Nuzul Amri Ibrahim

Principal Research Officer

MPOB

37th Palm Oil Familiarization

Programme

Production, Processing & Quality Specification Of Palm And Palm

Kernel Products

Outline

Processing

– Crude palm oil

– Crude palm kernel oil

– Refined palm oil and palm kernel oil

Palm oil and palm kernel oil: Composition and

characteristics

Specification

– Palm oil and palm kernel oil

Quality requirement

– Trade specification

Warehouse

Plantation

Mill

Transportation

Bulking

Installation

Refining & Packaging

Supply Chain

Shipping

Nursery

P. Kernel

Crushing

Customer &

Consumers

Shell

Crude palm oil Crude palm kernel oil

Kernel Mesocarp

Palm Oil Mill

Fruit delivery to mills

FFB Grading

Fact

90% of OER achievement

depend on FFB quality

MILLING

Estate Harvesting: according to the ripeness standard

PRODUCT

OIL & KERNEL

• OER – 20%

• KER – 6.25%

PALM KERNELS

Fertilizer/Compost

Depericarping

Palm kernel crushing

Kernel

PKE

Pressed kernel

Filtration

CPKO

Storage

1st screw press

2nd screw press

Refining

Two types

-- most popular

-- generates effluent & high loss

less popular

WEIGHING

SAMPLING & ANALYSIS

DOWNLOADING

STORAGE

SECURITY INSPECTION

DEDICATED HEATER, AGITATOR ULLAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER CLEANED & INSPECTED

SEAL, NOT TAMPERED WITH, MPOB L3 DELIVERY DOCUMENTS

FFA, M&I, DOBI

COVERED SUMP FILTERED CLEANED & INSPECTED

SUITABLE REGISTERED

CALIBRATED GOOD & CLEAN

RECEPTION OF CPO/CPKO

CPKO CPO

Refining

RBD PKO RBD PO

FRACTIONATION

PALM OIL

HEATING AND

HOMOGENISATION

CRYSTALLISATION

MEMBRANE FILTER

CHILLED

WATER

PALM STEARIN PALM OLEIN

TEMP :70°C TIME : 30 min

Duration

4 – 12 HRS

PRESSURE

LEAKAGES

RBDPO

FRACTIONATION PRODUCTS

Super Olein

IV 62, SMP 17°C

Palm Mid Fraction

IV 45, SMP 28°C

Olein

IV 56-57, SMP 21-23°C

Palm Mid Fraction and Related Products

Soft PMF

IV 46, SMP 26°C

Hard Stearin

IV 26, SMP 50°C

Mid Olein

IV 50, SMP 24°C

Super PMF

IV 35, SMP 31°C

FRACTIONATION PRODUCTS

Characteristics & Specification

Characteristics of oils and fats are the

basis for specification

Understand the characteristics

Appreciate the specification

Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil

Properties

Different physical and chemical properties Know the characteristics and

specifications of palm oil & palm kernel

oil

Able to distinguish the traits of the two oils

Palm Oil: Major and minor components

Major

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

Minor

Free Fatty Acid (FFA)

Monoacylglycerol (MAG)

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Carotenoids

Vitamin E

Unsaponifiable matters

Triacylglycerol

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

CH2OOCR1

CHOOCR2

CH2OOCR3

R1COOH

R2COOH

R3COOH

+ 3H2O +

Glycerol Fatty acids TAG Water

Major FAC of PALM OIL (%)

Saturated

C14:0 (Myristic)

C16:0 (Palmitic)

C18:0 (Stearic)

Unsaturated

C18:1 (Oleic)

C18:2 (Linoleic)

1.1

44.1

4.4

39.0

10.6

PO POo POs

1.1

40.9

4.2

41.5

11.6

1.1

49.3

4.9

34.8

9.0

*FAC: Fatty Acid Composition

Chemical structure of fatty acids

Lauric acid (C12:0)

Stearic acid (C18:0)

Oleic acid (C18:1)

Linoleic acid (C18:2)

Saturated

Unsaturated

C46

C48

C50

C52

C54

C56

1.2

8.1

39.9

38.8

11.4

0.6

PO

0.8

3.3

39.5

42.7

12.8

0.7

POo POs

3.1

23.7

40.3

25.3

6.9

ND

CN

TAG composition Palm Oil (% by carbon number)

H2CCOOC15H31

HCCOOC15H31

H2CCOOC17H35

C16:0

C18:0

C18:0

Shorthand

Palm Oil Products

IV SMP (C) CP (C)

PO 50-55 33-39

POo 56-58 24 max 10

Super POo 60 <18 8

POs 21-49 46-56

PMF 34.5-55 24.3-45

High

C18:1

High

C16:0

Liq

uid

S

oli

d

Palm Mid Fraction (PMF)

Fractionation of palm olein

Application: Specialty fats

Good quality PMF

Ratio of C50 : (C48 + C54) >4

C52 content, % max 43

Minor components of palm oil (mg/kg)

Component CPO RBD PO

Carotenoids

Tocols

Squalene

Sterols

500-700

600-1000

420-980

300-700

ND

350-630

180-800

70-300

Summary- PO

Major component: TAG

– C50 & C52

Major FAC – C16:0 PO, POs

– C18:1 POo

IV – POo > PO > POs

SMP – POs > PO > POo

Minor component – FFA

– DAG

– Sterols

– Tocols

– Phospholipids

– Hydrocarbons

– Carotenoids (only in crude oil)

Palm Kernel

Products

Major FAC of PALM KERNEL OIL (%)

Saturated – C8:0 (Caprylic)

– C10:0 (Capric)

– C12:0 (Lauric)

– C14:0 (Myristic)

– C16:0 (Palmitic)

– C18:0 (Stearic)

Unsaturated – C18:1 (Oleic)

– C18:2 (Linoleic)

3.6

3.3

48.0

16.7

8.5

2.1

14.9

2.5

PKO

4.3

3.6

44.7

14.0

8.3

2.3

19.2

3.3

PKOo

1.9

2.7

56.6

22.4

8.0

1.8

5.6

0.8

PKOs

Oil content 49.0 7.9

Protein 8.3 14.8

Crude fibre 8.1 16.7

Moisture 6.5 6.4

Ash 2.0 3.9

Carbohydrate 26.1 50.3

PK PKE

Values in %

Triacylglycerol composition Palm kernel oil (% by carbon number)

CN PKO PKOo PKOs

C30 1.3 1.3 0.5 C32 6.3 7.8 3.3 C34 8.4 9.3 6.5 C36 23.3 18.3 27.5

C38 16.9 12.7 24.8

C40 9.8 7.6 15.2 C42 9.1 9.3 9.2 C44 6.6 7.8 5.2 C46 5.1 6.5 3.0 C48 5.8 8.3 2.4 C50 2.3 3.1 0.9 C52 2.2 3.4 0.7 C54 0.5 4.2 0.8

C12:0

C12:0

C12:0

C12:0

C12:0

C14:0

IV, Wij’s 17.9 23.0 7.0

SMP, C 27.3 23.6 32.2

PKO PKOo PKOs

IV & SMP

Summary (PKO)

Major component:

TAG – C36 & C38

Major FAC – C12:0 (Lauric)

IV – PKOo>PKO>PKOs

SMP – PKOs>PKO>PKOo

Minor components

– FFA

– DAG

– Sterols

– Hydrocarbons

– Tocols

– Carotenoids (only in crude

oil)

Quality requirements

of palm products

Common trading specifications

Malaysia Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia (PORAM)

Palm oil + products

Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers’ Association (MEOMA) Lauric oils + products

Other countries State Trading Corporation of India (STC)

Pakistan Vanaspati Manufacturers’ Association (PVMA)

Iranian specification

Saudi Vegetable Oil and Ghee Co (SAVOLA)

Specification for palm oil & products

Refining

Malaysia Malaysian Palm Oil Association Domestic contract for CPO - specification

FFA (as Palmitic) 5% max

M & I 0.25% max.

0.25-0.50% (penalty)

>0.5% rejectable

DOBI 2.31 min.

<2.31 to 2.1 (price adjustment)

<2.10 rejectable

PORAM spec: Palm oil

FFA, % max as C16

M&I, % max

IV, Wijs

MP, °C

Colour, Red max

0.25

0.1

50 - 55

33 - 39

-

0.25

0.1

50 - 55

33 - 39

20

0.1

0.1

50 - 55

33 - 39

3

Neutralised NB RBD/NBD

RBD: Physical refining NBD: Chemical refining

PORAM spec: Palm olein

FFA, % max as C16

M&I, % max

IV, Wijs min

MP, °C max

Colour, Red max

Crude

5

0.25

56

24

-

Neutralised

0.25

0.1

56

24

-

NB

0.25

0.1

56

24

20

RBD/NBD

0.1

0.1

56

24

3

PORAM spec: Palm stearin

FFA, % max as C16

M&I, % max

IV, Wijs max

MP, °C min

Colour, Red max

Crude

5

0.25

48

44

-

Neutralised

0.25

0.15

48

44

-

NB

0.25

0.15

48

44

20

0.2

0.15

48

44

3

RBD/NBD

PORAM spec

(Chemical refining)

(Physical refining)

STC Specification

Grading

factors

Specification

FFA

M&I

Melting pt

5.0% max

0.5% max

37 C max

Crude Palm Oil (Edible grade)

1. Free from: solid particles, adulterants, sediments,

suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and

added colouring or flavouring substances, mineral oils,

toxic matter, or any other oil of vegetable or animal origin.

2. Material to be odourless and bland in taste.

Specification for RBDPO

M&I, % max

Ref. Index at 50 C

Iodine Value

Unsap matter, % max

Sap value

FFA, % max

PV, meq O2/kg max

Colour, 5¼” Lovibond max

Melting point, C max

0.1

1.4494-1.4553

50-56

1.2

195-205

0.15

5.00

3 Red

37

STC

0.1

1.4546-1.4560

51-54

1.2

195-205

0.10

2.5

3 Red

37

PVMA

Additional specification for RBDPO

STC

Material to be free from solid particles, adulterants, sediments, suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and added colouring or flavouring substances.

Material to be free from mineral oils, toxic matter, or any other oil of vegetable or animal origin. Material to be odourless and bland in taste.

PVMA

Oil should be odourless, bland in taste and free from solid particles, adulterants, sediments, suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and added colouring or flavouring substance. Also free from mineral oils, toxic matter or any other oil of vegetable and animal origin.

Specification for RBDPOo

M&I, % max

Ref. Index at 40 C

Iodine Value

Unsap matter, % max

Sap value

FFA, % max

PV, meq O2/kg max

Colour, 5¼” Lovibond

Melting point, C max

Cloud point, C max

0.1

1.4550-1.4610

54-62

1.2

195-205

0.10

2.5

3 Red max

24

-

PVMA 0.1

1.4550-1.4610

56-62

1.2

195-205

0.10

5.0

3 Red max

23

10

STC

Specification for

palm kernel oil & products

Refining

CPKO

MEOMA spec: Domestic sales contract

Moisture

Dirt & shell

FFA (% as lauric)

FFA (% as lauric)

IV (Wij’s)

M&I

Colour (5¼” Lovibond)

Protein

Oil

Moisture

Dirt & shell

7% max, 10% rejectable

6% basis, 10% max, >10%

rejectable

5% max

4% max, >5% rejectable

16.5-18.75, > 18.75

rejectable

0.5% max

4-8 Red 60 Yellow max

14% min

8% min

9.5% max

15% max, >18% rejectable

Palm kernels

Palm kernel oil

Palm kernel expeller

MEOMA spec: Export

FFA, % max

M&I, % max

IV (Wij’s)

5.0

0.5

19 max*

5.0

0.5

21 min

CPKO CPKOo CPKOs

5.0

0.5

8 max

* At time of shipment

MEOMA spec for RBD oils: Export

FFA, % max

M&I, % max

IV (Wij’s)

Colour, max

0.1

0.1

19 max*

1.5 Red

0.1

0.1

21 min

1.5 Red

PKO PKOo PKOs

0.1

0.1

8 max

1.5 Red

* At time of shipment

Identification of Palm Oil products

Useful parameters:

Slip Melting Point

Iodine value

FAC

TAG

Summary

Physical

SMP, C

Chemical

Iodine value, Wijs

Sap value

FAC (major)

TAG (major)

33-39

50-55

195-205

C16:0 & C18:1

C50 & C52

PO PKO

27.3-28.0

16.5-18.75

230-254

C12:0

C36 & C38

Importance of compliance with spec

Seller Buyer Product

Conform to requirement/ specification

Complaint Rejection Rework

X

Thank you