department of meteorology effects of meteorological ... · •1:300 scale model •100 hz sampling...
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Copyright University of Reading
EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON BUILDING NATURAL VENTILATION IN IDEALISED URBAN SETTINGS
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Department of Meteorology
H. Gough, J.F. Barlow, Z.Luo, C.S.B Grimmond, C. Halios, M-F. King, C.J. Noakes
Contact: [email protected]
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• Refresh: Remodelling Building Design Sustainability from a Human Centred Approach
• Explore the impact of urban microclimate on building
ventilation for optimal performance of occupants.
• EPSRC Challenging Engineering project, 2013-18 • www.refresh-project.org.uk
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RESEARCH NEEDED
• How does the urban area influence the pressure distribution on a building and thus the natural ventilation rates?
• How do the effects of limited and expansive arrays differ?
• How do current ventilation models perform against a large, varied dataset?
• How do different ventilation measurement techniques perform under different conditions?
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Studied previously by: Hoxey, Richards, Straw, Robertson, Yang (1990-2015)
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Measuring: Rainfall, Radiation, Wind speed , Wind direction, Temperature, Pressure, CO2 concentration (30 minute averages)
N S
W
E
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Measuring: Rainfall, Radiation, Wind speed , Wind direction, Temperature, Pressure, CO2 concentration
6 m 6 m
6 m
N S
W
E
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Pressure taps (10 Hz)
CO2 sensor (2 Hz)
Thermocouples (10 Hz)
Sonic anemometer (10 Hz)
INTERNAL EQUIPMENT
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TIME LINE
•Sept 2014: Set up
•Oct 2014: Experiment start
•Oct 2014- April 2015: Array case
•May 2015- July 2015: Isolated cube
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TIME LINE
•Sept 2014: Set up
•Oct 2014: Experiment start
•Sept 2014- April 2015: Array case
•May 2015- July 2015: Isolated cube
•April 2016: Site decommissioned
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WIND TUNNEL MODEL
20 mm
2 mm
•‘A’ Tunnel, Enflo lab •Controlled conditions •1:300 scale model •100 Hz sampling rate: pressure taps.
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ARRAY EXTENSION
12
Increasing size
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SILSOE ARRAY
13
(King, 2017)
Full scale
Wind tunnel
CFD
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CFD
King et al. (2017)
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NOTATION
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0 °
10 °
-10 °
Perpendicular
Front (west face)
Back (east face)
Perpendicular
0 °
10 °
-10 °
Front Face Cp: Average of 9 taps
6 m Uref
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FRONT FACE CP
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Array
Isolated
0 °
10 °
-10 °
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• Sheltering effects Cp distribution on the cube (WT)
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EXISTING CP MODELS
• Based on wind tunnel data (Bowen, 1976 & Wiren , 1985)
• No errors or methods listed
• Caution: Approximate data only. No responsibility can be accepted for the use of data presented in this publication
• Warning is often ignored...
• AIVC 1:1 aspect ratio, sheltered conditions, flat roof
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ISOLATED CUBE CP
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CP MODEL & WIND TUNNEL: ARRAY
Model
Silsoe
Ext. Silsoe
Small Sym
Big Sym
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ARRAY CP
CIBSE urban = AIVC sheltered
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• Effect of array is non linear for cross ventilation
ARRAY, CROSS VENTILATED
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Figure 5.16 (p162)
CIBSE
CIBSE
Extrapolated
0°
• Relation between local and reference wind speed is not captured by CIBSE models
Thirty minute
a b
c
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a
b
c
0°
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SUMMARY OF KEY CONTRIBUTIONS: THESIS
• Existing models for Cp do not fully capture the effect of sheltering or the spread of data in ‘real’ conditions
• Scaled models can be representative of full-scale as long as all main upstream roughness features are captured
• Wake and channelling flow behaviour within the array cannot be predicted with existing over-simplistic models
• Flow around simple cubes is complex, but can provide insight into even more complex geometry flow behaviours
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ONGOING WORK
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Thesis: http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/71951/1/19004951_Gough_thesis.pdf
King et al. (2017) Investigating the influence of neighbouring structures on natural ventilation potential of a full-scale cubical building using CFD.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.020
King et al. (2017) Modelling urban airflow and natural ventilation using a GPU-based lattice-Boltzmann method (accepted)
Gough et al. (in review) Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: The Silsoe field campaign.
Hoxey et al. (in review) Static pressure fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Gough et al. (in progress) Influence of neighbouring structures on building façade pressures: A full-scale, wind-tunnel, CFD and practitioner guidelines comparison.
Gough et al. (in progress) A comparison of tracer gas, pressure derived and volumetric methods for measuring ventilation rate in an isolated and sheltered full-scale cube.
Snow et al. (in progress) A review of the impact of temperature, ventilation and carbon dioxide upon human performance in the workplace
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SIMILAR ONGOING PROJECTS
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•ReFRESH -http://www.refresh-project.org.uk/ •DIPLOS- Dispersion of Localised Releases in a Street Network http://www.diplos.org/ •MAGIC- Air pollution, dispersion and Urban heat islands http://www.magic-air.uk •AIRPRO- An integrated study of air pollution processes in Beijing http://aphh.org.uk/project/index/airpro
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AIRPRO & MAGIC WORK
• Effect of tall buildings on dispersion and wind flow in a built up urban area.
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Flow fields (0 °, 45 °, 90 °) •Sonic anemometer data are shown as 1-minute mean wind vectors and half hourly mean vectors (black lines).
• Turbulence intensities are shown for every anemometer.
Flow attached to the face
splitting in both directions
from a stagnation point
Flow attached to the
face flowing across the
face away from B
Flow detached –
separates at the
windward vertical
face and reattaches
further across the
dace