequor, Sequi,Sequi, Secutus Sum Secutus Sum11stst Person Singular, Person Singular, Present PassivePresent Passive Perfect Passive Perfect Passive

(Deponent)(Deponent)

PresentPresent Infinitive,Infinitive, Participle + sum Participle + sum

““I follow”I follow” “To follow”“To follow” = 1 = 1stst Person Singular, Person Singular, PerfectPerfect

Miror, Miror, MirariMirari Miratus Sum Miratus Sum

6

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle Parts

ConjugationConjugation 11stst P.P. P.P. 22ndnd P.P. P.P. T.V.T.V.

11stst - or- or - āri- āri āā

22ndnd - eor- eor - ēri- ēri ēē

33rdrd - or- or - - īī ee

33rdrd –io –io - ior- ior - - īī ee

44thth - ior- ior - - īīriri īī

7

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle

Parts: ExemplaParts: Exempla

What is the conjugation of the following verbs?What is the conjugation of the following verbs?

1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum ==

2. moror, morārī, morātus sum2. moror, morārī, morātus sum ==

3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum ==

4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum ==

5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum ==

6. morior, morī, mortuus sum6. morior, morī, mortuus sum ==

7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum ==

8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum ==

9. patior, patī, passus sum9. patior, patī, passus sum ==

10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum ==

8

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle

Parts: ExemplaParts: Exempla

What is the conjugation of the following verbs?What is the conjugation of the following verbs?

1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum = 1= 1stst

2. moror, morārī, morātus sum2. moror, morārī, morātus sum = 1= 1stst

3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum = 3= 3rdrd

4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum = 2= 2ndnd

5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum = 3= 3rdrd

6. morior, morī, mortuus sum6. morior, morī, mortuus sum = 3= 3rdrd –io –io

7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum = 3= 3rdrd –io –io

8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum = 4= 4thth

9. patior, patī, passus sum9. patior, patī, passus sum = 3= 3rdrd –io –io

10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum = 3= 3rdrd

9

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Present SystemThe Present SystemThe Conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the

Present System follows the Present System follows the exact same exact same rules and patternsrules and patterns as the Conjugation of as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal EndingsEndings

- r- r - mur- mur

- ris- ris - mini- mini

- tur- tur - ntur- ntur

As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem Vowels.Vowels.

10

The Present System:The Present System:Review – Stem Vowels and Review – Stem Vowels and TenseTenseTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth

PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-i

ImperfectImperfect -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

11

The Present System:The Present System:Review – Tense MarkersReview – Tense MarkersTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth

PresentPresent [[ NoneNone ]]

ImperfectImperfect -ba-ba -ba-ba -ba-ba -ba-ba -ba-ba

FutureFuture -bi-bi -bi-bi -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

12

I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present TenseThe Present Tense

The Present Tense is formed by adding the The Present Tense is formed by adding the Personal Personal Endings Endings directly onto the Present Stem.directly onto the Present Stem.

Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsPresent Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-iNB: – 1st singular ends in –orNB: – 1st singular ends in –or

11stst Conjugation – Conjugation – ––a drops out before –o of 1a drops out before –o of 1stst Sing. Sing.33rdrd Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1 Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1stst

Sing.Sing. – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.

– – T.V. changes to –u in 3T.V. changes to –u in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.33rdrd –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1 –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1stst

Sing.Sing. – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.

– – T.V. changes to –iu in 3T.V. changes to –iu in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.44thth Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3 Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.

13


Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-i

NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or––a drops out before –or of 1a drops out before –or of 1stst Sing. Sing.Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumExemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.)Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.)Mir(a)+or= MirorMir(a)+or= Miror Mira+murMira+mur = Miramur= MiramurMira+risMira+ris = Miraris = Miraris Mira+miniMira+mini = Miramini= MiraminiMira+turMira+tur = Miratur = Miratur Mira+nturMira+ntur = Mirantur= Mirantur

14


Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings

TenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth

PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-i

NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or

Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumExemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum

Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)

Vere+orVere+or = Vereor = Vereor Vere+murVere+mur = Veremur= Veremur

Vere+ris = VererisVere+ris = Vereris Vere+mini = VereminiVere+mini = Veremini

Vere+tur = VereturVere+tur = Veretur Vere+ntur = VerenturVere+ntur = Verentur

15



NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.

– – T.V. drops out before –o of 1T.V. drops out before –o of 1stst Sing. Sing.– – T.V. changes to –u in 3T.V. changes to –u in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.

Exemplum: Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sumStem = sequi(–T.V. Changes to –i)Stem = sequi(–T.V. Changes to –i)

Sequ(i)+or= SequorSequ(i)+or= Sequor Sequi+murSequi+mur = Sequimur= SequimurSequSequee+ris = +ris = SequerisSequeris Sequi+miniSequi+mini = Sequimini= SequiminiSequi+tur = SequiturSequi+tur = Sequitur Sequ(i)+nturSequ(i)+ntur= Sequuntur= Sequuntur

16



NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.

– – T.V. drops out before –o of 1T.V. drops out before –o of 1stst Sing. Sing.– – T.V. changes to –u in 3T.V. changes to –u in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.

Exemplum: Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sumStem = pati(–T.V. changes to –i)Stem = pati(–T.V. changes to –i)

Pati+orPati+or = Patior= Patior Pati+murPati+mur = Patimur= PatimurPatPatee+ris+ris = = PaterisPateris Pati+miniPati+mini = Patimini= PatiminiPati+turPati+tur = Patitur= Patitur Patiu+nturPatiu+ntur = Patiuntur= Patiuntur

17



NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or– – T.V. changes to –iu in 3T.V. changes to –iu in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.

Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumExemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = ori(–Ends in T.V.)Stem = ori(–Ends in T.V.)

Ori+orOri+or = Orior= Orior Ori+murOri+mur = Orimur= OrimurOri+risOri+ris = Oriris= Oriris Ori+miniOri+mini = Orimini= OriminiOri+tur Ori+tur = Oritur= Oritur Oriu+nturOriu+ntur = Oriuntur= Oriuntur

18

I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active The Present Active ParticipleParticipleIn Latin, there is no Present Passive In Latin, there is no Present Passive

Participle; the only Present Participle that Participle; the only Present Participle that exists is the Present Active Participle.exists is the Present Active Participle.

For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the Present Participle according to the normal Present Participle according to the normal pattern for the Present Active Participle of pattern for the Present Active Participle of regular verbs.regular verbs.

The Present Active Participle is the only The Present Active Participle is the only form of a Deponent Verb which will be form of a Deponent Verb which will be active in form as well as meaning.active in form as well as meaning.

19

I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active The Present Active ParticipleParticiplePres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntisPres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis

T.V.T.V. 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie -ie

11stst Conjugation Conjugation::

Exemplum: Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumStem = mirā + ns, ntis – wonderingStem = mirā + ns, ntis – wondering

M/FM/F NN M/FM/F NNMiransMirans MiransMirans MirantesMirantes MirantiaMirantiaMirantisMirantis MirantiumMirantiumMirantiMiranti MirantibusMirantibusMirantemMirantem MiransMirans MirantesMirantes MirantiaMirantiaMirantiMiranti MirantibusMirantibus

20



22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation::

Exemplum: Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sumStem = verē + ns, ntis – fearingStem = verē + ns, ntis – fearing

M/FM/F N N M/FM/F NNVerensVerens Verens Verens VerentesVerentes VerentiaVerentiaVerentisVerentis VerentiumVerentiumVerentiVerenti VerentibusVerentibusVerentemVerentem Verens Verens VerentesVerentes VerentiaVerentiaVerentiVerenti VerentibusVerentibus

21



33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation::

Exemplum: Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sumStem = seque + ns, ntis – followingStem = seque + ns, ntis – following

M/FM/F N N M/FM/F NNSequensSequens Sequens Sequens SequentesSequentes SequentiaSequentiaSequentisSequentis SequentiumSequentiumSequentiSequenti SequentibusSequentibusSequentem SequensSequentem Sequens SequentesSequentes SequentiaSequentiaSequentiSequenti SequentibusSequentibus

22



33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation::

Exemplum: Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sumStem = patie + ns, ntis – sufferingStem = patie + ns, ntis – suffering

M/FM/F N N M/FM/F NNPatiensPatiens Patiens Patiens PatientesPatientes PatientiaPatientiaPatientisPatientis PatientiumPatientiumPatientiPatienti PatientibusPatientibusPatientem PatiensPatientem Patiens PatientesPatientes PatientiaPatientiaPatientiPatienti PatientibusPatientibus

23



44thth Conjugation Conjugation::

Exemplum: Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = orie + ns, ntis – risingStem = orie + ns, ntis – rising

M/FM/F N N M/FM/F NNOriensOriens Oriens Oriens OrientesOrientes OrientiaOrientiaOrientisOrientis OrientiumOrientiumOrientiOrienti OrientibusOrientibusOrientem OriensOrientem Oriens OrientesOrientes OrientiaOrientiaOrientiOrienti OrientibusOrientibus

24

II. Deponent Verbs:II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect TenseThe Imperfect Tense

The The Imperfect TenseImperfect Tense is formed by is formed by adding the adding the Tense Tense Marker –ba–Marker –ba– to to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings.Personal Endings.

Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings

(Tense Marker)(Tense Marker)

TenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth


25


Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth


Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumExemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumStem = mirā (–Ends in T.V.)Stem = mirā (–Ends in T.V.)

Mira+ba+r = MirabarMira+ba+r = Mirabar Mira+ba+mur = MirabamurMira+ba+mur = MirabamurMira+ba+ris = MirabarisMira+ba+ris = Mirabaris Mira+ba+mini= MirabaminiMira+ba+mini= MirabaminiMira+ba+tur = MirbaturMira+ba+tur = Mirbatur Mira+ba+ntur = MirabanturMira+ba+ntur = Mirabantur

26



ImperfectImperfect -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumExemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.)verē(–Ends in T.V.)Vere+ba+r = Verebar Vere+ba+r = Verebar Vere+ba+mur = VerebamurVere+ba+mur = VerebamurVere+ba+ris = VerebarisVere+ba+ris = Verebaris Vere+ba+mini= Vere+ba+mini= VerebaminiVerebaminiVere+ba+tur = VerebaturVere+ba+tur = Verebatur Vere+ba+ntur = Vere+ba+ntur = VerebanturVerebantur

27


Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings

TenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth


Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumExemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)

Seque+ba+r = SequebarSeque+ba+r = Sequebar Seque+ba+mur = SequebamurSeque+ba+mur = Sequebamur

Seque+ba+ris = SequebarisSeque+ba+ris = Sequebaris Seque+ba+mini= SequebaminiSeque+ba+mini= Sequebamini

Seque+ba+tur= SequebaturSeque+ba+tur= Sequebatur Seque+ba+ntur = SequebanturSeque+ba+ntur = Sequebantur

28



ImperfectImperfect -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumExemplum: patior, patī, passus sumStem = patStem = patieie(–T.V. becomes –ie)(–T.V. becomes –ie)

Patie+ba+r = PatiebarPatie+ba+r = Patiebar Patie+ba+mur = PatiebamurPatie+ba+mur = PatiebamurPatie+ba+ris = PatiebarisPatie+ba+ris = Patiebaris Patie+ba+mini = PatiebaminiPatie+ba+mini = PatiebaminiPatie+ba+tur = PatiebaturPatie+ba+tur = Patiebatur Patie+ba+ntur = Patie+ba+ntur = PatiebanturPatiebantur

29



ImperfectImperfect -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumExemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = orStem = orieie(T.V. becomes –ie)(T.V. becomes –ie)

Orie+ba+r = OriebarOrie+ba+r = Oriebar Orie+ba+mur = OriebamurOrie+ba+mur = Oriebamur

Orie+ba+ris = OriebarisOrie+ba+ris = Oriebaris Orie+ba+mini= OriebaminiOrie+ba+mini= OriebaminiOrie+ba+tur = OriebaturOrie+ba+tur = Oriebatur Orie+ba+ntur = OriebanturOrie+ba+ntur = Oriebantur

30

III. Deponent Verbs:III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense

The The Future Tense Future Tense is formed in two different ways, is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. depending on the Conjugation of the verb.

Verbs of the Verbs of the 11stst and 2 and 2ndnd Conjugation Conjugation follow one follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the pattern or equation, while verbs of the 33rdrd and 4 and 4thth ConjugationConjugation follow a second pattern or equation. follow a second pattern or equation.

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsEndings

(Tense Marker)(Tense Marker)

33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsEndings

(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

31


11stst and 2 and 2ndnd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

NB: NB: 11stst Singular uses –or Singular uses –or– – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1-i of Tense Marker drops out in 1stst Sing. Sing.

– – -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2-bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2ndnd Sing.Sing.

– – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3-i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rdrd Plural Plural

Exemplum: Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumStem = mirStem = mirāā(–Ends in T.V.)(–Ends in T.V.)

Mira+b(i)+or = MiraborMira+b(i)+or = Mirabor Mira+bi+mur = MirabimurMira+bi+mur = MirabimurMira+be+risMira+be+ris = Miraberis= Miraberis Mira+bi+mini = MirabiminiMira+bi+mini = MirabiminiMira+bi+tur = MirabiturMira+bi+tur = Mirabitur Mira+bMira+buu+ntur = Mirabuntur+ntur = Mirabuntur

32


11stst and 2 and 2ndnd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

NB: 1st Singular uses –oNB: 1st Singular uses –o– – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1-i of Tense Marker drops out in 1stst Sing. Sing.

– – -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2-bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.– – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural-i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural

Exemplum: Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sumStem = verStem = verēē(–Ends in T.V.)(–Ends in T.V.)

Vere+b(i)+or = VereborVere+b(i)+or = Verebor Vere+bi+mur = VerebimurVere+bi+mur = VerebimurVere+be+ris = VereberisVere+be+ris = Vereberis Vere+bi+mini = VerebiminiVere+bi+mini = VerebiminiVere+bi+tur = VerebiturVere+bi+tur = Verebitur Vere+bVere+buu+ntur = Verebuntur+ntur = Verebuntur

33


The 3The 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth Conjugations form the Conjugations form the Future Tense Future Tense by changing the by changing the vowels at the end of the verb vowels at the end of the verb stem. stem.

These vowels themselves act as the These vowels themselves act as the Tense Marker Tense Marker that shows us the that shows us the verb is in the Future. The verb is in the Future. The Personal Personal EndingsEndings are then added right onto are then added right onto the stem ending in the modified the stem ending in the modified vowels.vowels.

34


Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of the verb the verb stem are very simple: stem are very simple:

The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly the same way as the stem changes in the the same way as the stem changes in the Imperfect Tense.Imperfect Tense.

33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings

(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)(e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

TenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

NB: NB: 11stst Singular uses –ar; -e of stem drops Singular uses –ar; -e of stem drops before –arbefore –ar

35


33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie

NB: 1NB: 1stst Singular uses –ar Singular uses –ar

Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sumExemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum

Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e)

Sequ(e)+ar Sequ(e)+ar = Sequar= Sequar Seque+murSeque+mur = Sequemur= Sequemur

Seque+risSeque+ris = Sequeris= Sequeris Seque+mini= SequeminiSeque+mini= Sequemini

Seque+turSeque+tur = Sequetur= Sequetur Seque+nturSeque+ntur = Sequentur= Sequentur

36


33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie


Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sumExemplum: patior, patī, passus sum

Stem = patStem = patieie(–T.V. becomes –ie)(–T.V. becomes –ie)

Pati(e)+arPati(e)+ar = Patiar= Patiar Patie+mur Patie+mur = Patiemur= Patiemur

Patie+ris Patie+ris = Patieris= Patieris Patie+miniPatie+mini = Patiemini= Patiemini

Patie+turPatie+tur = Patietur= Patietur Patie+nturPatie+ntur = Patientur= Patientur

37


33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings

TenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie


Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumExemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sumStem = orStem = orieie(T.V. becomes –ie)(T.V. becomes –ie)

Ori(e)+arOri(e)+ar = Oriar= Oriar Orie+murOrie+mur = Oriemur= Oriemur

Orie+risOrie+ris = Orieris= Orieris Orie+miniOrie+mini = Oriemini= Oriemini

Orie+turOrie+tur = Orietur= Orietur Orie+nturOrie+ntur = Orientur= Orientur

38

IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect SystemAs in the Present System, the conjugation of As in the Present System, the conjugation of

Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the the exact same rules and patterns as the conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Voice:

Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rdrd P.P.) + Present of sum, esse P.P.) + Present of sum, esse

Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rdrd P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, esseesse

Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rdrd P.P.) + Future of sum, P.P.) + Future of sum, esseesse


39

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect SystemNB:NB:

(1) Since by their definition Deponent (1) Since by their definition Deponent Verbs are Passive in form but Active in Verbs are Passive in form but Active in meaning, they lack the usual 3meaning, they lack the usual 3rdrd Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem). Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem).

Instead, the 3Instead, the 3rdrd Principle Part is the Principle Part is the Perfect Passive Participle (which gives Perfect Passive Participle (which gives the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes this is listed with “sum”.this is listed with “sum”.

40

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect SystemNB:NB:

(2) Because Deponent Verbs are (2) Because Deponent Verbs are passive only in form but active in passive only in form but active in meaning, the Perfect Participle of meaning, the Perfect Participle of Deponent Verbs (3Deponent Verbs (3rdrd P.P.) must P.P.) must always be translated in active voice.always be translated in active voice.

Deponent Verbs are the ONLY Deponent Verbs are the ONLY verbs in Latin which have a verbs in Latin which have a Perfect ACTIVE Participle.Perfect ACTIVE Participle.

41

Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect SystemThe Perfect Participle Deponent:The Perfect Participle Deponent:

Exempla:Exempla:

mīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wonderedmīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wondered

veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared”veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared”

secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed”secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed”

passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered

ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”

42

IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect TenseThe Perfect Tense

Perfect Passive = 3Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Present of sum, esse P.P. + Present of sum, esse 33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumpuerpuer miratus sum puellamiratus sum puella mirata sum oppidum mirata sum oppidum

miratum summiratum summiratus esmiratus es mirata esmirata es miratum es miratum esmiratus estmiratus est mirata estmirata est miratum est miratum est

pueri pueri mirati sumus puellaemirati sumus puellaemiratae sumus oppida miratae sumus oppida mirata sumusmirata sumus

mirati estismirati estis miratae estismiratae estis mirata mirata estisestis

mirati suntmirati sunt miratae suntmiratae sunt mirata mirata suntsunt

43


Perfect Passive = 3Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Present of sum, esse P.P. + Present of sum, esse


22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation: : vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sumpuerpuer veritus sumveritus sumpuellapuella verita sum verita sum oppidum veritum oppidum veritum

sumsum

veritus esveritus es verita esverita es veritum es veritum es

veritus estveritus est verita estverita est veritum est veritum est

pueripueri veriti sumusveriti sumus puellaepuellae veritae sumusveritae sumus oppida oppida verita sumus verita sumus

veriti estisveriti estis veritae estisveritae estis verita verita estisestis

veriti suntveriti sunt veritae suntveritae sunt verita sunt verita sunt

44




33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sumpuerpuer secutus sumsecutus sum puellapuella secuta sumsecuta sum oppidum oppidum

secutum sumsecutum sum

secutus essecutus es secuta essecuta es secutum es secutum es

secutus estsecutus est secuta estsecuta est secutum est secutum est

pueripueri secuti sumussecuti sumus puellaepuellae secutae sumussecutae sumus oppidaoppida secuta sumus secuta sumus

secuti estissecuti estis secutae estissecutae estis secuta secuta estisestis

secuti suntsecuti sunt secutae suntsecutae sunt secuta sunt secuta sunt

45




33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation: : patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sumpuerpuer passus sumpassus sum puellapuella passa sumpassa sum oppidum passum oppidum passum

sumsum

passus espassus es passa espassa es passum es passum es

passus estpassus est passa estpassa est passum est passum est

pueripueri passi sumuspassi sumus puellaepuellae passae sumuspassae sumus oppidaoppida passa sumus passa sumus

passi estispassi estis passae estispassae estis passa estis passa estis

passi suntpassi sunt passae suntpassae sunt passa sunt passa sunt

46




44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sumpuerpuer ortus sumortus sum puellapuella orta sumorta sum oppidum ortum sumoppidum ortum sum

ortus esortus es orta esorta es ortum es ortum es

ortus estortus est orta estorta est ortum est ortum est

pueripueri orti sumusorti sumus puellaepuellae ortae sumus ortae sumus oppida orta oppida orta sumussumus

orti estisorti estis ortae estisortae estis orta estis orta estis

orti suntorti sunt ortae suntortae sunt orta sunt orta sunt

47

V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense

Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

puerpuer miratus eram puellamiratus eram puella mirata eram oppidum miratum mirata eram oppidum miratum erameram

miratus erasmiratus eras mirata erasmirata eras miratum eras miratum eras

miratus eratmiratus erat mirata eratmirata erat miratum erat miratum erat

pueri pueri mirati eramus puellaemirati eramus puellae miratae eramus oppida miratae eramus oppida mirata eramusmirata eramus

mirati eratismirati eratis miratae eratismiratae eratis mirata mirata eratiseratis

mirati erantmirati erant miratae erantmiratae erant mirata mirata eranterant

48


Pluperfect Passive =3Pluperfect Passive =3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation: : vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sum

puerpuer veritus eramveritus eram puellapuella verita eram verita eram oppidum oppidum veritum eramveritum eram

veritus erasveritus eras verita erasverita eras veritum eras veritum eras

veritus eratveritus eratverita eratverita erat veritum erat veritum erat

pueripueri veriti eramusveriti eramus puellaepuellae veritae eramusveritae eramus oppida oppida verita eramusverita eramus

veriti eratisveriti eratisveritae eratisveritae eratis verita eratis verita eratis

veriti erantveriti erant veritae erantveritae erant verita erant verita erant

49


Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sum

puerpuer secutus eramsecutus eram puellapuella secuta eramsecuta eram oppidum oppidum secutum eramsecutum eram

secutus erassecutus eras secuta erassecuta eras secutum eras secutum eras

secutus eratsecutus erat secuta eratsecuta erat secutum erat secutum erat

pueripueri secuti eramussecuti eramus puellaepuellae secutae eramussecutae eramus oppidaoppida secuta eramus secuta eramus

secuti eratissecuti eratis secutae eratissecutae eratis secuta secuta eratiseratis

secuti erantsecuti erant secutae erantsecutae erant secuta secuta eranterant

50


Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esseesse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation: : patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sum

puerpuer passus erampassus eram puellapuella passa erampassa eram oppidum oppidum passum erampassum eram

passus eraspassus eras passa eraspassa eras passum eras passum eras

passus eratpassus erat passa eratpassa erat passum erat passum erat

pueripueri passi eramuspassi eramus puellaepuellae passae eramuspassae eramus oppidaoppida passa eramus passa eramus

passi eratispassi eratis passae eratispassae eratis passa eratis passa eratis

passi erantpassi erant passae erantpassae erant passa erant passa erant

51


Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esseesse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sum

puerpuer ortus eramortus eram puellapuella orta eramorta eram oppidum ortum oppidum ortum erameram

ortus erasortus eras orta erasorta eras ortum eras ortum eras

ortus eratortus erat orta eratorta erat ortum erat ortum erat

pueripueri orti eramusorti eramus puellaepuellae ortae eramus oppida orta ortae eramus oppida orta eramuseramus

orti eratisorti eratis ortae eratisortae eratis orta eratis orta eratis

orti erantorti erant ortae erantortae erant orta erant orta erant

52

VI. Deponent Verbs:VI. Deponent Verbs:The Future Perfect TenseThe Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, esse P.P. + Future of sum, esse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum

puerpuer miratus ero puellamiratus ero puella mirata ero oppidum miratum mirata ero oppidum miratum eroero

miratus erismiratus eris mirata erismirata eris miratum eris miratum eris

miratus eritmiratus erit mirata eritmirata erit miratum erit miratum erit

pueri pueri mirati erimus puellaemirati erimus puellae miratae erimus oppida mirata miratae erimus oppida mirata erimuserimus

mirati eritismirati eritis miratae eritismiratae eritis mirata mirata eritiseritis

mirati eruntmirati erunt miratae eruntmiratae erunt mirata mirata erunterunt

53


Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, P.P. + Future of sum, esseesse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation: : vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sum

puerpuer veritus eroveritus ero puellapuella verita ero verita ero oppidum veritum erooppidum veritum ero

veritus erisveritus eris verita erisverita eris veritum eris veritum eris

veritus eritveritus erit verita eritverita erit veritum erit veritum erit

pueripueri veriti erimusveriti erimus puellaepuellae veritae erimusveritae erimus oppida oppida verita erimusverita erimus

veriti eritisveriti eritis veritae eritisveritae eritis verita eritis verita eritis

veriti eruntveriti erunt veritae eruntveritae erunt verita erunt verita erunt

54



33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sum

puerpuer secutus erosecutus ero puellapuella secuta erosecuta ero oppidum secutum erooppidum secutum ero

secutus erissecutus eris secuta erissecuta eris secutum eris secutum eris

secutus eritsecutus eritsecuta eritsecuta erit secutum erit secutum erit

pueripueri secuti erimussecuti erimus puellaepuellae secutae erimussecutae erimus oppidaoppida secuta erimus secuta erimus

secuti eritissecuti eritissecutae eritissecutae eritis secuta eritis secuta eritis

secuti eruntsecuti erunt secutae eruntsecutae erunt secuta secuta erunterunt

55



33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation: : patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sum

puerpuer passus eropassus ero puellapuella passa eropassa ero oppidum passum erooppidum passum ero

passus erispassus eris passa erispassa eris passum eris passum eris

passus eritpassus erit passa eritpassa erit passum erit passum erit

pueripueri passi erimuspassi erimus puellaepuellae passae erimuspassae erimus oppidaoppida passa erimus passa erimus

passi eritispassi eritis passae eritispassae eritis passa eritis passa eritis

passi eruntpassi erunt passae eruntpassae erunt passa erunt passa erunt

56


Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, P.P. + Future of sum, esseesse

33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sum

puerpuer ortus eroortus ero puellapuella orta eroorta ero oppidum ortum oppidum ortum eroero

ortus erisortus eris orta erisorta eris ortum eris ortum eris

ortus eritortus erit orta eritorta erit ortum erit ortum erit

pueripueri orti erimusorti erimus puellaepuellae ortae erimus ortae erimus oppida oppida orta erimusorta erimus

orti eritisorti eritis ortae eritisortae eritis orta eritis orta eritis

orti eruntorti erunt ortae eruntortae erunt orta erunt orta erunt

deponent verbs: overview

Documents

present of sum

loctus sum

mortus sum

mortuus sum

passus sum

cntus sum

vsus sum

sectus sum