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Definition of Public Definition of Public health health * The science and art of * The science and art of promoting health, preventing promoting health, preventing disease and prolonging life disease and prolonging life through organized efforts of through organized efforts of society. society.

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Definition of Public health. * The science and art of promoting health, preventing disease and prolonging life through organized efforts of society. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Definition of Public health

Definition of Public healthDefinition of Public health

* The science and art of promoting health, * The science and art of promoting health, preventing disease and prolonging life preventing disease and prolonging life through organized efforts of society.through organized efforts of society.

Page 2: Definition of Public health

• The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards.

Page 3: Definition of Public health

• the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole. Public health is community health. It has been said that: "Health care is vital to all of us some of the time, but public health is vital to all of us all of the time."

Page 4: Definition of Public health

The mission of public health is to "fulfill society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy." The three core public health functions are:

• The assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities;

• The formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities;

• To assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care.

Page 5: Definition of Public health

Vision:Vision:

Healthy People in Healthy Healthy People in Healthy CommunitiesCommunities

Page 6: Definition of Public health

Mission:Mission:

Promote Physical and Mental Promote Physical and Mental Health and Prevent Disease, Health and Prevent Disease,

Injury, and DisabilityInjury, and Disability

Page 7: Definition of Public health

ObjectivesObjectives• Prevents epidemics and the spread of disease Prevents epidemics and the spread of disease • Protects against environmental hazards Protects against environmental hazards • Prevents injuries Prevents injuries • Promotes and encourages healthy behaviors Promotes and encourages healthy behaviors • Responds to disasters and assists communities Responds to disasters and assists communities

in recovery in recovery • Assures the quality and accessibility of health Assures the quality and accessibility of health

services services

Page 8: Definition of Public health

Essential Public Health ServicesEssential Public Health Services

• Monitor health status to identify community health Monitor health status to identify community health problems problems

• Diagnose and investigate health problems and Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community health hazards in the community

• Inform, educate, and empower people about health Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues issues

• Mobilize community partnerships to identify and Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problemssolve health problems

• Develop policies and plans that support individual Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts and community health efforts

Page 9: Definition of Public health

• Enforce laws and regulations that protect health Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety and ensure safety

• Link people to needed personal health services Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable otherwise unavailable

• Assure a competent public health and personal Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce health care workforce

• Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health of personal and population-based health services services

• Research for new insights and innovative Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems solutions to health problems

Page 10: Definition of Public health

Differences between public Differences between public health and the clinical health health and the clinical health

There are many distinctions that can be made between There are many distinctions that can be made between public health and the clinical health professions:public health and the clinical health professions:* While public health is comprised of many professional * While public health is comprised of many professional disciplines such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, disciplines such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, optometry, nutrition, social work, environmental optometry, nutrition, social work, environmental sciences, health education, health services sciences, health education, health services administration, and the behavioral sciences, its administration, and the behavioral sciences, its activities focus on entire populations rather than on activities focus on entire populations rather than on individual patients. individual patients.

Page 11: Definition of Public health

• Doctors usually treat individual patients one-on-one for a specific disease or injury. Public health professionals monitor and diagnose the health concerns of entire communities and promote healthy practices and behaviors to assure our populations stay healthy.

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Other differencesOther differences::

Public health Medicine

Primary focus on population

Emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention

Reliance on many sectors

Primary focus on individual

Emphasis on diagnosis and treatment

Reliance on health care system

Page 13: Definition of Public health

Ten Great Public Health AchievementsTen Great Public Health Achievements

One way to illustrate some of the breadth One way to illustrate some of the breadth of public health is to look at some of the of public health is to look at some of the notable public health achievements in the notable public health achievements in the 20th century. The following were selected 20th century. The following were selected as the "Ten Great Public Health as the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999" Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). and Prevention (CDC).

Page 14: Definition of Public health

11 . .VaccinationVaccinationVaccination has resulted in the eradication Vaccination has resulted in the eradication of smallpox; elimination of poliomyelitis in of smallpox; elimination of poliomyelitis in the Americas; and control of measles, the Americas; and control of measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and other infectious influenzae type b, and other infectious diseases in the United States and other diseases in the United States and other parts of the world. parts of the world.

Page 15: Definition of Public health

2. Motor-vehicle safety2. Motor-vehicle safetyImprovements in motor-vehicle safety have Improvements in motor-vehicle safety have resulted from engineering efforts to make both resulted from engineering efforts to make both vehicles and highways safer and from successful vehicles and highways safer and from successful efforts to change personal behavior (e.g., efforts to change personal behavior (e.g., increased use of safety belts, child safety seats, increased use of safety belts, child safety seats, and motorcycle helmets and decreased drinking and motorcycle helmets and decreased drinking and driving). These efforts have contributed to and driving). These efforts have contributed to large reductions in motor-vehicle-related deaths. large reductions in motor-vehicle-related deaths.

Page 16: Definition of Public health

33 . .Safer workplacesSafer workplaces

• Work-related health problems, such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung), and silicosis -- common at the beginning of the century -- have come under better control. Severe injuries and deaths related to mining, manufacturing, construction, and transportation also have decreased; since 1980, safer workplaces have resulted in a reduction of approximately 40% in the rate of fatal occupational injuries.

Page 17: Definition of Public health

4. Control of infectious diseases4. Control of infectious diseasesControl of infectious diseases has resulted from clean Control of infectious diseases has resulted from clean water and improved sanitation. Infections such as water and improved sanitation. Infections such as typhoid and cholera transmitted by contaminated typhoid and cholera transmitted by contaminated water, a major cause of illness and death early in the water, a major cause of illness and death early in the 20th century, have been reduced dramatically by 20th century, have been reduced dramatically by improved sanitation. In addition, the discovery of improved sanitation. In addition, the discovery of antimicrobial therapy has been critical to successful antimicrobial therapy has been critical to successful public health efforts to control infections such as public health efforts to control infections such as tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (STDs).

Page 18: Definition of Public health

5. Decline in deaths from coronary 5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and strokeheart disease and strokeDecline in deaths from coronary heart disease Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke have resulted from risk-factor and stroke have resulted from risk-factor modification, such as smoking cessation and modification, such as smoking cessation and blood pressure control coupled with improved blood pressure control coupled with improved access to early detection and better treatment. access to early detection and better treatment. Since 1972, death rates for coronary heart Since 1972, death rates for coronary heart disease have decreased 51%. disease have decreased 51%.

Page 19: Definition of Public health

6. Safer and healthier foods6. Safer and healthier foodsSince 1900, safer and healthier foods Since 1900, safer and healthier foods have resulted from decreases in have resulted from decreases in microbial contamination and increases in microbial contamination and increases in nutritional content. Identifying essential nutritional content. Identifying essential micronutrients and establishing food-micronutrients and establishing food-fortification programs have almost fortification programs have almost eliminated major nutritional deficiency eliminated major nutritional deficiency diseases such as rickets, goiter, and diseases such as rickets, goiter, and pellagra in the United States. pellagra in the United States.

Page 20: Definition of Public health

7. Healthier mothers and babies7. Healthier mothers and babies

Healthier mothers and babies have Healthier mothers and babies have resulted from better hygiene and resulted from better hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care, and greater access to health care, and technologic advances in maternal and technologic advances in maternal and neonatal medicine. Since 1900, infant neonatal medicine. Since 1900, infant mortality has decreased 90%, and mortality has decreased 90%, and maternal mortality has decreased 99%. maternal mortality has decreased 99%.

Page 21: Definition of Public health

8. Family planning8. Family planningAccess to family planning and contraceptive Access to family planning and contraceptive services has altered social and economic roles services has altered social and economic roles of women. Family planning has provided health of women. Family planning has provided health benefits such as smaller family size and longer benefits such as smaller family size and longer interval between the birth of children; increased interval between the birth of children; increased opportunities for preconceptional counseling opportunities for preconceptional counseling and screening; fewer infant, child, and maternal and screening; fewer infant, child, and maternal deaths; and the use of barrier contraceptives to deaths; and the use of barrier contraceptives to prevent pregnancy and transmission of human prevent pregnancy and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other STDs. immunodeficiency virus and other STDs.

Page 22: Definition of Public health

9. Fluoridation of drinking water9. Fluoridation of drinking water

Fluoridation of drinking water began in 1945 and in Fluoridation of drinking water began in 1945 and in 1999 reaches an estimated 144 million persons in 1999 reaches an estimated 144 million persons in the United States. Fluoridation safely and the United States. Fluoridation safely and inexpensively benefits both children and adults by inexpensively benefits both children and adults by effectively preventing tooth decay, regardless of effectively preventing tooth decay, regardless of socioeconomic status or access to care. socioeconomic status or access to care. Fluoridation has played an important role in the Fluoridation has played an important role in the reductions in tooth decay (40%- 70% in children) reductions in tooth decay (40%- 70% in children) and of tooth loss in adults (40%-60%). and of tooth loss in adults (40%-60%).

Page 23: Definition of Public health

10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health 10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazardhazard

Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard and subsequent public health anti- smoking and subsequent public health anti- smoking campaigns have resulted in changes in social campaigns have resulted in changes in social norms to prevent initiation of tobacco use, norms to prevent initiation of tobacco use, promote cessation of use, and reduce exposure promote cessation of use, and reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Since the to environmental tobacco smoke. Since the 1964 Surgeon General's report on the health 1964 Surgeon General's report on the health risks of smoking, the prevalence of smoking risks of smoking, the prevalence of smoking among adults has decreased, and millions of among adults has decreased, and millions of smoking-related deaths have been prevented.smoking-related deaths have been prevented.

Page 24: Definition of Public health

Health:Health:Payne, Hahn, and Mauer defined health in terms Payne, Hahn, and Mauer defined health in terms of six interacting and dynamic dimensions : of six interacting and dynamic dimensions : physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational. and occupational. Thus, health is defined as a dynamic state or Thus, health is defined as a dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional in nature and condition that is multidimensional in nature and results from a person's adaptations to his or her results from a person's adaptations to his or her environment.environment.

Page 25: Definition of Public health

Disease:Disease:Is anything that an individual (or Is anything that an individual (or population) experiences that population) experiences that causes literally, "dis-ease". That causes literally, "dis-ease". That is anything that leads to pain, is anything that leads to pain, discomfort, distress of all sorts, discomfort, distress of all sorts, disability of any kind, and death. disability of any kind, and death.

Page 26: Definition of Public health

EpidemiologyEpidemiology"The study of the distribution and "The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injures determinants of diseases and injures in human populations"in human populations"It is derived from Greek words that It is derived from Greek words that means "the study of that which upon means "the study of that which upon people"people"

Page 27: Definition of Public health

Endemic: Endemic: the diseases that occurs regularly in a the diseases that occurs regularly in a populationpopulation

Epidemic:Epidemic:any unexpectedly large number of cases of a any unexpectedly large number of cases of a diseases in a particular population at a diseases in a particular population at a particular time; or presence of new case particular time; or presence of new case

Pandemic: Pandemic: a disease spread over a wide area, perhaps a disease spread over a wide area, perhaps even across an entire continent or around the even across an entire continent or around the world.world.

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Life expectancy: Life expectancy: is defined as the is defined as the average number of years a person average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time.live from a given point in time.

Epidemiological studiesEpidemiological studiesCase-controlCase-controlCohortCohort

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Levels of preventionLevels of prevention

* Primary* Primary* Secondary* Secondary* Tertiary* Tertiary

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Health-illness continuum…. Health-illness continuum….