demokratisasi kepemimpinan dalam sistem penyelenggaraan pemerintahan gampong krueng juli barat...

7/23/2019 Demokratisasi Kepemimpinan Dalam Sistem Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Gampong Krueng Juli Barat Kecamat

1/23

HMH B

ZGKNMFWLWMK

=+= Lm~mx Hglmimk`

Sgbxbk` ngk`mk zgsm~krm igamowmk nmk ~bk``bkrm ~wk~w~mk amsrmxmim~, amim

nbzgxlwimk mnmkrm hbxdixmsb sghm`mb bks~b~wsb rmk` amazw agknwnwib zdsbsb dx`mkbi rmk`

kg~xml nb nmlma s~xwi~wx sdsbml nmk hgxewk`sb sghm`mb zgk`fwhwk` mk~mxm kg`mxm rmk`

agamkbegs~msbimk igzgk~bk`mk wawa, nmk amsrmxmim~ sbzbl+ Sgfbk``m ~gxfbknmximk

mnmkrm idkd~msb kg`m~be agk`gkmb hbxdixmsb sgzgx~b rmk` nbwxmbimk dlgf _mwfmx &8::= ?

66", rmikb hbxdixmsb amsbf sgxbk` nbidkd~msbimk sghm`mb zgxpwownmk nmk igsgaxmpw~mk

nmk ig~bnmi hgxgsmk mnabkbs~xmsb, sgzgx~b zxdsgnwx rmk` hgxhglb~!hglb~ nmlma

agkrglgsm~imk wxwsmk nb swm~w imk~dx+

Igawnbmk wk~wi kg mxm hgxigahmk` sgzgx~b fmlkrm Bkndkgsbm, hbxdixmsb

nb`mahmximk zgkwf ngk`mk ig~bnmi!amazwmk, nbsewk`sb nmk ig`m`mlmk nmlma

aglmismkmimk hgxhm`mb ig`bm~mk rmk` agkomnb hbnmk` ~w`mskrm+ Wxmbmk nbm~ms sgfmxwskrm

~bnmi zgxlw mnm nmk agahgxbimk egkdagkm rmk` kg`m~be ~gxfmnmz amikm hbxdixmsb+ Imxgkm

zmnm nmsmxkrm hbxdixmsb nbfmxmzimk agkomnb mlm~ zgahmfmxwmk &odixdmabnodod, =22> ? 0>"

fml bkb nmzm~ ~gxlmismkm obim ~wowmk!~wowmk dx`mkbsmsb agamk` nbmxmfimk hm`b swm~w

s~xm~g b zgahmfmxwmk nmk zgahmk`wkmk, glb~ hbxdixmsb hgxsbimz awnmf agkgxbam

zgabibxmk!zgabibxmk zgahmfmxwmk nmk zgahmk`wkmk+ Ngk`mk ngabibmk hbxdixmsb nmzm~

nbomnbimk mlm~ wk~wi agxgmlbsmsb zgahmk`wkmk nmlma sg`mlm hbnmk`+

Sglmkow~krm nmlma agk`fmnmzb zgxwhmfmk hgsmx nmk cgzm~, mzmxm~wx hbxdixmsb

zgagxbk~mf fmxws nmlma idknbsb wk``wl, fmknml nmk ~gxzgxcmrm+ Mx~bkrm amazw

agpwownimk zgxwhmfmk hgxsimlm hgsmx nmk hgigxom zgkwf bkdum~be nmk zxdmi~be ~gxfmnmz

~wk~w~mk lbkìwk mkkrm &Sbm`bmk, =225 ? >2"+ Idksgz D~dkdab Ifwsws agxwzmimk

lmkìmf rmk` nbmahbl dlgf zgagxbk~mf nmlma xmkìm agpwownimk zgagxbk~mf rmk`

xgszdksbe nmk mszbxm~be wk~wi agagkwfb mszbxmsb nmk ighw~wfmk amsrmxmim~ Mcgf rmk`

nblmknm idkelbi rmk` hgxigzmkomk`mk D~dkdab Ifwsws nbzmknmk` sghm`mb hm`bmk nmxb

zxdsgs hgsmx ngadixm~bsmsb, rmk` lghbf agkgimkimk zxbksbz!zxbksbz ngadixmsb, zgxmk sgx~m

amsrmxmim~, zgagxm~mmk nmk igmnblmk, sgx~m agazgxfm~bimk zd~gksb nmk igmkgimxm mamk

nmgxmf &Owlbmk~mxm, 8::: ? bv"+

=


2/23

Iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` rmk` nbigahmlbimk sgswmb ngk`mk

igmkgimxm`mamk, zmx~bsbzmsb, d~dkdab Ifwsws, ngadixm~bsmsb nmk zgahgxnmrmmk

amsrmxmim~ sgswmb ngk`mk msml wswl `mazdk`, m~mwzwk nbsgxmfimk igzmnm nmgxmf wk~wiagk`m~wxkrm+ Nmk nmlma zgk`mzlbimsbmkkrm nb @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk

Iwmlm Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk ~gxnmzm~ igknmlm, rmikb ighbk`wk mk nmxb amsrmxmim~ nmk

mzmxm~ ~gk~mk` iglgahm`mmk nmk iwxmk`krm nmrm bkdumsbe nmxb mzmxm~ hbxdixmsb Zgagxbk~mf

`mazdk`, nmk mnmkrm zgxblmiw hbxdixmsb rmk` iwxmk` agazgxfm~bimk ighw~wfmk nmk

mszbxmsb amsrmxmim~+

=+8 Xwawsmk Amsmlmf

Hgxnmsmximk lm~mx hglmimk` amsmlmf nbm~ms, amim ~wowmk nmxb zgkwlbsmk amimlmf

bkb mnmlmf wk~wi agk`mkmlbsbs Ngadixm~bsmsb Igzgabazbkmk Nmlma Sbs~ga

Zgkrglgk``mxmmk Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk Iwmlm

Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk+

HMH BB

8


3/23

LMKNMSMK ^GDXB^BS

8+=+ Zgk`gx~bmk Ngadixm~bsmsb

Ngadixm~bsmsb mnmlmf zgkgxmzmk imbnmf!imbnmf m~mw zxbksbz!zxbksbz ngadixmsb

zmnm sg~bmz ig`bm~mk zdlb~bi igkg`mxmmk+ ^wowmkkrm mnmlmf ~gxhgk~wikrm igfbnwzmk zdlb~bi

rmk` hgxcbxbimk ngadixm~bs+ Smawgl Fwk~bk`~dk &8::=", agkrm~mimk hmfpm zxdsgs

ngadixm~bsmsb aglmlwb ~b`m ~mfmzmk, rmb~w zgk`mifbxmk xgba kdkngadixm~bs, zgk`wiwxmk

xgba ngadixm~bs, nmk zgkìdksdlbnmsbmk sbs~ga rmk` ngadixm~bs+ Sg~bmz pmx`m kg`mxm

agk bk`bkimk ~g`mikrm ngadixmsbnb kg`mxmkrm+ Kblmb m~mw iwl~wx ngadixmsb zgk~bk`

wk~wi ~g`mikrm ngadixmsb nb swm~w kg`mxm+Fgkxr H+ Amrd nmlma Abxxbma Hwnbmxnod &=22:" agkrghw~imk mnmkrm nglmzmk

Kblmb &Iwl~wx" Ngadixmsb, rmb~w ?

=+ Agkrglgsmbimk zgx~bimbk!zgx~bimbk sgcmxm nmamb nmk swimxglm

8+ agkomabk ~gxomnbkrm zgxwhmfmk sgcmxm nmamb nmlma sws~w amsrmxmim~ rmk` sglmlw

hgxwhmf

3+ zgx`mk~bmk zgk`wmsm ngk`mk ~gxm~wx

>+ zgk``wkmmk zmismmk sgsgnbib~ awkìbk

7+ zgk miwmk nmk zgk`fdxam~mk ~gxfmnmz kblmb igmkgimxm`mamk

5+ agkg`miimk igmnblmk

0+ agamowimk blaw zgk`g~mfwmk

6+ zgk`miwmk nmk zgk`fdxam~mk ~gxfmnmz ighghmsmk

_maxdkb &8::=" agkrghw~imk mnmkrm iwl~wx kblmb ngadixmsb mk~mxm lmbk ?

=+ ~dlgxmksb

8+ ighghmsmk agk`gawimimk zgknmzm~

3+ agk`fdxam~b zgxhgnmmk zgknmzm~

>+ agamfmab igmkgimxm`mamk nmlma amsrmxmim~

7+ ~gxhwim nmk idawkbimsb

5+ agkowkowk` kblmb nmk amx~mhm~ igamkwsbmk

0+ zgxcmrm nbxb

6+ ~bnmi agk` mk~wkìmk zmnm dxmk` lmbk

2+ smlbk` agk`fmx`mb

3


4/23

=:+ amazw agk`gimk` nbxb

==+ ighgxsmammk

=8+ igsgbahmk`mkAgkwxw~ Abxxbma Hwnbmxnod &=220", wk~wi aglmismkmimk kblmb!kblmb ngadixmsb

zgxlw nbsglgk``mxmimk lgahm`m!lgahm`m, mk~mxm lmbk sghm`mb hgxbiw~+

m+ Zgagxbk~mfmk rmk` hgx~mk``wk` ompmh

h+ Swm~w ngpmk zgxpmiblmk xmirm~ rmk` agpmiblb `dldk`mk nmk igzgk~bk`mk nmlma

amsrmxmim~ rmk` nbzblbf aglmlwb zgablbfmk wawa rmk` hghms nmk xmfmsbm+ Ngpmk bkb

aglmiwimk zgk`mpmsmk ~gxfmnmz zgagxbk~mf+

c+ Swm~w dx`mkbsmsb zdlb~bi rmk` agkcmiwz lghbf nmxb sm~w zmx~mb &sbs~ga npbzmx~mb, awl!

~bzmx~mb"+ Zmx~mb agkrglgk``mxmimk fwhwk`mk rmk` idk~bkw ngk`mk amsrmxmim~+

n+ Zgxs nmk agnm amssm rmk` hghms wk~wi agkrm~mimk zgknmzm~+

g+ Sbs~ga zgxmnblmk rmk` hghms wk~wi agkomabk fmi msmsb amkwsbm nmk agazgx~mfmk

imk igmnblmk+

Agkwxw~ Adfmaamn Fm~~m nmlma Zmnam Pmfrdkd &=22:", ngsm!ngsm nb

Bkndkgsbm swnmf agkomlmkimk ngadixmsb, absmlkrm ngk`mk zgablbfmk igzmlm ngsm nmk

mnmkrm xgahw` ngsm+ B~wlmf rmk` nbsghw~ ngadixmsb mslb+ Ngadixmsb ngsm agablbib lbam

wkswx m~mw mkmsbx, rmb~w ?

m+ xmzm~

h+ awemim~

c+ `d~dk`!xdrdk`

n+ fmi agk`mnmimk zxdsgs hgxsmam

g+ fmi agkrbk`ibximk nmxb igiwmsmmk xmom mhsdlw~

8+8+ Zgk`gx~bmk IgzgabazbkmkIgzgabazbkmk hgxmx~b igamazwmk nmk igsbmzmk rmk` nbablbib dlgf sgsgdxmk`

wk~wi nmzm~ agazgk mxwfb, agkndxdk , agk momi, agkwk~wk, agk``gxmiimk, nmk

agk`mxmfimk dxmk` m~mw igldazdi m`mx agkgxbam zgk`mxwf ~gxsghw~ nmk sglmkow~krm

hgxhwm~ sgswm~w rmk` nmzm~ agahmk~w ~gxcmzmbkrm swm~w ~wowmk ~gx~gk~w rmk` ~glmf

nb~g~mzimk+ Zmnm nmsmxkrm igzgabazbkmk aglbzw~b zxdsgs agazgk`mxwfb nmlma

agkgk~wimk ~wowmk dx`mkbsmsb, agad~bumsb zgxblmiw hmpmfmk wk~wi agkcmzmb ~wowmk,

agazgk`mxwfb wk~wi zgxhmbimk igldazdi nmk hwnmrmkrm+ Fml ~gxsghw~ nmzm~ nblbfm~ nmxb

>


5/23

ighgxfmsblmk sgdxmk` zgabazbk nmlma agk``gxmiimk dxmk` lmbk nmlma agkcmzmb ~wowmk

rmk` smk`m~ ~gx`mk~wk` igzmnm igpbhmpmmk, nmk nmlma agkcbz~mimk ad~bumsb nmlma nbxb

sg~bmz dxmk` hmpmfmk+Iba nmk Amwhdwx`kg nmlma Awkbx &8::6?38" agkngebkbsbimk igzgabazbkmk

sghm`mb swm~w igamazwmk wk~wi agk`bkszbxmsb igzgxcmrmmk nmk nwiwk`mk igzmnm dxmk`!

dxmk` rmk` nbhw~wfimk nmlma xmkìm agkcmzmb ~wowmk!~wowmk nmxb lgahm`m+

Fw`fgs nii+ &=222?85" agkoglmsimk mnmkrm ~b`m idknbsb rmk` agpmxkmb swm~w

igzgabazbkmk, rmb~w zgabazbk &lgmngx", zgk`biw~ &edlldpgx", nmk igmnmmk &sb~wm~bdk"+

Zgxkrm~mmk bkb agkg`msimk hmfpm iwmlb~ms sgdxmk` zgabazbk, ilmsbebimsb zgk`biw~krm,

nmk sb~wmsb rmk` agknwiwk` m~mw ~bnmi mimk smk`m~ hgxzgk`mxwf zmnm zdlm nmk nbkmabim

igzgabazbkmk+ Iwmlb~ms sgdxmk` zgabazbk ~gximb~ igzmnm igzxbhmnbmk, ignwnwimk,

s~m~wskrm nmk lmbklmbk+ Ilmsbebimsb zmxm zgk`biw~ nbpmxkmb dlgf kblmb!kblmb, kdxam!kdxam,

nmrm igsm~wmkkrm, nmk lmbk!lmbk+ Sgnmkìmk sb~wmsb rmk` ow`m hgxzgxmk ~gxfmnmz swm~w

igzgabazbkmk mk~mxm lmbk ~mk``wk` ompmh ~gxfmnmz ~w`ms, ig~g mk`mk, nmk swmsmkm

lbkìwk`mk+

Hmss nmlma Awkbx &8::6?33" agkngebkbsbimk igzgabazbkmk sghm`mb swm~w

ndxdk mk zxbksbz nbkmabs rmk` agad~bumsb nmk agk`ddxnbkmsb lgahm m nmlma

agkrglgsmbimk m~mw agkcmzmb ~wowmk!~wowmk+ S~gzfgk Z+ Xdhhbks &8::8?=53"

agk gawimimk hmfpm igzgababkmk mnmlmf igamazwmk wk~wi agazgk mxwfb swm~w

igldazdi wk~wi zgkcmzmbmk ~wowmk+

S~d`nbll nmlma Awkbx &8::6?33" agkrm~mimk hmfpm igzgabazbkmk mnmlmf

zgahgk~wimk mpml sgx~m zgaglbfmxmmk s~xwi~wx nmlma fmxmzmk nmk bk~gxmisb+

Hgxnmsmximk wxmbmk ~gxsghw~ nb m~ms, nmzm~ nbim~mimk hmfpm igzgabazbkmk

mnmlmf swm~w igamazwmk wk~wi nmzm~ agkndxdk` ~gxcmzmbkrm ~wowmk!~wowmk swm~w

lgahm`m+ Zmnm fmibim~krm zgabazbk mnmlmf sgsgdxmk` rmk` agablbib igamazwmk wk~wiagazgk`mxwfb zgxblmiw dxmk` lmbk nmlma igxomkrm ngk`mk agk``wkmimk zgamfmamk+

Nmlma fml bkb zgamfmamk hgxmx~b igamazwmk wk~wi agk`mxmfimk nmk agazgk`mxwfb

hmpmfmk sgfwhwk`mk ngk`mk hgxhm`mb ~w`ms rmk` fmxws nblmismkmimkkrm+

8+3+ Bs~blmf Sbs~ga Zgagxbk~mfmk

7


6/23

Wk~wi agkgawimk idksgz sbs~ga zgagxbk~mfmk, amim fmxws nblbfm~ nwm fml

rmk` agamnmkimk bs~blmf sbs~ga nmk zgagxbk~mfmk+ Srmemxwnnbk &8:=:, nmlma hwiw

Zgxhmknbk`mk Sbs~ga Zgagxbk~mfmk" agkrghw~imk hmfpm?=+ Sbs~ga agxwzmimk swm~w igsm~wmk rmk` ~gxnbxb nmxb swh!swh sbs~ga rmk` smlbk` hgxbk!

~gxmisb, hgxewk`sb, nmk hgigxom nmlma pblmrmfkrm nmlma xmkìm agkcmzmb swm~w ~w!

owmk+ Sbs~ga aglbzw~b bkzw~, zxdsgs, dw~zw~, eggn hmci, nmk sbilws+

8+ Sbs~ga Zgagxbk~mfmk agxwzmimk swm~w igsm~wmk zgagxbk~mfmk &kg`mxm" rmk` ~gxnbxb

nmxb swh!swh sbs~ga zgagxbk~mfmk &gis, lg`, rwn" rmk` smlbk` hgxbk~gxmisb, hgxewk`sb,

nmk hgigxom nmlma pblmrmfkrm nmlma xmkìm agkcmzmb swm~w ~wowmk &idks~b~wsb"+

3+ Sbs~ga zgagxbk~mf aglbzw~b zxdsgs bkzw~, zxdsgs, dw~zw~, eggn hmci, nmk sbilws zgagx!

bk~mfmk+

Nb smazbk` b~w, bs~blmf zgagxbk~mfmk ow`m agkcmiwz zgxhwm~mk, cmxm m~mw

wxwsmk zgagxbk~mf+ Zgagxbk~mf agxwzmimk swhogi rmk` hgxwzm hmnmk, lgahm`m, m~mw

dx`mkbsmsb rmk` agablbib igiwmsmmk agagxbk~mf+ Nb Bkndkgsbm, bs~blmf zgagxbk~mfmk

hbsm nbxwowi, rmk` agkcmiwz zgagxbk~mf nmlma mx~b lwms &gisgiw~be, lg`bslm~be,rwnbim~be",

zgagxbk~mf nmlma mx~b sgazb~ &gisgiw~be smom"+

Agkwxw~ CE S~xdk` &=25:, nmlma hwiw Adngxk Zdlb~bcml Cdks~b~wsbdks" hmfpm

zgagxbk~mf nmlma mx~b lwms aglbzw~b igiwmsmmk gisgiw~be, lg`bslm~be, nmk rwnbim~be+

Zgagxbk~mf nmlma mx~b lwms hgx~w`ms agaglbfmxm zgxnmambmk nmk igmamkmk+ Dlgfimxgkm

b~w zgagxbk~mf fmxws agablbib &=" igiwmsmmk ablb~gx9 &8" igiwmsmmk lg`bslm~be9 nmk &3"

igiwmsmmk igwmk`mk+ Sgnmkìmk SG Ebkgx &=20>, nmlma hwiw Cdazmxm~bug@dugxkagk~"

hmfpm bs~blmf zgagxbk~mfmk &`dugxagk~" agablbib > mx~b rmikb &=" ig`bm~mk m~mw zxdsgs

agagxbk~mf9 &8" amsmlmf!amsmlmf igkg`mxmmk9 &3" zgomhm~ rmk` nbhghmkb ~w`ms wk~wi

agagxbk~mf9 &>" cmxm, ag~dng, m~mw sbs~ga rmk` nbzmimbzgagxbk~mf wk~wi agagxbk~mf+

8+>+ Zgk`gx~bmk @mazdk`

@mazdk` ~gxhgk~wi zmnm amsm Swl~mk Bsimknmx Awnm &=5:0!=535", rmikbhgk~wi

~gxb~dxbml rmk` ~gxigcbl nmxb swswkmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb Mcgf+ Zmnm amsm b~w, sghwmf

`mazdk` ~gxnbxb nmxb igldazdi xwamf rmk` lg~mikrm hgxngim~mk sm~w smam lmbk+Zbazbkmk

`mazdk` nbsghw~ igwcfbi, rmk` nbhmk~w sgsgdxmk` rmk` amfbx nmlma amsmlmfigm`mammk

ngk`mk sghw~mk ~gwkìw agwkmsmf+ @mazdk` agxwzmimk zgagxbk~mfmkhmpmfmk nmxb

awiba+

5


7/23

Agkwxw~ Fwx`xdkog &=267? 50" `mazdk` b~w agxwzmimk sm~wmk ~gxb~dxbml ~gxigcbl+

Sghwmf`mazdk` nblbkìmxb zm`mx, nbfwhwkìmk dlgf sm~w zbk~w `mzwxm ngk`mk omlmk xmrm

&x~m~mw x~", swm~w omlmk rmk` aglgpm~b hlmk` m~mw lmazdbf sgx~m ~mamf rmk` agkwow ig`mazdk` lmbk+ Nwlw sg~bmz `mazdk` agkcmiwz sm~w impda &sm~wmk!sm~wmk hmbi nmlma

mx~bmk ~gxxb~dxbml amwzwk igswiwmk" m~mw swh impda rmk` fmkrm mimk hgx~mahmf

pmx mkrm ngk mk zgximpbkmk nmlma lbkìwk`mk sgknbxb, m~mw zmlbk` ~bnmi, ngk mk

agabk~m nmxb pmx`m sgswiw rmk` hgxawiba hgxngim~mk+

@mazdk` nmk agwkmsmf, mnmimlmkrm nbzgxsgzsbimk nmlma zgamfmamk ~gxzbsmf+

Mnm rmk` agamknmk` hmfpm agwkmsmf nmk `mazdk` sghm`mb pblmrmf m~mw ~gxb~dxbml+

Mnm zwlm rmk` agamknmk` agwkmsmf sghm`mb ~gazm~ bhmnmf smom, rmikb ~gazm~ mi~bub~ms

igm`mammk nmk mi~bub~ms sdsbml nbomlmkimk nmlma sghwmf `mazdk`+ Lgahm`m agwkmsmf

sghm`mb smxmkm amsrmxmim~ mnm~ agkomlmkimk xdnm zgagxbk~mfmk ~bkìm~ `mazdk`, nmk

ighgxmnmmk lgahm`m agwkmsmf agk``mahmximk cbxb ifms sghwmf`mazdk , imxgkm sg~bmz

`mazdk` mnm agwkmsmf+ Imlmw ~bnmi mnm agwkmsmf, ~bnmi nmzm~ nbsghw~ `mazdk +

Kmawk, mnm ow`m rmk` agkg msimk hmfpm agwkmsmfagxwzmimk sghw~mk lmbk nmxb sghwmf

`mazdk`+

@mazdk` nbzbazbk dlgf igwcfbi+ Nmlma sgomxmfkrm, omhm~mk b~w ~wxwk!~gawxwk,

nblmk~bi bawga awiba+ Igwcfbi nbnmsmximk zmnm igkrm~mmk fmibib hmfpm nbmlmf rmk`

agahglm igzgk~bk mk nmk igbk`bkmk pmx`m, hmbi hgxfmnmzmk ngk`mk wlhmlmk amwzwk

`mazdk` lmbk+ Igwcfbi agk`wmsmb sm~w `mazdk`, kmawk mnm ow`m rmkàgk`gzmlmb 8!3

`mazdk + Omnb igwcfbi hg~wl!hg~wl gahmf, ~gwkìw am &igwcfbi sghm`mb hmzmi nmk

~gwkìw sghm`mb bhw"+

8+7+ Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk`

Agk`gkmb Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` hgsgx~m mzmxm~wxkrm, nmzm~ nboglmsimk lgpm~zgkglwswxmk hgxhm`mb zgxm~wxmk zgxwknmk`mk!wknmk mk+ Nmlma Zgkoglmsmk Zmsml 0 WW

Kd+ >>$=222 nbsghw~imk hmfpm idksgz `mazdk` agkwxw~ WW bkb mnmlmf smam rmk`

nbamiswn ngk`mk ngsm agkwxw~ WW Kd+ 88$=222+ Sgagk~mxm b~w, Zmsml = mrm~ &=3" WW

Kd+ =6$8::= agkrghw~imk hmfpm @mazdk` mnmlmf igsm~wmk amsrmxmim~ fwiwa rmk`

agxwzmimk dx`mkbsmsbzgagxbk~mfmk ~gxgknmf lmk`swk` hgxmnm nb hmpmf awiba rmk`

agkgazm~b pblmrmf ~gx~gk~w rmk` nbzbazbk dlgf igwcfbi m~mw kmam lmbk nmk hgxfmi

agkrglgk``mxmimkxwamf ~mk``mkrm sgknbxb+

0


8/23

Idksgz `mazdk` sgzgx~b nb m~ms, ~gxnmzm~ nmlma Zmsml = mrm~ &7" ]mkwk Kd+

3$8::3 ~gk~mk` Swswkmk, Ignwnwimk nmk Igpgkmk`mk Zgagxbk~mfmk Igcmam~mk nmlma

Zxdubksb KMN, Zmsml = mrm~ &7" ]mkwk Kd+ >$8::3 ~gk~mk` Swswkmk, Ignwnwimk nmkIgpgkmk`mk Awiba nmlma Zxdubksb KMN, nmk Zmsml = mrm~ &5" ]mkwk Kd+ 0$8::>

~gk~mk` Zgk`gldlmmk _mim~+ Idksgz bkb ow`m nb`wkmimk nmlma Zmsml = mrm~ &5" ]mkwkKd+

7$8::3 ~gk~mk` Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk`+ Sgagk~mxm nmlma Zmsml = mrm~ &2" Zgxnm Kd+

0$8:::, rmk` nbamiswnimk ngk`mk `mazdk` mnmlmf swm~w pblmrmf rmk` nb~gazm~b dlgf

sgowalmf zgknwnwi sghm`mb igsm~wmk amsrmxmim~ rmk` ~gxgknmf nmk hgxfmi

agkrglgk``mxmimk xwamf ~mk``mkrm sgknbxb+

Nmxb idksgz `mazdk`, oglms hmfpm `mazdk` ~gxlg~mi nb hmpmf awiba rmk`

nbzbazbk igwcfbi nmk hgxfmi agkrglgk``mxmimk xwamf ~mk` mkrm sgknbxb+ Nmlma

Zgkoglmsmk Zmsml = mrm~ &8" ]mkwk Kd+ 3$8::3, nbsghw~imk ignwnwimk `mazdk` ~bnmi

lm`b hgxmnm nb hmpmf igcmam~mk, ~mzb nb hmpmf awiba+ Fml bkb igawnbmk nbzgx~g`ms

ngk`mk Zmsml 8 ]mkwk Kd+ >$8::3, Awiba agahmpmfb `mazdk` rmk` hgxmnm nbhmpmf

nmk hgx~mk``wk` ompmh igzmnm Cmam~+ Nmlma Zmsml 7 zdbk &n" ]mkwk Kd+ 3$8::3,

nbsghw~imk hmfpm zdsbsb Cmam~ hgxigkmmk ngk`mk ewk sb zgahbkmmk zgagxbk~mfmk

awiba nmk `mazdk`+

Nmlma Zmsml 32 ]mkwk Kd+ 3$8::3, ngk`mk ~g`ms nbm~wx hmfpm igcmam~mk rmk`

hglwa agablbib awiba ~mzb agablbib `mazdk`, amim zgxmkìm~ zglmismkm nb pblmrmfkrm

mnmlmf Zgagxbk~mf @mazdk`+ Mnm hghgxmzm zgkoglmsmk zgk~bk` nmxb ]mkwk Kd+ 7$8::3

~gk~mk` `mazdk`, rmikb?

=+ @mazdk` agxwzmimk dx`mkbsmsb zgagxbk~mfmk ~gxgknmf rmk` hgxmnm nb hmpmf

Awiba &Zmsml 8", rmk` agazwkrmb ~w`ms agkrglgk``mxmimk zgagxbk~mfmk, aglmi!

smkmimk zgahmk`wkmk, agahbkm amsrmxmim~ nmk agkbkìm~imk zglmismkmmk Srmxbm~

Bslma &Zmsml 3"+ @mazdk` agazwkrmb ewk`sb zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk &ngsgk!~xmlbsmsb, ngidksgk~xmsb, nmk zgxhmk~wmk", zglmismkmmk zgahmk`wkmk, zgahbkmmk ig!

amsrmxmim~mk, srmxbm~ Bslma, zgxcgzm~mk zglmrmkmk, nmk zgkrglgsmbmk sgkìg~m

fwiwa &Zmsml >"+ Igpgkmk`mk `mazdk` mk~mxm lmbk igpgkmk`mk rmk` swnmf mnm,

hgxnmsmximk zgxm~wxmk zgxwknmk !wknmk`mk, nmk igpgkmk`mk aglmismkmimk ~w`ms

zgxhmk~wmk rmk` nbsgx~mb hbmrm &`mazdk` hgxfmi agkdlmi hblm ~mkzm zgahbmrmmk"

&Zmsml 7"+

6


9/23

8+ @mazdk` nbhgk~wi m~ms zxmimxsm amsrmxmim~ ngk`mk agazgxfm~bimk zgxsrmxm~mk

rmk` nb~gk~wimk sgswmb idknbsb sdsbml!hwnmrm amsrmxmim~, nmk nmzm~ nbfmzws nmk nb!

`mhwk` hblm ~bnmi lm`b agagkwfb zgxsrmxm~mk &Zmsml 5", sgzgx~b owalmf zgknwnwi abk!baml, lwms pblmrmf, owalmf nwswk$owxdk`, idknbsb sdsbml hwnmrm, zd~gksb gidkdab nmk

swahgx nmrm mlma, sgx~m smxmkm nmk zxmsmxmkm zgagxbk~mfmk &Zmsml 6"+

3+ Agk`gkmb swswkmk Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` rmk` nbsglgk` mxmimk Zgagxbk~mf @ma!

zdk` &Igwcfbi, Bawga Agwkmsmf, Zgxmkìm~ @mazdk`" nmk ^wfm Zgw~ &Zmsml =:"+

Igwcfbi mnmlmf Igzmlm Hmnmk Gisgiw~be @mazdk` nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk Zgagxbk!

~mfmk @mazdk` &Zmsml ==" rmk` hgx~w`ms nmk igpmobhmk agabazbk zgkrglgk``mxmmk

Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk`, agahbkm igfbnwzmk hgxm`mam nmk zglmismkmmk Srmxbm~ Bs!

lma, agkom`m nmk agaglbfmxm iglgs~mxbmk mnm~ nmk mnm~ bs~bmnm~, agamowimk

zgxgidkdabmk, agaglbfmxm ig~gk~xmamk, agkomnb fmiba zgxnmambmk &nbhmk~w Bawga

Agwkmsmf nmk ^wfm Zgw~", agk`mowimk Xmkcmk`mk Xgwsma @mazdk`, agk`mowimk

Xmkcmk`mk Mk``mxmk Zgknmzm~mk Hglmkom @mazdk`, sgx~m agpmiblb @mazdk`krm nb

nmlma nmk nb lwmx Zgk`mnblmk &Zmsml =8"+ Nmlma aglmismkmimk ~w`ms nmk igpmobhmk!

krm, igwcfbi hgx~mk``wk` ompmh igzmnm xmirm~ @mazdk` zmnm mifbx amsm omhm~mk

m~mw sgpmi~w!pmi~w nbabk~m dlgf ^wfm Zgwg~ @mazdk`, sgx~m agkrmazmbimk lmzdxmk

zglmismkmmk ~w`mskrm igzmnm Bagwa Awiba sgiwxmk`!iwxmk`krm sgimlb nmlma sm~w

~mfwk rmb~w zmnm mifbx ~mfwk mk``mxmk m~mw sgpmi~w!pmi~w nbabk~m dlgf Bagwa

Awiba &Zmsml => mrm~ &8" nmk &3""+ Fml bkb nbimxgkmimk igwcfbi nbzblbf sgcmxm lmk`!

swk` &Zmsml =7" ngk`mk amsm omhm~mk lbam ~mfwk &Zmsml =5"+

>+ Zgxmkìm~ Zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` sglmbk igwcfbi mnmlmf bawga agwkmsmf nmk

zgxmkìm~ `mazdk`+ Bagwa Agwkmsmf agazwkrmb ~w`ms nmk aglmismkmimk ewk`sb

agabazbk ig`bm~mk igm`mammk, zgkbkìm~mk zgxbhmnm~mk, zgkbkìm~mk zgknbnbimk

m`mam, agabazbk sglwxwf ig bm~mk rmk` hgxfwhwk mk ngk`mk igamiawxmkagwkmsmf nmk ig`bm~mk lmbkkrm rmk` hgxfwhwk`mk ngk`mk zglmismkmmk srmxbm~ Bslma

&Zmsml 87"+ Nmlma Zgkoglmsmk Zmsml =:, igwcfbi nmk bagwa agwkmsmf agazwkrmb

ignwnwimk rmk` sgogkomk` nbamkm igwcfbi hgx~mk``wk` ompmh zmnm zglmismkmmk

zgagxbk~mfmk, sgnmkìmk bagwa agwkmsmf hgx~mk``wk` ompmh ~gxfmnmz zglmismkmmk

m`mam+ Sgagk~mxm zgxmkìm~ `mazdk` mnmlmf zgahmk~w nmk hgx~mk``wk` ompmh

igwcfbi, sgx~m nbmkìm~ nmk nbhgxfgk~bimk ngk`mk Igzw~wsmk Igwcfbi, sg~glmf

agknmzm~imk zgxsg~wowmk nmxb ^wfm Zgwg~ @mazdk` &Zmsml 80"+ Zgxmkìm~ ~gxnbxb m~ms

2


10/23

Sgixg~mxbm~ @mazdk` &sgixg~mxbs nmk s~me? Wxwsmk Zgagxbk~mfmk, Zgxgkcmkmmk nmk

Zgahmk`wkmk, Igbs~bagpmmk Mcgf nmk Igsgomf~gxmmk Sdsbml, Ig~gx~bhmk nmk

Ig~gk~xmamk Amsrmxmim~, Zgahgxnmrmmk Zgxgazwmk, zgawnm, wawa, nmk wxwsmkigwmk`mk", sgx~m wkswx zglmismkm rmk` smk m~ ~gikbs sgzgx~b ~wfm mnm~, igwoxgwk

hlmk`, zgw~wm sgwkgwhdi, zmpmk` lmd~, fmxbm zgwimk, nll+ Sgx~m, rmk` agk`wxwsb

pblmrmf sgzgx~b Igzmlm Nwswk$Owxdk` &Zmsml 86"+

7+ ^wfm Zgwg~ @mazdk` sghm`mb Hmnmk Zgxpmiblmk @mazdk , hgxignwnwimk sgomomx

nmk agkomnb ab~xm igxom nmxb Zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk

Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` &Zmsml 3>"+ ^w`ms nmk ewk`sb ^wfm Zgw~ mk~mxm lmbk

agkbkìm~imk wzmrm!wzmrm zglmismkmmk Srmxbm~ Bslma nmk mnm~, agaglbfmxm

iglgs~mxbmk mnm~ bs~bmnm~, aglmismkmimk ewk`sb lg`bslmsb, aglmismkmimk ewk`sb

mk` mxmk, aglmismkmimk ewk sb zgk mpmsmk, sgx~m agkmazwk` nmk agkrmlwximk

mszbxmsb amsrmimxm~ igzmnm Zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` &Zmsml 37"+ ^wfm Zgw~ @mazdk`

rmk` ~gxnbxb nmxb wkswx wlmam, ~didf amsrmxmim~, zgawim mnm~, nmk cgknbibmpmk

&Zmsml 3="+ Lgahm`m bkb nbhgk~wi aglmlwb awsrmpmxmf @mazdk` &Zmsml 33"+ Nmlma

lgahm`m bkb ow`m ~gxnmzm~ sgixg~mxbm~ &sgixg~mxbs nmk s~me rmk` nbmkìm~ nmk

nbhgxfgk~bimk igwcfbi" &Zmsml 36"+ Nmlma Zmsml = Mkìm &0" nbsghw~imk hmfpm ^wfm

Zgwg~ @mazdk` mnmlmf sghm`mb zgk``mk~b bs~blmf Lgahm`m Awsrmpmxmf Ngsm &LAN"

agkwxw~ WW Kd+ 7$=202 m~mw Hmnmk Zgxpmiblmk Ngsm agkwxw~ WW Kd+ 88$=222+

Nmlma Zmsml 30 nmk Zgkoglmsmkkrm amlmf nboglmsimk ~gk~mk` lmxmk` xmkìmz omhm~mk

wk~wi agk`fbknmxb ~gxomnbkrm zgawsm~mk igiwmsmmk zmnm Igwcfbi, sgzgx~b zgxkmf

~gxomnb zmnm smm~ hgxlmiwkrm WW Kd+ 7$=202, Ig~wm Lgahm`m Awsrmpmxmf Ngsm

&LAN" nbxmkìmz dlgf Igwcfbi$Igzmlm Ngsm+

5+ Amsmlmf igwmk`mk `mazdk`, hgxswahgx nmxb Zgknmzm~mk Mslb @mazdk` &fmsbl wsmfm

@mazdk`, fmsbl igimrmmmk @mazdk`, fmsbl spmnmrm nmk zmx~bsbzmsb, fmsbl `d~dk`xdrdk` amsrmxmim~, mim~, nmk lmbk!lmbk zgknmzm~mk @mazdk` rmk` smf", hmk~wmk nmxb

Zgagxbk~mf Imhwzm~gk$Id~m &zmomi nmk xg~xbhwsb, nmkm zgxbahmk`mk, hmk~wmk lmbk

nmxb Zgagxbk~mf m~msmk, swahmk`mk nmxb zbfmi ig~b`m, nmk zbkomamk @mazdk`", nb

amkm Swahgx Zgknmzm~mk @mazdk` rmk` swnmf nbablbib nmk nbigldlm dlgf

@mazdk`, ~bnmi hdlgf nbzwk`w~ m~mw nbmahbl mlbf dlgf Zgagxbk~mf rmk` lghbf m~ms

~bkìm~krm &Zmsml >8"+

=:


11/23

HMH BBB

ZGAHMFMSMK

==


12/23

3+=+ @mahmxmk Wawa @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~

@mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ agxwzmimk smlmf sm~w nmxb 8: @mazdk` rmk`

~gxamswi nb nmlma pblmrmf Igcmam~mk Iwmlm, @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ agxwzmimkpblmrmf rmk` hgxhm~msmk lmk`swk` ngk`mk zmk~mb Sglm~ Amlmim, sgcmxm mnabkbs~xm~be hm~ms

@mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk Iwmlm hgxhm~msmk ngk mk @mazdk` sghm`mb

hgxbiw~?

=+ Sghglmf W~mxm hgxsghglmfmk ngk`mk Zmk~mb Sglm~ Amlmim+

8+ Sghglmf Sglm~mk hgxsghglmfmk ngk`mk @mazdk` Cd~ ^xbgk` Igcmam~mk Iwmlm+

3+ Sghglmf ^bawx hgxsghglmfmk ngk`mk @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb ^baw Igcmam~mk Iwmlm+

>+ Sghglmf Hmxm~ hgxsghglmfmk ngk`mk @mazdk` Hgwxmpmk` Igcmam~mk Ogwazm+

@mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ nbhm`b agkomnb 3 nwswk, rmb~w sghm`mb hgxbiw~+

=+ Nwswk Kglmrmk

8+ Nwswk Zg~mkb

3+ Nwswk Hm~gg Hgw~dk`

@mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ agablbib lwms ngsm 5=,36 fm hgxnmsmximk fmsbl

swxumb nmk hgxnmsmximk nm~m Amz Exmag 3 lwms ngsm 2=,:3 fm+ @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb

Hmxm~ agxwzmimk smlmf sm~w @mazdk` rmk` agablbib ~bzg ldimsb pblmrmf ngim~ ngk`mk

zmk~mb+ Idknbsb ~dzd`xmeb @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ hgxmnm zmnm igabxbk`mk lmfmk :'!

3' ngk`mk ig~bk``bmk :!7 ag~gx nzl, idknbsb bkb xglm~be nm~mx+

Owalmf Zgknwnwi @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ zmnm ~mfwk 8:=: mnmlmf =+30=

Obpm ngk mk owalmf II sghgsmx 8>7 II+ Sgnmkìmk ~mfwk 8::2 mnmlmf =+358 Obpm

ngk mk Owalmf II, 332 II + Hgxnmsmximk nm~m nmxb `gwcfbi nmk Igwxmkb `mazdk`

amrdxb~ms am~m zgkcmfmxbmk zgknwnwi ngsm hgx`gxmi nb hbnmk` zgx~mkbmk sghm`mb zg~mkb

&>>,3'" sgowalmf 766 obpm nmk sghm`mb kglmrmk &83,5'" sgowalmf 3=3 obpm+ Zgkbkìm~mk

owalmf zgknwnwi rmk` hgx`gxmi nb hbnmk` zgx~mkbmk agkwkowimk hmfpm zgx~mkbmkagxwzmimk am~m zgkcmfmxbmk mknmlmk zgknwnwi `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~+

Idknbsb sdsbml amsrmxmim~ `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ mnmlmf `mazdk` rmk`

agazwkrmb ~bkìm~ igabsibkmk rmk` xglm~be ~bk``b, nbimxgkmimk am~m zgkcmfmxmbmk

zgknwnwi rmk` smk`m~ hgx`mk~wk` zmnm fmsbl zgx~mkbmk nmk zgxbimkmk+ Nb~bkomw nmxb sbsb

~bkìm~ zgknbnbimk rmk` nb~mam~imk dlgf zgknwnwi `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ mnmlmf

xm~m!xm~m lwlwsmk SN wk~wi wsbm zxdnwi~be &=7!77 ~mfwk"+ @mazdk` bkb ~gxamswi `mazdk`

rmk` ~gx~bk``ml, imxgkm ldimsbkrm rmk` omwf nmxb zwsm~ id~m+ Nb~bkomw nmxb g~kbskrm hmfpm

=8


13/23

amsrmxmim~ `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ mnmlmf ighmkrmimk hgxmsml nmxb Swiw Mcgf, smlmf

sm~w cbxb ifms rmk` nmzm~ nb~gawb zmnm amsrmxmim~ rmk` agkcgxabkimk s~m~ws sdsbml nb

mk~mxm agxgim mnmlmf igifmsmk hmfmsm nmk hwnmrm+

3+8+ S~xwi~wx Dx`mkbsmsb @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~

Ngk`mk mnmkrm d~dkdab nmgxmf nmk ngk`mk nb~g~mzimkkrm WW Kd 88 ~mfwk =222

~gk~mk` Zgagxbk~mfmk Nmgxmf rmk` ~bknmi lmkow~krm nbm~wx nmlma Zgxm~wxmk Zgagxbk~mf

kdadx 05 ~mfwk 8::=, igawnbmk WW ~gxsghw~ ~gxomnb xgubsb ngk`mk lmfbxkrm WW kdadx 38

~mfwk 8::>, amim zgk`m~wxmk ~gk~mk` Zgagxbk~mfmk Ngsm zwk biw~ ~gxomnb zgxwhmfmk

ngk`mk nbiglwmximkkrm Zgxm~wxmk Zgagxbk~mf kdadx 08 ~mfwk 8::7 ~gk~mk` ngsm, amim

~gxomnb zgxwhmfmk ~gxfmnmz s~xwi~wx iglgahm`mmk zmnm zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb

Hmxm~ nb Igcmam~mk Iwmlm+ Mnmzwk zgxwhmfmk s~xwi~wx iglgahm`mmk mnmlmf ~gxnbxb nmxb

Igwcfbi &Igzmlm Ngsm" nmk Zgxmkìm~ Ngsm sghm`mb wkswx zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mf

ngsm+ Hmnmk Zgxawsrmpmxm~mk Ngsm &HZN" m~mw ^wfm Zgw~ mnmlmf lgahm m rmk`

agxwzmimk zgxpwownmk ngadixmsb nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mf ngsm+ Lgahm`m

Igamsrmxmim~mk m~mw ^wfm Lmzmk mnmlmf lgahm`m rmk` nbhgk~wi dlgf amsrmxmim~ sgswmb

ighw~wfmk nmk agxwzmimk ab~xm zgagxbk~mf ngsm nmlma agazgxnmrmimk amsrmxmim~+

Hgxnmsmximk zgabibxmk Dshdxkg nmk @mghlgx &nmlma Swzxbmam, =222?=:3",

hmfpm hgk~wi dx`mkbsmsb hbxdixmsb zmnm amsm!amsm sgimxmk` swnmf sgfmxwskrmrm nb~bkomw

igahmlb nmk nbmxmfimk igzmnm hgk~wi dx`mxmsmsb rmk` ~gxhwim m~mw elgisbhgl, xmazbk`

m~mw gebsbgk nmk xmsbdkml sgx~m ~gxngsgk~xmlbsmsb+ Igawnbmk zgk gahmk`mk dx`mkbsmsb

hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf ngsm agxwzmimk wzmrm rmk` nblmiwimk nmlma gxm d~dkdab nmgxmf

wk~wi agkbkìm~imk gebsbgksb dx`mkbsmsb hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf ngsm nmlma agagcmfimk

amsmlmf nmk zgkcmzmbmk smsmxmk nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb ngsm, sgzgx~b

rmk` nbwkìmzimk dlgf Dhdlgksir &=225 ? 2>", hmfpm zgk`gahmk`mk dx`mkbsmsb mnmlmfswm~w zgkngim~mk rmk` sbs~gam~bi, ~gxzmnw nmk ~gxgkcmkm wk~wi agkbkìm~imk dx`mkbsmsb,

lm nbxmkcmk` wk~wi agagcmfimk amsmlmf amsmlmf rmk` agxbk~mk`b gebsbgksb

zgk`dzgxmsbmk dx`mkbsmsb zmnm sgawm ~bkìm~mk+ Hgxhm`mb amsmlmf ~gxsghw~ agkcmiwz

iwxmk`krm igxomsmam, ngsgk~xmlbsmsb rmk` hgxlghbfmk nmk iwxmk` cgzm~krm idawkbimsb+

S~xwi~wx iglgahm`mmk hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` ~gxsghw~ nbamiswnimk m`mx

hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf @mazdk` lghbf amazw agahgxbimk zglmrmkmk zwhlbi sgcmxm gegi~be

nmk gebsbgk igzmnm amsrmxmim~$pmx`m @mazdk`+ Sgzgx~b wxmbmk Swxrdkd &nmlma Owxkml

=3


14/23

Mnabkbs~xmsb Kg`mxm, 8::= ? 73", hmfpm hbxdixmsb fmxws amazw nmk amw aglmiwimk

~xmksedxamsb nbxb nmxb hbxdixmsb rmk` ibkgxomkrm imiw &xb`bn" agkomnb dx`mkbsmsb hbxdixmsb

rmk` s~xwi~wxkrm lghbf ngsgk~xmlbsmsb, bkdum~be, elgisbhgl nmk xgszdksbe+ Ngk`mk s~xwi~wxrmk` ~gxngsgk~xmlbsmsb nbfmxmzimk mimk lghbf awnmf agk mk~bsbzmsb ighg~wfmk nmk

igzgk~bk`mk rmk` nbzgxlwimk dlgf amsrmxmim~, sgfbk``m ngk`mk cgzm~ hbxdixmsb

zgagxbk~mf ngsm nmzm~ agkrgnbmimk zglmrmkmkkrm sgswmb ngk`mk fmxmzmk amsrmxmim~

sghm`mb zglmk``mkxrm+ Agsibzwk ow`m rmk` zgxlw nbzgxfm~bimk mnmlmf iwmlb~ms nmk

iwmk~b~ms nmxb mzmxm~ zgagxbk~mf ngsm b~w sgknbxb, rmikb mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf ngsm rmk`

xkgazwkrmb igamazwmk &cmzmhglb~r", agablbib ldrmlb~ms igzgk~bk`mk &cdazg~gkcr", nmk

agablbib ig~gximb~mk igzgk~bk`mk &cdksbs~gkcr m~mw cdfgxgkcr"+

3+3+ Zxdsgs Zgahwm~mk Ighbomimk nmk Zgk`mahblmk Igzw~wsmk @mazdk` Ixwgk`

Owlb Hmxm~

Wk~wi agahwm~ swm~w xmkcmk`mk swm~w zgxm~wxmk @mazdk`, Igwcfbi ngk`mk

nbhmk~w dlgf zgxmk`im~ @mazdk` agazgxdlgf amswimk fml fml rmk` zgxlw nbhwm~

zgxm~wxmk nmxb lgahm m lgahm`m igamsrmxmim~mk @mazdk , sgzgx~b fmlkrm Lgahm`m

Zgahgxnmrmmk Amsrmxmim~+ Lgahm`m ~gxsghw~ agahgxbimk amswimk igzmnm mzmxm~wx

zgagxbk~mf hgxnmsmximk mszbxmsb rmk` agxgim iwazwlimk nmxb amsrmxmim~+

Sg~glmf nxme m~mw xmkcmk`mk zgxm~wxmk @mazdk` rmk` nbhwm~ dlgf Igwcfbi

~gxsghw~ nbsgxmfimk igzmnm ^wfm Zwg~ @mazdk` rmk` mimk aglmismkmimk xmzm~ `wkm

agahmfms zgxm~wxmk @mazdk` ~gxsghw~+ ^Z@ rmk` ~gxhgk~wi nmxb zxdsgs zgablbfmk

lmk`swk` dlgf amsrmxmim~ @mazdk` ~bnmi ngk`mk sgx~m agx~m agkgxbam xmkcmk`mk rmk`

nbsdndximk dlgf Igwcfbi mimk ~g~mzb ngk`mk awsrmpmxmf$awemim~, sgfbk```m zgxm~wxmk

@mazdk` rmk` nb~g~mzimk kmk~b sgswmb ngk mk ighw~wfmk nmk mszbxmsb amsrmxmim~

`mazdk + Xmkcmk`mk zgxm~wxmk @mazdk` rmk` nbswswk dlgf Igwcfbi hgxsmam zgxmk`im~@mazdk` &zgagxbk~mf ngsm" igawnbmk nbsdndximk igzmnm ^wfm Zwg~ @mazdk` wk~wi

nbmnmimk xmzm~ agahmfms xmkcmk`mk ~gxsghw~+ Zgk`mahblmk igzw~wsmk ~gxfmnmz am~gxb

nmlma zgxm~wxmk @mazdk` ~gxsghw~ nbnmsmximk zmnm mszbxmsb nmk ighw~wfmk amsrmxmim~

rmk` ~glmf nb~mazwk` dlgf mk``d~m ^wfm Zgw~ @mazdk` sghm`mb pgpgkmk` nmk ~mk``wk`

ompmhkrm+ Mnmkrm sgamk`m~ ngadixmsb nmlma fml bkb agkwkowiimk ngadixm~bsmsb ~glmf

agxmahmf sg`b igfbnwzmk nb @mazdk` sgswmb ngk`mk sgamk`m~ xgedxamsb nmk d~dkdab

+Hmfpm ngadixmsb agxwzmimk swm~w hgk~wi zgagxbk~mfmk rmk` nb~m~m nmk nbdx`mkbsbx

=>


15/23

hgxnmsmximk zxbksbzzxbksbz ignmwlm~mk xmirm~ &zdzwlmxsdugxgb`kb~r", igsmammk zdlb~bi

&zdlb~bcml g}wmlb~r", idkswl~msb m~mw nbmld` ngk mk xmirm~ &zdzwlmx cdkswl~m~bdk", nmk

hgxnmsmximk zmnm m~wxmk swmxm amrdxb~ms &Xmkkr nmlma ^fdfm, 8::3 ? 22"+ Zgxmk sgx~mnmxb amsrmxmim~ sgfmxwskrm mnm ngab agpwownimk igzgagxbk~mfmk rmk` hmbi nbamkm

zgxmk cb~bgk rmk` hgsmx nmlma`ddn`dugxkmkcg bmlmf agkom`m m`mx ~g~mz cxdcddwk~mhlg,

~mk``wk` `w`m~, &ôdixdmabnodod, 8::=?25"+

Mimk ~g~mzb mnmlmf sghmlbikrm nb `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk Iwmlm

Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk, amsrmxmim~$pmx`m `mazdk` lghbf agahgxbimk igzgxcmrmmk igzmnm

lgahm`m!lgahm`m mazdk` wk~wi aglmismkmimkkrm nmk agxgim lghbf nbsbhwiimk ngk`mk

ighw~wfmk agxgim amsbk` amsbk`+ Sgfbk``m mzmzwk nmk hm`mbamkmzwk zgxm~wxmk!

zgxw~wxmk nb `mazdk` mnmlmf d~dxb~ms sgzgkwfkrm lgahm`m lgahm`m `mazdk` ~gxsghw~

~mkzm mnmkrm bkbsbm~be nmxb idxgisb lmk`swk` nmxb amsrmxmim~+ Fml ~gxsghw~ nbimxgkmimk

ow`m imxgkm ~bkìm~ swahgx nmrm amkwsbm nmxb pmx`m `mazdk` rmk` iwxmk`+ Nmk

zgxm~wxmkzgxm~wxmk rmk` nbhwm~ ow`m cgkngxwk` sgnbib~ rmk` nbzgk`mxwfb mnmkrm ~bkìm~

idazlgisb~ms zgxamsmlmfmk rmk` xgknmf+ Fml ~gxsghw~ ow`m agkwkowiimk iwxmk`krm

bk~gxmisb mk~mxm hbxdixmsb ngk`mk lbkìwk`mk nb lwmx hbxdixmsb nmk iwxmk` agk`gxmiimk

bkbsbm~be amsrmxmim~ nmxbzmnm agk`gldlm sgknbxb, &Nowkmgnb, 8::3?3"+

3+>+ Zxdsgs Zgxgkcmkmmk M`gknm nmk Zxd`xma Zxd`xma nb @mazdk` Ixwgk`

Owlb Hmxm~

Nmlma aglmismkmimk ~w ms sghm mb wkswx zgagxbk~mf @mazdk , @gwcfbi

@mazdk` rmk` nbhmk~w dlgf zgxmkìm~ `mazdk` nmlma agxgkcmkmimk m`gknm nmk

zxd`xmazxd`xma nmxb zgagxbk~mf imhwzm~gk ow`m nmlma aglmismkmimk m`gknm nmk

zxd`xma!zxd xma hgxnmsmximk zgkomhmxmk nmxb zgxm~wxmk `mazdk` rmk` ~glmf nb~g~mzimk

ngk`mk zgxsg~wowmk nmxb Hmnmk Zgxpmiblmk `mazdk` sg~gazm~ igawnbmk ow`m ngk`mkigzw~wsmk @gwcfbi `mazdk`+

Wk~wi `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~, zxd`xma zgahmk`wkmk ebsbi rmk` hgx~wowmk

omkìm zmkomk` nmk agagxlwimk nmkm hgsmx amsbf agxwzmimk zxd`xma nmxb zbfmi

Zgagxbk~mf Imhwzm~gk, nmk igbiw~sgx~mmk amsrmxmim~ nmzm~ nblbfm~ 9 m~ms spmnmrm rmk`

hgxfmsbl nbiwazwlimk ? nmlma agahmk~w zxdsgs zglmismkmmk zxd`xma nmxb zgagxbk~mf

`mazdk` agsibzwk amsbf abkbaml+ @mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~, pmx`m `mazdk` lghbf

agazgxcmrmimkkrm igzmnm zgkrglgk``mxm zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` nmk agkwkowiimk

=7


16/23

iwxmk` mk~wsbmsag nmxb amsrmxmim~ ~gxfmnmz zxdsgs zgahmk`wkmk nb `mazdk`krm, fml

agkwkowiimk iwxmk` ngim~krm hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` ngk`mk amsrmxmim~, Hmfpm

cbxb nmxb hbxdixmsb rmk` ~gxngsgk~xmlbsbx mnmlmf hbxdixmsb rmk` ngim~ ngk`mk amsrmxmim~sglmiw zglmk``mk &Swxrdkd, 8::= ? 73"+

Igawnbmk zxd`xma!zxd xma rmk` mimk nblmismkmimk sgcmxm wawa amsbf

agxwzmimk ~bknmi lmkow~ nmxb zxd xma!zxd xma zgagxbk~mf rmk` lghbf m~ms rmikb

zgagxbk~mf imhwzm~gk, fml ~gxsghw~ imxgkm swahgx nmrm amkwsbm nmk swahgx nmkm rmk`

~gxhm~ms rmk` nbablbib dlgf `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~+ Zxd`xma!zxd`xma rmk` ~glmf

nblmismkmimk smazmb ngk`mk hwlmk Agb, 8:== sghm`bmk hgsmx amsbf agxwzmimk zxd`xma

nmxb Zgagxbk~mf Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk, fml ~gxsghw~ nb imxgkmimk swahgx zgknmzm~mk mslb

`mazdk` rmk` hglwa agkcwiwzb wk~wi aglmismkmimk swm~w zxd`xma rmk` agagxlwimk

nmkm rmk` cwiwz hgsmx+

Nb `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~, zglmismkmmk zxd`xma mnmlmf wkswx hbxdixmsb

zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` nmk amsrmxmim~ ~gxigsmk fmkrm agkwk``w fmsbl ~mkzm mnmkrm

swahmk`mk rmk` hgxmx~b ~gxfmnmz zxdsgs bkb ~mkzm mnmkrm igfgknmi nmk ig~gxlbhm~mk

amsrmxmim~ &zmx~bsbzmlbdk", sgnmkìmk zmx~bsbzmsb agxwzmimk smlmf sm~w wkswx zgk~bk` nmk

w~mam nmlma idksgzsb igzgagxbk~mfmk rmk` mamkmf m~mw `ddn `dugxkmkcg, &Nowkmgnb,

8::3 ? 5"+

Iwxmk`krm zmx~bsbzmsb amsrmxmim~ m~mw pmx m `mazdk` nmlma zxdsgs

zglmismkmmk zxd`xma!zxd`xma nb `mazdk`krm agk`mibhm~imk lgamfkrm idk~xdl nmxb

amsrmxmim~ ~gxfmnmz zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb `mazdk` rmk` agk`mibhm~imk

~gxlwzmimkkrm igzgk~bk`mk igzgk~bk`mk amsrmxmim~$pmx`m `mazdk` nmk agkwxw~

Npbrmk~d &8::8 ? >>", hmfpm lgamfkrm idk~xdl zwhlbi ~gxfmnmz hbxdixmsb agk`mibhm~imk

nmlma hbxdixmsb ~bnmi nbowazmb zgknbs~xbhwsbmk igpgkmk`mk sgcmxm agamnmb &nbsixgsb"

igzmnm bks~mksb m~mw mzmxm~ nb ~bkìm~ hmpmf, nmazmi lghbf omwf rmk` ~gxomnb mnmlmfhbxdixmsb agkomnb lghbf agagk~bkìmk igzgk~bk`mk zbazbkmk nmxbzmnm amsrmxmim~ sglmiw

zgk``wkm omsm+ Fml ~gxsghw~ ~gk~wkrm hgx~dlmi hglmimk` ngk`mk ~wowmk w~mam d~dkdab mslb

`mazdk` nmlma zglmismkmmk d~dkdab nmgxmf+

3+7+ Iwxmk`krm elgisbhglb~ms nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb `mazdk`

Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~

=5


17/23

Fml ~gxsghw~ ~gxomnb nbimxgkmimk iwxmk`krm bkbsbm~be mzmxm~ zgagxbk~mf `mazdk`

nmk lghbf hmkrmi agkdkodlimk sbimz hgxnbma nbxb nmk agkwk``w zgxbk~mf m~mw bks~xwisb

nmxb zgagxbk~mf rmk` lghbf m~ms nmlma sg~bmz zgigxommk rmk` agkrmkìw~zgkrglgk``mxmmkzgagxbk~mfmk nb `mazdk`+ Agsibzwk nmlma iglgahm mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` ~glmf

~gawm~ wkswx s~me, wkswxg zglmismkm nmk wkswx pmlmrmf rmk` amsbk` amsbk` agazwkrmb

~mk``wk` ompmh nmk pgpgkmk` sgswmb ngk`mk hbnmk` ~w`mskrm+ Mimk ~g~mzb ~gxnmzm~

igsmk imiw nmlma agkomlmkimk zgxm~wxmk nmgxmf agk gkmb iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf

`mazdk` ~gxsghw~+ sgfbk``m sgdlmf!dlmf ~gxid~mi id~mi sgfbk``m zglmrmkmk rmk`

nbhgxbimk igzmnm amsrmxmim~ sglmiw zglmk``mk iwxmk` amisbaml+

Nmlma Wknmk`!Wknmk` ?Kdadx 88 ~mfwk =222 ~glmf nbsghw~imk hmfpm ngsm

agablbib igpgkmk`mk wk~wi agk`m~wx nmk agk`wxws igzgk~bk`mk amsrmxmim~krm m~mw

agk`wxws xwamf ~mk``mkrm sgknbxb, mimk ~g~mzb nmlma zxmi~gikrm zgagxbk~mf `mazdk`

iwxmk` agazwkrmb sbimz bkbsbm~be nmk bkdum~be sgfbk``m lghbf hmkrmi agkdkodlimk sbimz

hgxnbma nbxb nmk agkwk``w zgxbk~mf m~mw bks~xwisb nmxb zgagxbk~mf rmk` lghbf m~ms nmlma

sg~bmz zgigxommk rmk` agkrmkìw~ zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb `mazdk`+ Agsibzwk

nmlma iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` ~glmf ~gawm~ wkswx s~me, wkswxg zglmismkm nmk

wkswx pblmrmf rmk` amsbk`!amsbk` agazwkrmb ~mk``wk` ompmh nmk pgpgkmk` sgswmb

ngk`mk hbnmk` ~w`mskrm+ Mimk ~g~mzb ~gxnmzm~ igsmk imiw nmlma agkomlmkimk zgxm~wxmk

nmgxmf agk`gkmb iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` ~gxsghw~+ sgfbk``m sgdlmf!dlmf

~gxid~mi id~mi sgfbk``m zglmrmkmk rmk` nbhgxbimk igzmnm amsrmxmim~ sglmiw zglmk``mk

iwxmk` amisbaml+

Sgfmxwskrm hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` amazw agamkemm~imk fml ~gxsghw~

wk~wi lghbf gisbs nmlma agahgxbimk zglmrmkmk igzmnm amsrmxmim~ sghm`mbamkm ~wowmk

nbhgk~wikrm zgagxbk~mfmk, sgzgx~b wxmbmk Xm~bf &8::: ? =:>" hmfpm hbxdixmsb fmxws

amazw agk mxmfimk nmk agamkemm~imk hmim~+ zd~gksb sgzgx~b bkdumsb, igcgzm~mkagxgszdk, elgisbhblb~ms ig~wowmk, ubsb, smsmxmk s~xm~g`bi nmk absb dx`mkbsmsb aglmlwb

zgahgxnmrmmk dx`mkbsmsb+

3+5+ Wzmrm Agkbkìm~imk Sbs~ga Zgkrglgk``mxmmk Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk`

Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~

Nmlma xmkìm zgkbkìm~mk sbs~ga zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk`

Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~, sg~bmz mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf nbpmobhimk wk~wi miwk~mhgl igzmnm

=0


18/23

m~msmkkrm nmk igzmnm rmk` agk`dk~xdl zgigxommkkrm, nmk zglmismkmmk ~w`ms!~w`mskrm

sgswmb ngk`mk zdsbsbkrm amsbk`!amsbk`+ @gwcfbi `mazdk` sglmiw zbazbkmk zgagxbk~mf

`mazdk` nmzm~ agamk~mw zgigxommk sgcmxm lmk swk` ~gxfmnmz mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf`mazdk` rmk` nwnwi sghm mb igzmlm sgisb!igzmlm sgisb, imxgkm fbxmxibkrm lmk swk`

hgxmnm nbhmpmfkrm+

Miwk~mhblb~ms agxwzmimk bks~xwagk wk~wi ig`bm~mk cdk~xdl ~gxw~mam nmlma zgk!

cmzmbmk fmsbl zmnm zglmrmkmk zwhlbi, &LMK, 8:::?88"+ Sglmkow~krm miwk~mhblb~ms sgcmxm

gis~gxk sgsgdxmk` mnmlmf miwk~mhblb~ms dxmk` ~gxsghw~ igzmnm lbkìwk`mkkrm, hmbi

lbkìwk`mk edxaml &m~msmk!hmpmfmk" amwzwk lbkìwk`mk amsrmxmim~+ Agkwxw~ Bslmar

&nmlma Swxrdkd, 8::= ? 7>" agkrm~mimk smlmf sm~w zxbksbz rmk` sgfmxwskrm nbzmfmab dlgf

mzmxm~ hbxdixmsb mnmlmf zxbksbz miwk~mhblb~ms, rmb~w zxdsgs, zxdnwi nmk aw~w zglmrmkmk

rmk` ~glmf nbhgxbimk fmxws hbsm nbzgx~mk``wk` ompmhimk igzmnm amsrmxmim~+

Nmlma iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` sg~bmz mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf nbpmobhimk

wk~wi wiwk~mhgl igzmnm m~msmkkrm m~mw igzmnm rmk` agk`dk~xdl zgigxommkkrm, nmk zglmi!

smkmk ~w`ms!~w`mskrm sgswmb ngk`mk zdsbsbkrm amsbk !amsbk`+ Ngk mk mnmkrm wkswx

zglmismkm nmlma s~xwi~wx iglgahm`mmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` rmk` hmxw ~gxsghw~ `gwcfbi

`mazdk` sglmiw zbazbkmk zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` nmzm~ agamk~mw zgigxommk sgcmxm lmk`!

swk` ~gxfmnmz mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` rmk` nwnwi sghm`mb igzmlm sgisb!igzmlm sgi!

sb, nmk igzmlm sgisb!igzmlm sgisb hgx~mk``wk` ompmh lmk`swk` igzmnm `gwcfbi `mazdk`+

Ngk`mk mnmkrm s~xwi~wx iglgahm`mmk hmxw agazwkrmb nmazmi rmikb sgamibk

~xmkszmxmkkrm zxdsgs zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk`+ ^xmkszmxmksb ~gxsghw~

nmzm~ ~gxomnb nmk hgxomlmk ngk`mk fmxadkbs mzmhblm sg~bmz wkswx nbnmlma zxdsgs

zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` agamfmab hg~wl mimk fmi nmk pgpgkmk`krm

ngk`mk ~bnmi mnmkrm ~wazmk`!~bknbfkrm igpgkmk`mk sgx~m zgamfmamk ~gxfmnmz ~w`ms

nmk ewk`sb amsbk`!amsbk`+Mibhm~ mnmkrm iwmlb~ms swahgx nmrm amkwsbm rmk` iwxmk` agkrghmhimk

iwxmk`krm ~bkìm~ zgamfmamk dlgf mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` ~gxfmnmz ~w`ms zdidi

nmk ewk`sbkrm sgx~m pgpgkmk` rmk` nbablbib nmlma omhm~mkkrm, nmxb fml ~gxsghw~ nmzm~

agk`mibhm~imk zxdsgs zglmrmkmk rmk` sgfmxwskrm nbhgxbimk igzmnm amsrmxmim~$pmx`m

`mazdk` sglmiw zglmk``mk nmzm~ ~gxmhmbimk+

Sghgkmxkrm fml ~gxsghw~ nmzm~ nbabkbamlbsbx ngk`mk agk`mnmimk zgahbkmmk,

zgknbnbimk nmk zglm~bfmk sgcmxm bk~gksbe hmbi sgcmxm iwmlb~ms amwzwk iwmk~b~ms sgfbk``m

=6


19/23

mzmxm~wx zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` amazw agkrgswmbimk nmxb ngk`mk igmnmmk rmk`

agk`mlmab zgxwhmfmk+ ~gxsghw~, hmfpm hbxdixmsb fgknmikrm agkrgswmbimk nbxb ngk`mk

lbk`iwk`mk rmk` sglmlw agk`mlmab zgxwhmfmk+ &Mkdkradws, 8::3 ? >"+Nmk wk~wi agk`m~msb fml!fml ngabibmk bkb Zgagxbk~mf Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk fmxws

aglmiwimk zgknbnbimk nmk zglm~bfmk hm`b mzmxm~ `mazdk`, mimk ~g~mzb imxgkm

ig~gxhm~msmk nmkm, amim iwmk~b~ms zgknbnbimk nmk zglm~bfmk rmk` nbhgxbimk amsbf omwf

nmxb cwiwz+

HMH BU

ZGKW^WZ

>+= Igsbazwlmk

Nbimxgkmimk iwxmk`krm iwmlb~ms swahgx nmrm amkwsbm zgkrglgk``mxm

zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` nmlma bkdumsb agk`mibhm~imk iglgahm mmk hbxdixmsb nb gxm

d~dkdab nmgxmf nb `mazdk` Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk Iwmlm Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk

rmk` nbnmsmximk zmnm WW 88$=222, rmk` sgfmxwskrm nbsgswmbimk ngk`mk ighw~wfmk nmk

idknbsb sdsbml hwnmrm + amsrmxmim~ sg~gazm~ nmlma zxmi~gikrm ~g~mz agamimb

=2


20/23

iglgahm`mmk rmk` nbsdndximk zgagxbk~mf imhwzm~gk aglmlwb zgxm~wxmk nmgxmf, igzw~wsmk

hwzm~b nmk bks~xwisb hwzm~b, hwimk fmkrm sghm`mb nmsmx nmk zgndamk zgkrwswkmk smom

mimk ~g~mzb ~mkzm mnmkrm zgk`gahmk`mk wk~wi zgkrgswmbmk ngk`mk ighw~wfmk nmkidknbsb sdsbml amsrmxmim~krm+

Sgcmxm wawa zgxblmiw hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` nmlma iglgahm`mmk

hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` nb gxm d~dkdab nmgxmf ~glmf amazw agk`midadnbx

mszbxmsb nmk ighw~wfmk amsrmxmim~, kmawk wk~wi `mazdk` ngk`mk ~bkìm~ idazlgisb~ms

zgxamsmlmfmk rmk` xgknmf ngk`mk iwmlb~ms swahgx nmrm amkwsbm hmbi bk~gxk amwzwk

gis~gxk zgkrglgk``mxm zgagxbk~mfmk nb `mazdk` agkwkowimk sbimz mzm~bsag nmk lghbf

agkwk``w zgxbk~mf m~mw ngsmimk nmxb zgagxbk~mf rmk` lghbf m~ms+

Zgkgxmzmk iglgahm`mmk hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk` hgxnmsmximk WW 88$=222

sgcmxm wawa agahmpm nmazmi zdsb~be hgxwzm agkbkìm~krm xgszdksbub~ms,

zxdnwi~bub~ms, miwk~mhblb~ms nmk ~xmkszmxmksb nmlma zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk nb

~bkìm~ `mazdk`+ Mimk ~g~mzb iglgahm`mmk hmxw ~gxsghw~ ow`m agahmpm nmazmi kg`m~be

~gxw~mam hm`b `mazdk` rmk` mxws bkedamsbkrm lghbf lmahm~ ngk mk ~bkìm~ iwmlb~ms

swahgx nmrm rmk` xgknmf nbnwiwk` mnmkrm sbimz mzm~bsag nmk sbkbsag amsrmxmim~

~gxfmnmz zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk` nmk sbimz hbxdixmsb rmk` iwxmk`

agkngk`mximk mszbxmsb nmk ighw~wfmk amsrmxmim~krm mnmlmf hgxwzm ~wazmk` ~bknbfkrm

~w`ms nmk pgpgkmk`, zgkrmlmf`wkmmk pgpgkmk` nmk iwxmk`krm elgisbhblb~ms nmlma

zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmk `mazdk +

>+8 Smxmk

Zgxlw nblmiwimk zgk`mpmsmk sgimlb`ws zgahbkmmk lmk`swk` ig lmzmk`mk rmk`

aglbzw~b agimkbsag zgagxbk~mfmk, iglgahm`mmk hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mf `mazdk , ~m~m

igxom, nmk mnabkbs~xmsb `mazdk , fml ~gxsghw~ nbamiswnimk mzmhblm nbowazmb mnmkrm

zgamfmamk rmk` iwxmk`, zgkrbazmk`mk zgkrbazmk`mk nmxb ig~gk~wmk m~ms m~wxmk rmk`

hgxlmiw nmzm~ sg`gxm nblwxwsimk wk~wi zgahgkmfmk hgxbiwarm+ Hm`b zgagxbk~mfmk rmk`

lghbf m~ms rmikb igcmam~mk nmk imhwzm~gk zgxamsmlmfmk ! zgamsmlmfmk m~mw sg`mlm

hgk~wi zgkrbazmk`mk rmk` mnm zgxlw nblmiwimk bkugk~mxbsbx sghm`mb nmsmx zgndamk

nmlma agxwawsimk ighbomimk sglmkow~krm nmk agxwzmimk ~mk``wk` ompmh rmk` fmxws

nblmismkmimk+ Dlgf sghmh b~w zgxlw nblmiwimk zgkngim~mk rmk` idazxgfgksbe ngk`mk

8:


21/23

nwiwk`mk nmxb wkswx wkswx nb lwmx zgagxbk~mfmk sgx~m zgkwahwfmk zmx~bsbzmsb amsrmxmim~

nmlma zxdsgs zgkrglgk``mxmmk zgagxbk~mfmmk nb `mazdk` ngab agpwownimk cb~m!cb~m

d~dkdab ifwsws+

NME^MX ZWS^MIM

Bsimknmx M @mkb, =226, Ignwnwimk nmk Ewk`sb Lgahm`m Mnm~ nmk Ighwnmrmmk Mcgf

&LMIM" nmlma Zgkrglgk``mxmmk D~dkdab Nmgxmf nmk D~dkdab Ngsm nb Mcgf ,

^gsbs, Zxd`xma Zmscmsmxomkm Wkzmn, Hmknwk`, =226+

Bnxbs, Adcf+, 8::8, Hbxdixmsb zgagxbk~mfmk Ngsm nmlma Zgahmk`wkmk, ~gsbs Wkbugxsb~ms

Hxmpbomrm, Amlmk`

Swlmbamk ^xbzm, Lg`mlb~ms @mazdk` nb Mcgf, Sgxmahb Bkndkgsbm, =6 Owlb 8::8+

8=


22/23

Swlmbamk ^xbzm, Zxdszgi nmk ^mk~mk`mk Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` nb Kmk``xdg Mcgf

Nmxwssmlma, Owxkml Agnbm Fwiwa, Udl+ =5 Kd+ 8 Ngsgahgx 8::2+

^m}pmnnbk, 8::2, Gisbs~gksb Amsrmxmim~ Fwiwa Mnm~ ~gxfmnmz Zgk`wmsmmk nmkZgk`gldlmmk Fw~mk Mnm~ nbimb~imk ngk mk Zgkrglgk``mxmmk D~dkdab Ifwsws nb

Mcgf, WSW, Agnmk+

Wsamk, Iwazwlmk Am~gxb$Zgahgimlmk ^w`ms mzmxm~wx Zgagxbk~mfmk @mazdk` nmk

awiba, Mlawslba Am~mk``lwazmk`nwm Hbxgwgk+

Rwlbmk~d, =225, Zgk`mxwf Igzgabazbkmk Igzmnm Ngsm nmk Iwmlb~ms +Swahgx Nmrm

Mzmxm~ Ngsm ~gxfmnmz Ighgxfmsblmk Zgahmk`wkmkm Ngsm, ~gsbs Wkugxsb~ms

@momf Amnm, Rd`rmimx~m

_mwfmx, Swsbld, =22>, Ngsgk~xmlbsmsb, D~dkdab Nmgxmf nmk zgahmk`wkmk kmsbdkmlzgldzdx, Omimx~m

!!!!!!!, =222, Sbs~ga Zgagxbk~mfmk Ngsm Mnm~ nb Bkndkgsbm, ^ba Zgkrwswk S^ZNK,

Om~bkmk`dx

XBPMRM^ FBNWZ

Zgkwlbs hgxkmam ^+ Swlemkwx rmk` nblmfbximk zmnm ~mk``ml ~b`m hwlmk

owlb ~mfwk sgxbhw sgahblmk xm~ws ~wowf zwlwf gkma nb @mazdk`

Ixwgk` Owlb Hmxm~ Igcmam~mk Iwmlm Imhwzm~gk Hbxgwgk+ Zgkwlbs

mnmlmf mkmi ~wk``ml nmxb iglwmx`m ^+ Hmk~m Odfmk nmk Cw~ Kwxfmrm~b+

Zgkwlbs swnmf agkbimf ngk mk Xdsampm~b sgx~m ~glmf nbimxwkbmb

gazm~ dxmk` mkmi+

88


23/23

Zgkwlbs agkmam~imk zgknbnbimk Sgidlmf Nmsmx nb SN Kg`gxb Ixwgk` Owlb ^baw ^mfwk

=266, ^mfwk =22= zgkwlbs agkmam~imk Sgidlmf Agkgk`mf Zgx~mam nb SAZ Kg`gxb =

Hbxgwgk, nmk ^mfwk =22> agkmam~imk zgknbnbimk Sgidlmf Agkgk`mf Wawa nb SAMKg`gxb 8 Hbxgwgk, igawnbmk ^mfwk 8::2 smazmb ngk`mk sgimxmk` zgkwlbs amsbf mi~be

sghm`mb amfmsbspm Emiwl~ms Blaw Sdsbml nmk Zdlb~bi Wkbugxsb~ms Mlawslba

Am~mk``lwazmk`nwm Hbxgwgk+

83

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