dental osteology
TRANSCRIPT
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OsteologyOsteology -- TeethTeeth
Human Odontology
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OsteologyOsteology TeethTeeth --
ReferencesReferences
l Bass (Section 4 Douglas Ubelaker)
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Teeth in Anthropology andTeeth in Anthropology and
PalaeontologyPalaeontology
l Well preserved
l
Resist decayl Frequently outlast bones
l Major role in study of fossil man
(Ubelaker, in Bass)
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TeethTeethAnatomical PartsAnatomical Parts
l 3 parts:
1.Root
2. Crown
3. Neck
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TeethTeeth -- RootsRoots
Buried in jaw
Below crown and neck
Covered with cementum
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From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- CrownCrown
l Projects beyond gum
l
Covered with enamel
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From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- NeckNeck
l Slightly constricted
l Below crown
l Encircled by gum tissue
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From Brothwell
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TeethTeethApical ForamenApical Foramen
At apex of each root
Leads through root canal to pulp cavity
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From Brothwell
Teeth apical foramen
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TeethTeeth -- ComponentsComponents
Dentine
Enamel
Cementum
Pulp
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Teeth components: dentine, enamel, cementum, pulp
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- DentineDentine
Very sensitive
Yellow colour
Surrounds pulp cavity (tooth cavity)
Covered by enamel on exposed parts
Covered by cementum on part implanted in
jaw
Forms most of tooth
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Teeth - dentine
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- EnamelEnamel
Insensitive
Very hard
White
Covers, protects dentine of crown
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Teeth - enamel
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- CementumCementum
Bony covering
Covers dentine of root and neck
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Teeth - cementum
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- PulpPulp
l Fibrous material
l Contains nerves and vessels that pass
through root canal
l Occupies tooth cavity (pulp cavity) in
dentine
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Teeth - pulp
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- SocketSocketl Each tooth is contained within a bony
socket (alveolus)
l Alveolus narrows toward bottom allows
tooth a large pressure surface
l Between tooth and socket is periodontal
membrane: vascular, modified periosteum;attaches to cementum and alveolar wall
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From Grant
Teeth socket or alveolus
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From Grant
Teeth
socket
Each tooth
is contained
within bony
socket(alveolus)
which
narrows
toward
bottom allows large
pressure
surface
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TeethTeeth -- PermanentPermanentl Permanent = adult = secondary
l 32 permanent teeth
l 16 in each upper and lower dental arch
(arcade); half of arch is a quadrant
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Upper (maxillary)dental
arcade
Lower(mandibular)
dental arcade
Dental arcades - schematic
Each arcade is
divided into aright and left
quadrant
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Upper (maxillary)dental
arcade
Lower(mandibular)
dental arcade
Dental arcades - schematic Quadrants are numbered
from 1 to 4 right
maxillary is quadrant 1,
left maxillary is
quadrant 2, left
mandibular is quadrant
3, and right mandibular
is quadrant 4
Start with right
maxillary 1st incisor, 1-
1, and continue to 3rdmolar, which is 1-8;
then 2-1 to 2-8, and so
on
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From Brothwell
Teeth permanent (adult, secondary) types found in each arcade
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TeethTeeth PermanentPermanent -- TypesTypes1. Incisors
2. Canines
3. Premolars
4. Molars
Classification by morphology (shape) and
function
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From Brothwell
Teeth permanent (adult, secondary) incisors for cutting
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TeethTeeth PermanentPermanent -- CaninesCaninesl Tear
l Incise
l Hold
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From Brothwell
Teeth permanent (adult, secondary) canines for tearing,
incising, and holding
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TeethTeeth PermanentPermanent --
PremolarsPremolarsl Broad occlusal surfaces
l Usually two cusps
l For grinding
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From Brothwell
Teeth permanent (adult, secondary) premolars for grinding,
with broad occlusal surfaces and multiple cusps
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TeethTeeth PermanentPermanent -- MolarsMolarsl Similar to premolars
l Broader occlusal surfaces
l For grinding
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TeethTeeth --AbbreviationsAbbreviationsl I = incisor
l C = canine
l PM = premolar
l M = molar
l Premolars and molars can be numbered
with superscript or subscript to indicate
upper or lower arch
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From Brothwell
Teeth abbreviations
M PM C I
M PM C I
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TeethTeeth Dental FormulaDental Formulal Eight teeth in each quadrant: two incisors,
one canine (cuspid), two premolars
(bicuspids), three molars
l Adult human formula: 2-1-2-3; formula
numbering is from incisors to molars
l All adult teeth except molars are precededby primary or deciduous teeth
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TeethTeeth Third MolarThird Molarl Quite variable in time of appearance, or
even if it appears
l Often called 18 year molar (i.e. presence
indicates individual is at least 18 years old)
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From Brothwell
Teeth third molar quite variable in time of appearance
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TeethTeeth -- DeciduousDeciduousl Deciduous = primary = temporary = milk
l Two incisors, one canine, two molars in
each quadrant; hence 10 deciduous teeth in
each upper and lower arch
lNo premolars
l Abbreviate i, c, m, with superscripts orsubscripts to denote upper or lower molars
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From Brothwell
Teeth deciduous = primary = temporary = milk
(no premolars)
Formula: 2-1-2
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From Brothwell
Teeth deciduous = primary = temporary = milk
(no premolars)
Order of eruption: medial incisor, lateral
incisor, 1st molar, canine, 2nd molar
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TeethTeeth DeciduousDeciduous
Time of EruptionTime of Eruptionl Medial incisor: 6-8 months
l Lateral incisor: 8-10 months
l First molar: 12-16 months
l Canine: 16-20 months
l Second molar: 20-24 months
l Followed by interval of 4 years
l In 6th year, permanent teeth start to erupt
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From Brothwell
Teeth
deciduous -time of
eruption
In 6th year,
permanentteeth start to
erupt
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TeethTeeth Eruption ofEruption of
Permanent TeethPermanent Teethl 1st molars are first permanent teeth: often
known as 6 year molars
l Replacement of deciduous teeth bypermanent teeth: medial incisors, lateralincisors, 1stpremolars, canines, and 2nd
premolars
l 2nd molars erupt about 12th year; 3rd molarsabout 18th year (highly variable)
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From Brothwell
Teeth
deciduous -time of
eruption
In 6th year,
permanentteeth start to
erupt; 2nd
molars about
12th year; 3rd
molars about18th year
highly
variable
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TeethTeeth SurfacesSurfaces -- LingualLinguall Lingual = toward the tongue
l Opposite of labial or buccal surfaces
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TeethTeeth SurfacesSurfaces Mesial andMesial and
DistalDistall Medial surfaces of front teeth and anterior
surfaces of side teeth are mesial (proximal)
l Mesial = toward the midline (imagine
stretching dental arcade out into a straight
line: medial surfaces = mesial surfaces)
l Opposite surfaces = distal
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Teeth surfaces occlusal - schematic
Occlusal surface: biting surface, masticatory surface;
where maxillary and mandibular surfaces meet
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TeethTeeth SurfacesSurfaces ContactContact
SurfacesSurfacesl Proximal (mesial) and distal surfaces are
contact surfaces
l Exceptions: distal surfaces of last molars
l Proximal (mesial) and distal surfaces rub
against one another with chewing motion,
producing areas of wear these areas maymatch on adjacent teeth
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Teeth surfaces contact (interproximal) surfaces - schematic
Proximal (mesial) and distal surfaces are contact
surfaces; exception is distal surface of last molar
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TeethTeeth -- CrownsCrownsl Human crowns: evolved from tritubercular
or tricuspid tooth
l Two labial tubercles and one lingual
tubercle can be seen on each tooth
(Grant)
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Teeth crowns schematic (occlusal view)
Human crowns: evolved from tritubercular (tricuspid) tooth
Labial
tubercles
Labial
tubercles
Lingual
tubercle
Lingual
tubercle
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TeethTeeth CrownsCrowns -- continuedcontinuedl Lower molars: usually have 5 tubercles
two labial, two lingual, and a fifth distal;
may be reduced on 3rd lower molar(Grant)
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TeethTeeth -- OcclusionOcclusionl Upper arch teeth project labially beyond
lower arch teeth
l Hence labial borders of occlusal surfaces oflower premolars and molars are worn and
rounded; lingual borders are sharp; reverse
holds for upper premolars and molars(Grant)
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Teeth occlusion - schematic
Maxilla
Upper
teeth
Lower
teeth
Mandible
Upper arch teeth
project laterally
beyond lower
arch teeth
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Teeth occlusion
Note how lingualborder of
maxillary tooth is
worn and
rounded, and
buccal border is
sharp
From Grant
Types of dental occlusion patterns
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Slight overlap of
upper teeth over
lower teeth
Modified from Brothwell
Types of dental occlusion patterns
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Types of dental occlusion patterns
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Slight overlap of
upper teeth over
lower teeth;
incisors do not
come into
occlusion
From Brothwell
Types of dental occlusion patterns
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TeethTeeth -- DevelopmentDevelopmentl Enamel: ectodermal origin
l Begins to develop during 3rd fetal month
l From buds that sprout from ingrowing plate
(primary dental lamina) of ectodermal cells
l Each bud takes form of cap covering
mesodermal papilla from which remainderof tooth is formed (Grant)
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Growth and Calcification ofGrowth and Calcification of
Permanent TeethPermanent Teethl Begins in 1st molars (6 year molars) about
time of birth, in incisors and canines (upper
lateral incisors excepted) from 4th
to 6th
month, in upper lateral incisors from 10th to11th month, and in premolars and 3rd molarsearly in 2nd year
l Useful in radiologic diagnosis of age(Grant)
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Average
developmentalstages of human
dentition note
calcification and
growth
From Brothwell
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Permanent
tooth
eruptiontimes for
boys and
girls note
great
variationtimes in
tooth
eruption
From
Brothwell
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TeethTeeth Nerve SupplyNerve Supply Upper teeth: maxillary nerve (V2)
Lower teeth: mandibular nerve (V3)
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TeethTeeth MeasurementsMeasurements
Tooth HeightTooth Heightl From cementoenamel junction to maximum
height of crown
l Often not used archaeologically: many pre-historic peoples wore teeth down (attrition)
due to grit in diet
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TeethTeeth MeasurementsMeasurements --
Mesiodistal DiameterMesiodistal Diameterl Maximum diameter between mesial and
distal contact points
Teeth measurements schematic crown view
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Teeth measurements schematic crown view
labial or buccal
lingual
Mesiodistal
diameter
maximum
diameter
between mesial
and distal
contact points
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TeethTeeth MeasurementsMeasurements
Buccolingual DiameterBuccolingual Diameterl Maximum diameter at right angles to
mesiodistal diameter
Teeth measurements schematic crown view
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Teeth measurements schematic crown view
labial or buccal
lingual
Buccolingual
diameter
maximum
diameter at
right angles to
mesiodistal
diameter
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TeethTeeth MeasurementsMeasurements
Crown ModuleCrown Modulel A measurement of relative crown mass
l Average of mesiodistal and buccolingual
diameters
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TeethTeeth SupernumerarySupernumerary --
continuedcontinuedl Often bilateral
l May be retained deciduous teeth in adult
l May be located in many different positions
around dental arch
(Ubelaker)
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Teeth
supernumerary
Often bilateral
May be
retained
deciduousteeth in adult
Various
locations
around dentalarch
From
Brothwell
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TeethTeeth -- RotationRotation
l May be rotated up to 180 degrees from
usual dental orientation
l Most common in 2ndpremolars
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Teeth
crowding
Crowding
causes change
in position of
one or more
teeth
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth CrowdingCrowding -- continuedcontinued
l Often seen with impacted 3rd molars and
rotated teeth
l Rarely seen in deciduous teeth: lots of roomfor eruption of teeth
l Incisors most affected by dental crowding
(Ubelaker)
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Teeth
crowding
Often seen with
impacted 3rd
molars and
rotated teeth
Incisors are
most affected by
dental crowding
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth MorphologicalMorphological
VariationVariation1. Molar cusp pattern
2. Extra cusps
3. Shovel-shaped teeth
4. Peg-shaped teeth
5. Taurodontism
6. Enamel extension and pearls
7. Extra or missing roots
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TeethTeeth Molar Cusp PatternMolar Cusp Pattern
l Anthropological use: distinguishing modern
populations, assessing primate ancestry
l Assessment limited in prehistoricpopulations due to grit-related attrition of
cusps
l
Maxillary molars have different patternsfrom mandibular patterns
T th CM ill M l C
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TeethTeeth -- Maxillary Molar CuspMaxillary Molar Cusp
PatternPatternl 3 or 4 cusps, separated by well-defined
grooves (Bass, fig. 4-13)
l 1st maxillary: 4 cusps, same sizel 2nd maxillary: 4th cusp (= hypocone) usually
smaller
l 3rd
maxillary: hypocone either absent, ormuch reduced (cuspule on distal surface)
Teeth molar cusp pattern maxillary
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Teeth molar cusp pattern - maxillary
1st molar
4 cusps,
same size
2nd molar
4th cusp
usually
smaller
(hypocone)
3rd molar
hypocone
either absent
or much
reduced(cuspule on
distal
surface)
T thT th M dib l M lM dib l M l
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TeethTeeth Mandibular MolarMandibular Molar
Cusp PatternCusp Patternl 4 or 5 cusps
l Cusps arranged so grooves between them
form T or Yl Patterns: Y5, Y4, +5, +4
l Y5: common prehistoric pattern
l Y4, +5, +4: more recent(Bass)
Teeth molar cusp pattern mandibular
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Teeth molar cusp pattern - mandibular
1st molar
Y5 pattern
very
common
Y5 +5 +4
Y42nd and 3rd
molars have
other 3
patterns
M dib l M l CM dib l M l C
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Mandibular Molar CuspMandibular Molar Cusp
PatternPattern -- continuedcontinuedl Evolution: Y5 -> Y4 or +5 -> +4
l Modern: Y5 often seen on mandibular 1st
molarl Modern: 2nd and 3rd molars have mainly
other three patterns
l Cusp patterns may not be exact hard todefine (Bass; also see Bass fig 4-14)
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TeethTeeth Extra CuspsExtra Cusps
l May be on various maxillary andmandibular molar surfaces
l
Protostylid: extra cusp on anterior buccalsurface of mandibular molars; e.g. SouthAfrican Australopithecines, Meganthropus(Java), Sinanthropus (China); in modern
Pima Indians(Bass; Bass figure 4-15b)
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Teeth extra cusps
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Carabellis cusps: on anterior lingual surfaces of
maxillary molars
mesial
distal
lingualbuccal
Carabellis
cusp
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TeethTeeth PegPeg--ShapedShaped
l Teeth are particularly small
l Especially 3rd molars, lateral incisors
l Often related to congenital absence
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TeethTeeth -- TaurodontismTaurodontism
l In molars
l Pulp cavity enlarged, roots reduced
lNeanderthals, other fossils
l Occasionally in modern populations
l Subtypes: cynodont, hypotaurodont,
mesotaurodont, hypertaurodont(Bass, fig. 4-17a)
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TeethTeeth Extra or MissingExtra or Missing
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TeethTeeth Extra or MissingExtra or Missing
RootsRootsl From 1st molar to 3rd molar is trend for roots
to be less divergent, more fused
l Similar trend in premolars(Bass)
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TeethTeeth Enamel ExtensionsEnamel Extensions
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TeethTeeth Enamel Extensions,Enamel Extensions,
PearlsPearlsl In some molars, premolars
l Extension of crown enamel may extend
between rootsl May terminate in enamel cluster: enamel
pearl (may be obscured in alveolus)
l
In many modern groups(Bass, fig. 4-17b)
Teeth
l
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enamel
extensions,
pearls
In some
molars,
premolars
Extension of
crown enamel
between roots
From Brothwell
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TeethTeeth Occlusal WearOcclusal Wear
l Mastication (chewing): upper and lowerarch teeth rub each other and any containeddietary grit
l Abrasion by grit wears occlusal surfaces,may erode cusp pattern; varies with diet
l Could be rapid, e.g. American Indians(grinding stone grit)
(Bass)
Teeth occlusal wear abrasion by grit wears occlusal
surfaces, may erode cusp pattern, varies with diet
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From Brothwell
y p p
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Teeth occlusal wear : different rates of attrition in different
populations age estimation from attrition in one population
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From Brothwell
may be different from another; also individual variation within
group limits accuracy
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TeethTeeth Cultural DeformationCultural Deformation
l Filed, chipped, drilled, incised decorative
l Multiple different population groups
l Mainly incisors: easier to work on, mostvisible to others
l Interproximal grooves (especially molar):
often associated with caries, alveolarabscesses - ? pain relief efforts (Bass)
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Dental
development
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From
Brothwell
development
Sequence ofcalcification and
eruption very
useful in aging,
particularly in
young
T th O l i
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TeethTeeth -- OcclusionOcclusion
l Mongoloid: frequent edge-edge occlusion
l Caucasoids: usually slight overbite
l Underbites uncommon in all groups
Caucasoids
Types of dental occlusion patterns
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Caucasoids
usually slight
overbite
From Brothwell
Mongoloids
frequent edgeto edge
occlusion
T thT th S l Di hiS l Di hi
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TeethTeeth Sexual DimorphismSexual Dimorphism
Neither adult nor deciduous teeth have
distinct dimorphic indicators
Male teeth may be larger than female teethwithin a given population
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END