Definition:

It is a common disease of anus and a painful condition which makes the patient often anxious and embraced.

The word ‘Fissure’ means crack. It is longitudinal crack in the long axis of the lower anal canal. In other words we can just say that it is true ulcer of the skin of the wall of the anal canal.

As per the Ayurved,

Fissure is compared with a similar anal condition known as ‘Parikartika’ which is nothing but an ulcer or ‘Aagantuj –vran’ in the anal canal which is associated with severe burning & cutting/ tearing pain at anal region. Sushrut, Charak & Vagbhatt mentioned ‘Parikartika’ as the complication of other diseases or procedures whereas, Kashyap has described this as a independent disease.

FISSURE IN ANO

AETIOLOGY

Poor muscular support of the posterior

wall of the anal canal

Acute angulations of the posterior rectalwall with the posterior wall of the anal canal

Trauma – when a scybalous mass is being expelled

Anal infection – any infection within the anal canal( like followed by diarrhea etc. or due to poor hygienic conditions) is followed by inflammation which may turn into ulcer

Constipation – a forceful daefication due

to hard stool can cause over stretching

of the anal mucosa resulting in ulcer

Primary – Most of the factors are similar to that of Piles like, - Unsalutary food habits - No fixed time for meal - Having frequent meal without considering the

digestion of previous meal (Adhya ashan) - Having more of unnatural food stuffs like

junk food,fast food, bakery products. - Suppression of urge of daefication causing

Constipation - Night time awakening & day time sleep - Excessive traveling - Overdose of NSAID’S, Antibiotics,

Steroids, Antacids& other Ushna-Tikshna medicines which disturbs the ‘Agni’.

Predisposing factor according to Ayurved:

Secondary – due to upadrav or complication of other conditions can cause ‘Parikartika’ like,

- Jwar ( as in enteric fever)

- Vataj Atisaar ( frequent loose motions causing inflammation in the anal canal)

- Garbhini ( pregnancy or during delivery tremendous pressure on the anal canal causing ulcer)

- Basti netra vyapad ( trauma due to tip of

enema instument which can be avoided by using rubber catheters )

- Vaman, Virechan vyapad ( over emisis or purgation i.e. Atiyog can cause ulcer)

• Pain at anal region while & after daefication, which subsequently continues as a burning discomfort for several hours.

• Sharp, cutting or tearing pain with act of daefication

• Severity of pain frightens the patient to daeficate

• Slight bleeding- usually stools are streaked with the blood

• Swelling and Pruritis – Patient with a large sentinel tag may complain of painful external swelling with or without Pruritis

• Age and Sex – More common in women & occurs during middle edge. It is uncommon in aged because of musculature atone.

• Location – Overall 90 % situated at midline posterior i.e. at 6 o’ clock. Anterior fissure ( 12 O’ clock ) is common in females, whereas commonest site in male is 6 O’ clock.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Why Pain is more in Fissure ?

- Pain is more because during daefication, the anal fissures are stretched & the margins of the anal ulcer are separated.

- The anal skin has somatic sensory nerve supply which is very sensitive & causes sphincter spasm, leading to painful contraction. Here, one thing should be made clear that Spasm of the sphincter muscles results in pain, whereas the fatigue results in relief from pain. The attention

of the patient is usually centered in his pain to the extent that he fails to mention the bleeding.

- Burning, cutting & tearing pain at anal region

- Abdominal discomfort mainly due to Meteorism (Anil sang)

- Fullness of abdomen associated with dislike towards food

- Indigestion & Constipation

- Burning pain at anal region extending up to Umbilical area, bladder, genitals & entire waist area while & after passing stool.

- All the prodromal clinical features of Piles are also present.

- If not treated properly, then it can lead to Piles, Fistula & Abscess.

Symptoms- According to Ayurved

Two types of Fissure are seen –

1. Acute Fissure:

- Sharp, cutting or tearing pain with act

of daefication

- It is deep tear through the skin of the anal

margin extending into the anal canal.

- There is little inflammatory induration

or edema of its edges.

- There is accompanying spam of the anal sphincter muscle

2.Chronic Fissure:

- It is comparatively less painful condition

- Inflamed induarated margin may be present.

- A base consisting of either scar tissue the lower border of the

internal sphincter

- the ulcer is cone shaped with skin tag i.e sentinel pile.

- Infiltration of fibrosed tissue in the bed of ulcer.

- Infection is common causing proctitis, abscess or cutaneous fistula.

TYPES OF FISSURE

• Fissure is can be further divided into two types :– Primary : Already discussed – Secondary: May be due to

• Granulomatous infection • Chrons disease • Syphilis • Proctocoliitis • Diabetes Mellitus • As a compilation of Haemorriodectomy or fistulomtomy

If fissure is not treated it can cause - Absces an fistula- Sentinal tag- Enlarged Papilae- Anal contrictures

Differntial diagnosis - Anal abresion- Specific ulcerative lesion- Veneral lesion- Tubercolosis- Carcinoma of anus- Proctalgia Fugax( Cramp like pain at irregular intervals more common with anxiety patient)

• Paliative treatment

– Seitz bath

– Hot pack

– Anal heigene

– Application of Anesthetic ointments

– Laxatives

– To avoid constipation regularize bowel habit• Olive oil enema • Use anal dilators • Injection of long acting of local anesthetics

Treatment

• Surgical Treatment1. Anal dilatation :

Stretching of anal sphincters to achive fatigue of anal sphincters and to break the fibroses tissue embeded in ucler

Limitations- With in few hours of streching patient developes painful edema- Some patients may develops temporary incontinance - Contraindicated in II and III grade piles- In 16% patients this treatment did not prove successful

2. Excision of Anal fissure with or without grafting -Excision of broad traingle of skin of perinial region along with the

main lesion is done.

3. Sphinterectomy : Division of internal sphincter is done by either,- Open posterior internal sphicterctomy or - Lateral subcutaneous internal sphicteractomy

•Complication -Anal incontinence ( temporary or permanent imapared control of fecaus is observed in 34% patients )- Incontinence of flatus ( Observed in 9% of patients)

Surgical Treatment

Ayurvedic Management• In acute conditions

-Deepan and pachan chikitsa to improve digestion eg. Ajmodadi churna or hingvashtak churna, Dadimavaleha - Vata anuloman chikitsa eg. Avipatikar etc..- Laxatives or Mala sarak chikitsa

eg: Abhayaristha or Haritaki churna- Nagkeshar, lodhra etc.. To arrest bleeding - Daily takrapan i.e buttermilk to be advised - To have good quantity of milk in diet- Gudda ( jaggery )+ Honey consumption

Panchakarma- Cold water seitz bath in acute condition and hots seitz bath for chronic cases- Matra basti with yastimadh oil to promote healing as well as work

as analgesic - Picchabasti of yastimadhu+ Black til + Honey+ Ghrita- Local application of plain ghrita, shatadhauta ghrita, Raktachandan siddha ghrita or yastimadhu ghrita is equally effective

Role of Kshar in fissure

• Role of kshar in fissure is very limited • In north east part of the country, some Ayurvedic surgeon do use

kshar for the purpose. • They apply mild kshar or keep kshar varti ( medicated thread) at the

bed of chronic fissure. The mode of action may be– This acts on the fibroses tissues and responsible for there lysis. Infact

this fibrosed tissue plays a major role in delayed healing of ulcer. – They may stop hyper granulation– They promote healing

• How ever, after considering the severity of pain and burning rough ulcer ,the acceptance by patient for the above management is doubtful. • This kind of treatment can be tried only in long standing chronic fissures.• Agni mandya ( Low digestive power) which the causative factor in all ano-rectal diseasesCan be treated with internal use of mild kshar in he form of shank vati etc..

Request to patients• Don’t neglect any painful conditions related to anal region

• Don’t hesitate to discuss the problem with your family physician regarding such problem.

• Most of the time acute anal fissure heals by itself with in 4-5 days

• If prognosis is not satisfactory then visit the nearby Ayurvedic Institute for further management.

• Don’t go to the so called Traditional therapists (Madar-clinics, Bengali- healers or any other non registered practitioners ) because:

1. They do not have any authentic qualification.

2. They do not posses any scientific skills or training from medical institue.

3. They are not aware of applied Anatomy & patho-physiology of the disease so, there is a good chance of creating an iatrogenic track or damage or damage to the sphincter which leads to incontinence.

4. They don’t have the exact knowledge, management or significance of the underlying systemic disease like Kock’s or Chron’s disease, diabetes or HIV

5. If such patients of fissure visits so called specialist (quacks), they generally do the per-rectal digital dilatation of the anus with the help of jelly or apply some medicine in the anal canal which relieves the symptoms but if treatment don’t work the fissure ultimately turns to abceses or fistula

6. It is reported that some of the quacks keep either a small flesh piece or Musta root (sooked in water for whole night) which resembles pile pedicle. After giving sedation or local anesthasia they pretend as if they have removed the pile mass

7. Most of the time i.e about 70% cases the painful defecation is due to fissure which heals itself but patient is told that they are suffering from piles and needs manual removal by traditional techniques but fact is that the symptoms relieved by the dilatation of anal sphincter.

8. . They do not follow the proper aseptic precaution or sterilization technique. Some of the quacks tie or cut the external sentinel tag under local anesthesia and convince that patient as if they are treated for piles

9.. They can not handle the complications.

10. They charge heavily to the patients.