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Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Prelab 1 Presented by : Osama Saher

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Measuring Graduated Cylinder (Cylindrical measure) Measuring Cup (Cup Measure) For adjustment of final volume only *

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Prescriptions are best written in latin language, WHY? 1) It is language of medical science all-over the world. 2) Latin names are definite with no mis- interpretation 3) unknown by patients thus prevent worry and fear

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Simple Solutions They are liquid dosage forms prepared by dissolving soluble substances in an aqueous or non aqueous vehicle. Water soluble substances may be either: List (A) substancesList (B) substances Readily dissolve by stirring e.g. NH 4 Cl Finely powdered before dissolving e.g. borax Dissolve readily in warm water e.g. MgSO 4

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General Method for Preparation of solutions StageProcess Stage (1) solids Dissolve solids in of vehicle ( warm if needed ) Stage (2)Examine the solution against light and filter if necessary through a small piece of wetted cotton plug Stage (3)Add any other liquid ingredients. (Cool If volatile ingredients are present) Stage (4) Adjust the volume with the vehicle in a cup measure Stage (5)Transfer to a bottle and attach label

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1)Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride 4 g [A.C., expectorant] Liquid extract of liquorice 5 ml [Mucolytic, expectorant] Syrup 50 ml [Sweetening agent] Water Q.S to 100 ml [Vehicle (before to *)] Fiat: Cough Syrup Sig: 5 ml t.d.s. Use: For Cough Calculations Volume of water (vehicle) = 100 - (5 + 50) = 45 ml Vehicle = * 45 = 33.75 35 ml This applies to all SOLUTIONS

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Procedure Cup measure 0.000 g 4 g amm. chloride Balance 35 ml Water Cup measure Stirring If turbid, filter Filter on cotton wetted with water * * Not dripping water *Never filter a colored solution so filter before the coloring agent addition

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Transfer clear solution to cup measure 5 ml Ext. of liquorice 50 ml Syrup Water Adjust volume to 100 ml Transfer to a bottle

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Label The Cough Syrup One teaspoonful to be taken three times daily. Fiat: Cough Syrup Sig: 5 ml t.d.s. 1.White label*(enter the gut) /RED* Note : Teaspoonful: One word Spoonful with oo and one l. 2. Central title from Fiat. 7.Write dose 6.First word starts with capital letter 9.Must end with a full stop. 3. All with capital letter 8.Write frequency 10. All numbers are written in letters. 4.Underline the title 5.Leave paragraph space before the first word.

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2) Ferrous Fumarate Ferrous Fumarate 5 g [A.C., antianeamic] Tr. of nux-vomica 3 ml [Bitter stomachic] Syrup 10 ml [Sweetening agent] Water to 90 ml [Vehicle] Fiat : Mist. Sig.: 15 ml P.C. Calculations Volume of water (vehicle) = 90 - (10 + 3) = 77 ml Vehicle = x 77 = 57.5 60 ml

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Procedure Cup measure 0.000 g Sprinkle 5 g ferrous fumarate with stirring Balance 60 ml Water 3 ml Tr. Nux-vomica 10 ml Syrup Water Adjust volume to 90 ml

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Transfer to a bottle Precautions Sprinkle ferrous fumarate at the center of the vehicle to prevent the formation of sticky mass which is difficult to be dissolved. No filtration. why??? (A: colored solution)

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Label The Mixture One tablespoonful to be taken after meals. Fiat : Mist. Sig.: 15 ml P.C. White lable.

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3) Phenobarbital elixir Elixir: It is clear flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution intended for oral use. Phenobarbital 0.4 gm (0.2 g) (A.C. tranquilizer) Orange oil 0.1 ml (0.05 ml) (Flavoring agent) Alcohol 25.6 ml (12.8 ml) (Solvent for phenobarbital) Glycerin 35 ml (17.5 ml) (Co-solvent) Sucrose 2 gm (1 g) (Sweetening agent) Water q.s. 100 ml (50 ml) (Vehicle) Fiat : Elixir Mitte : 50 ml (F = 50/100 = 0.5) Sig.: i o.n. Use: sedative in epilepsy Calculations Factor = 50 / 100 = 0.5 Volume of water (vehicle) = 50 - (12.8 + 17.5) = 19.7 ml Vehicle = x 20 = 15 ml prescribed Required F=Required /prescribed

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Procedure 0.000 g 1 g sucrose with stirring (if turbid, filter) Balance 15 ml Water 12.8 ml Alcohol 0.000 g 0.2 g phenobarbital with stirring Balance 17.5 ml Glycerin 2 drops Orange oil

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Alcoholic Solution Aqueous Solution Portion wise with stirring Adjust volume to 50 ml with water Transfer to a bottle

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Precautions Aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic one not the reverse to: To prevent volatilization of alcohol To prevent precipitation of alcohol-soluble substances by dilution. Label The Elixir One teaspoonful to be taken every night. Fiat : Elixir Sig.: i o.n. White lable.

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ROMAN NUMBERS

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LetterNumerical Value ss1/2 I or i1 V or v5 X or x10 L or l50 C or c100 D or d500 M or m1000 ROMAN NUMBERS

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1) When the left letter is 1 st letter (+) SUM ii2 iii3 Mdclxvi 1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1666 N.B.: Notice the order in the values Rules of ROMAN numbers:

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2) When the left letter is 1 st letter (-) SUBTRACT iV4 iX9 XL40 XC90 CD400 CM900 XiV10 + 4 = 14 Xix10 + 9 = 19 xLiv40 + 4 = 44 Xcix90 + 9 = 99

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I, X and C are called SUBTRACTORS i.e. can be subtracted only from the next higher two values i : can be subtracted only from V and X X: can be subtracted only from L and C C: can be subtracted only from D and M Example: = xLix not iL 95 = XCV not vC 99 =Xcix not iC i V XLCDM

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arabicromanNOT 1i 2ii 3iii iiV 4IVIIII Rule :Each number can be repeated maximally 3 times only 6VI 7VII 8VIIIIIX Not more than one subtractor can be subtracted from one letter 19X iXiXX Rule : SUBTRACTORS can be placed before only one greater letter than itself i.e. XiX = 19 not iXX ( 9 cant come before 10 and the 1 is not subtracted from 20)

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2) Write the following in arabic numbers Roman number Arabic number Xlviii 48 Mcmlxxxiv 1984 XI 5+1+1 +1=8 40+8 =48 M=1000 C