deepening involvement, 1945-1965

7/29/2019 Deepening Involvement, 1945-1965

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The U.S. ArmyCampaigns of theVietnamWar


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CMH P 761

Cover: A U.S. Army Special Forces soldier gives instruction on the carbine to trainees of a Civil DefenseGroup in the Province of Thua Thien, 22 July 1963.


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yR W. S

C My HsyU Ss Ay

Ws, D.C., 2012

DEEPENINGINVOLVEMENT

1945 1965


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5/68

5

Introduction

y As, V s, s, vsv . N s y ys j U.S. s V, s

As ssss. Ov U.S. s s y , y s s ss s . T ssvA , y, S V 1950s U.S. s 1960s y 1970s s s sv.

U.S. vv s Ss As

W W II V s F. A y v Vs , U Ss s F s s VM y Css ys CW U.S. s s y Css s Ms Bj. Fs 1954, V Cs N -Cs S, As ss j

s y -CsR V U Ss . F y s y s s s, U Ss -y s Cs-S s ( V C) y ss S V y H.

By Ps Ly B. Js j

s 1965, U Ss y vsss s s s s S V. T xy y 1969 U Ss v 365,000 ss vy y S V ss


6/68

6

sv P s s. T s y vs ssv s s, -ss s, ss sy s, s sy, j vs y. Y, s s s, ss y ss s v s s s sv .T s y y U Ss s,v, sy y NVs s y y s v s. T , , v sv.

Ns y As Ps P As Jy 1973, vy U.S. y . T xs S V, v, s s . ys A x N Vs Ay vS V s s vy A 1975.

T vs jy A sv V s U Ss Ay. Ty

sv y , y s s,s y s .Ts v s .

RICHARD W. SEWARC Hs


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7

Deepening Involvement, 19451965

T W W II s U Ns (y U Ss, B, SvU, F, C) s s . Hv, qNz Gy I J s v s sss ssy y y v. T xs s

R Ay ys Es E Ns Cs v C K-s s M Zs Cs s s Cs v. Ts vs s s B, F, Ns . TU Ss s s s

s Cs v sz s z v Cs Cs-s vs sz v s ss ss. N s F I s s s s -ss F Js s.

Js F I 19401941s xss vs Ss As. y y ss s y v s s D Es Is (Is) U Ss Ps. F ,


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8

F s v I s Js, M 1945 Js v Fs. Bs F s y A s, s s U Ss s s F s vss s y Js (Map 1).

W Js s S 1945, USs s , v, v Css V s Js Bs Ay s ss y 16 P. Ms U.S. O

S Svs (OSS), s V F s Js s y 1945, Cs v A ss s Js. O OSSs j s v Vs ssv s Js s V Na Dc LapD Mh H, V M, y y Cs s H C M. T U Ss s

V M, s Cs v, s F s -ss v y. B ss v

Ho Chi Minh (standing, third from left)at a farewell party for the OSS in 1945


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Tonle Sap

G U L F O F

T O N K I N

G U L F

O F

S I A M

S O U T H

C H I N A

S E A

RedR

BlackR

Mekong R

Mek

ong

R

H A I N A N

Con Son

Phu Quoc

D E M A R C A T I O N L I N E

Lao Cai

Lang Son

Vinh Yen

HANOI

Haiphong

Dien Bien Phu

Luang Prabang

Vinh

Dong Hoi

VIENTIANE

Udon Thani(Udorn)

Savannakhet Hue

Da Nang

Paks

Nakhon Ratchasima(Korat)

BANGKOK

Kratie

Pleiku

Qui Nhon

Quang Ngai

Quang Tri

Kontum

Da LatLoc Ninh

Nha Trang

Tay Ninh

Bien Hoa

PHNOM PENH

Sihanoukville

Can Tho

SAIGON

B U R M A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

C H I N A

C H I N A

T H A I L A N D

L A O S

C A M B O D I A

S O U T HV I E T N A M

FRENCH INDOCHINA

1954

0 150

Miles

Map 1


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10

s s s s y.T s s F s V M y Nv 1946. T U Ss, s s y s U.S. s v E, s s s v s vsy y Css. As D s ss Css svs Es E G, v V M sy ys Cs v, y Ms, sy s.

I , U.S. y I Fs y y 1946 1954 s. T U Ss v s y F s s, ss s s F s E.Hv, M 1950 F s y yq sss s s ssy I. W

C W s, U Ss s s s Cs ss.I S 1950, U Ss ss MyAsss Avsy G (MAAG), I, S svs .

Strategic Setting

F ss MAAG 1950

F I 1954, U Ss s s-y v y q, v , sss, s V sss F V M. T V M, , sy Cs, y Cs M Z, y vss.W U Ss Cs K 1950 1953, I s s s s s

sv, sy. As U.S. s Cs v , s ss y s s, A I .


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11

T MAAG s y s y U.S.s ss y s . I Fs y qs q, ss, xs; qss Ws; svs v s- ss F Ay. O q ss V, U.S. s ss s s - qs. Hv, v F qy s, s, -ss s U.S. s y F s v s s

v s.F s ss U.S. y s -

s s 1950 y 1951 VM s j sv svF ss V Cs H-H . I Jy, V M vss V Y s H, y s A-s s

( j s) y sv s. As A s y 1951, s vs y F sy v, y, y s s VM y.

Ds A sss , s F ss y v Vs Ay -

s V M. MAAG sss s ss U.S. q s y Vs s (y s - y F) s , -Cs, s v V M. Hv,F s j s s . R s v, vsy v s s ,

F V y s s Cs ss. T USs sy s s v 1951 Cs Cs sv K -E Sv ss.


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12

Ev q, ys U.S.S D, s Vs NAy s F- s. A ss F vss 1952 F y s Vsy. U.S. Ay C S G J. L Cs v s F v s sys ss v SK s. Hv, s U.S. s s y v, F ssss Vs y vy .

By y 1953, v D D. Esss, U.S. F I 150,000 s q 900 vs,15,000 vs, 2,500 y s, 75,000 s s,24,000 s, y 9,000 s. T A Fv F 160 F6F F8F s, 41 B26 s, 28 C47 ss ssv s ss, sss, s. Y s s

F s vy v s V M y 1946 s.

A s Fs y VM s s ss y L. G.J W. (I M) OD, ss v W W I, W W II, K. ODs ss s F y s F s v

U Ss s ss s ssvs V M. Av J 1953, G OD s s ss; y s ssv y F V,L. G. H Nv. T Nv P sv s vs Vs N Ay, s U

Ss F. T OD ss, - ss Nv, F Aysy vs vs . Ts s s y MAAG y C I Ay (CIA)vss s F Ay


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13

s s ss ss s v .

Dien Bien Phu: The GambleO 20 Nv 1953, F s j

vy V, s L , s v D B P. T s ss vy s y y s - s y s F s sy .

T F s y s.Ov x s, V M v yvss y vs s s DB P ss s y s, yss, s. Qy sy s z F y, V M ss D B P . I y s- , , y s

s. Ds z s s USs Cv A s C119 Fy Bx s ( CIA F s s),ss qy s s s V M

French machine gunners have just enough time to throw themselves on the ground and puttheir weapon in play as Viet Minh soldiers attack.


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14

s v . As -s y s s ss.

A s s s s s s s, F y v. O vs s Fy1954, G OD s Fy s, s s xsv s - s y v ss F s. By , v, V Ms s s s v y-vs ss s y s

v ss. B 13 M, V M ss s s F ss s qy v .Ts vs Fss.

W sss F v ss s D B P, U Ss ss qss: S y v y v

F ? I , s v s s s? Cvsy, USs v, s, s, s, sss? W v s js y ? Ts

General ODaniel (right)inspected the Dien Bien Phu outpost in February 1954 and wasencouraged by the impression of French strength.


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15

y sss sy ss. T Es -s s s (Es , , s -Cs s ).T s s x U.S. Ay y s ss s y v I x s y .O, s sy s U.S. s V M, s v y s y ? T V M s s sy s vy y . S s y s v

U Ss B29 Ssss s V M s sD B P. Ev ss s yv (s ys v s sss s s s sss), v V M ss v s sy v s j sss . T ss s v

, U Ss s v s s sy- s. T U Ss s ssy Cs v s s s s s, sy v x K.

I s s ss vs .T F s I s, s Cs ss,

U Ss s y,xsv As. A As s Cs Sv s s . W s I ?W s s N A y Oz y?

T D B P 7 My 1954 -s Gv As 21 Jy v

s v sv F y ys . T s s,v 17 P VM. T y s svs y I C


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16

Css ss svs I, P, C, s N S

V Jy 1956. T U Ss s s s s y y y s v s. T s ss j F, U Ss, . T GvAs y H C Ms Cs- D R V, s

H. Ts S V v y s Vs B D s s, N D D, s S.

OperatiOnS

T s F I, v ss -Cs z s V, s s s U.S. y ,

s s Fs s. A s U.S. y v, y s s F D B P v vv- sv vss A s R Rv ( v v Cs

French soldiers escort Viet Minh into Hanoi, October 1954


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17

v), s Es s v y s s y s sss. Y s s x-s Cs - As s .W, , s USs ?

T s xA vsy s sss SVs v s v s Gv As.

I My, F, D B P, s U.S. vss Vs s

s s s s s s U.S.-s q. Ts sqs y s v F . T s Fs 1954 v y - s vsy s y -vs S V.

T S Vs v PMs D s U Ss , s

sss v s s N V s s y GvAs. Ps Es s Ds qs s - ss y y C S Ay G Cs. Ts - xs U.S. ss S Vs Ay. O 12 Fy 1955, MAAG, G OD, ss ssy -

z S Vs Ay. I ys y Vs, v, F ss y y As (Map 2).

G ODs My S Mss ( Rs Is Mss [RIM])

South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem


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TonleSa p

G U L F O F

S I A M

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

Meko

ng R

MekongR


Q U A N G T R I

T H U A T H I E N

Q U A N G N A M

Q U A N G T I N

Q U A N G N G A I

K O N T U M

B I N H D I N H

P L E I K U

P H U B O N

D A R L A C

K H A N H

H OA

Q U A N G D U C

T U Y E N D U C

L A M D O N G

P H U O C

LON G

P H U O C

T H A N H

B I N H

L O N G

TAY N IN H

BINH

DUONG

LON G

K H A N H

B I E N

HO A

B I N H

TU Y

P H U O C

TU Y

H AU

N G H I A

L O N G A N

D I N H T U O N G

K I E N

T U O N G K I E N

P H O N G

K I E N

G I A N G GO

C O N G

K I E N H O AGI A

D I N H

B I N H T H U A N

N I N H

T H U A N

PH U

YE N

V I N H

B I N H

V I N H

LON G

AN

G I A N G

P H O N G

D I N H

B A X U Y E N

AN X UY E N

C O N S O N

C H U O N G

T H I E N

SAIGON

PHNOM PENH

L A O S

T H A I L A N D

C A M B O D I A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES

December 1963

S O U T H V I E T N A M

0

0 150

150Kilometers

Miles

Map 2


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19

xy 200 F s vsy S Vs s 68U.S. s 149 v x s. TF v ss S Vs Ay As ss s s ss. Hv, s s U.S. F vss ss F S Vs s s s F s y. Is .

T ss F vsy -

s v y s F v-ss. D s ssy s sv y s VsCss x. H FU, s s F s, s y 1955. T F , y My 1956 vy s vss S V, v vsy y

As. G OD O 1955 s y L. G. S. (H S) Ws, MyAsss Avsy G(MAAG), V.

O s s

y G Ws s vs U.S. q s v s ys F I.M q, s ss , -

S Vs s F . W y y y ss s, -, , s

Lt. Gen. Samuel T. Williams


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20

sys, q s s. T U.S. vss,y 342 s y 1955, sy ss sys s s vs y S VsAy. I xss $700 A q, s-y y, s y vs .

s s s 350 U.S. s S V yEq Rvy Mss (ERM). I , MAAG y- ss sss x . ERM s v J 1956 y

MAAGs vsy . I , s s ERM qy v s sss MAAG. Oy sv s y q vy sssy 1957. A s s s ss 1959, ERM s y sy vsy , j xs MAAG sz ss.

MAAG, V, s .As U.S. s P , vsy C C, P, s. s U.S. ss V y s vv -y y sss . As s, MAAG s sss Cy , sys y ss

svs ss U.S. s y. Cy s s s vs Avs, s s s y v y . As s s, y S D ys y, v MAAG .

A MAAG, Cy V svs CIA, v v sss S Vs y; U SsI Sv,


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sss; U Ss O Mss (USOM I C Ay s USs Ay I Dv [USAID]), s v, v y- vs, sss -y zs. W - s y y ss -v ss Ws, s Cy qy ss ss.

By 1960 MAAG sz 685 U.S.y s. A s Ay, s A F, y Nvy,

M Cs s qs vsy ss. A vss s ss Ays Q S, y s s S, N My Ay (s ) D L C Hs, ss s D My N, Cy M sy s S, sv ss

S. B s v U.S. q S V z ss, y 1961 MAAG s ss ssvss j s S V S, N

, Q N, D N.I As 1960, GWs s s MAAG, V, y L.G. L C. MG, 1928Ws P 3 IyR (O G) E

W W II sss vs 2 Iy Dvs K. G MG, s z

Lt. Gen. Lionel C. McGarr (shown as amajor general)


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22

s : T V y s -y-sy- ca[sss] sv y y s . T s, v, y s y, ,s, , sy . . . jvl v v s. Hv, MG s s- D 1960 s s yss s y s y - s s s. A vy sssv U.S. s s z y ss S V

s s sy vs s. Uy, y, s s N Vs, ys v s s sz y v , s s S V s U.S ss s vs.

T N Vs sy S V s s D s 1955. D,

s s ss s s, y s -z . H s vs s v s y s s s,ss y ssy . R y v ss ,D s y ss s s M D

s F. A Ds s v sy s y s Cs svs s sy sy. H vs C Hs y s y ss s V. Tss, vy Ms (-s), y F (svs) y Vs, My-

Pys M-K s ss-- js V. Ty v Vs, F -z s s y y s . R s s s s Vs


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Css (V C), Ds s v s s s s.

T ss D s y sss y ss. Hv, v 1959 1960 s V C s ssss s v s s vs. T s s s s, v s, y, s x s v. T V C ss s , y vs s, xs s vs, s

s v y s S v.By 1960, ssss V C s v

s - s y NVs Cs y. s sy, N ss s s y 1959 s s s js Ls C s S V. Ts, s H C M , s

Bicycles are used to transport supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail.


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sy v s qs ss q N Ss s . I 1959, N VsCss 1,600 s s, 50 s ss, 500 y ss 3,000 s y. Ts y s, s-s s, s, s sz z, , , S Vss z v .

Ts s ss y s s y svv D. I s ss s, V C sq

qs A vs S Vs 7 Iy Dvs B H 8 Jy1959. S s v SVs s, sx- sq ss U.S. vss s ss v. T VC . As As vsy . Mj. D R. Bs M. S. Cs M. Ov

s vss y y S V. I y N Ys s S Vs y N Cy, v- s S C300 V C 66 S Vs ss. T Csss sy v s sz qs s s vy s.

V s s y

s s sssss. T 180 s ss Jy 1961 545 S. Isy, VC s y s js s s ss y y ,, y Cv G s. Ds y s vs S, V C sy s ys 1960 1961. By 1961 V C

- Ss 13.2 15 . EvU.S. s y sy s s v 20 s 40 s vy s - y V C. I - M D, x,


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Css y sv v-s. T s S V VC , sy .

Government Security and Military ForcesT ss MAAG, V, s S

Vs y sy s s s, v D s s , sss , s sy sy. T s , v s y s s s , s s qy S Vs

sy y s.I ys, s y s

, v s v s s ss, s s y , , . E - sv s sy . Ts s y s vs y V C s, , x . T x s ,

v, y y v - sq(1015 s) S-Ds Cs ss, - -y z I Msy. A s 45,000 - sy y. Ss y s - q s , S-Ds Cs s V C. T V C s qy Cs ssz s, ss, y

s .A v v, s s sy s v- Cv G. Ts -, y z- s s, S-Ds Cs, y IMsy s y Vs y- vs. Oz s s, 55,200- s v -y s v vs s

s. T Cv G s s ssss s y V C sqy sv.

T v sy s s js D. T S Vs y s s


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s sy s y .B y s F- s, V A Fs (VAF) ss y, vy,s, xy y s. By y 1961 s s s s Ay R V 138,000 ss. I sz sv y vss y s y s x s sv s s. I vss, Ay ss sxy-v s s, v s, vs y s, y s (

105-. zs v 155-. zs) s. T s vy 3,200 ss 30s vsss 200 s s sy s . S V s s 2,200 s z s 4,400- . T sq -s, ss sv , s sqs, sq s.

L s y s, R Vs s .F s s v y vx: v- , v qy s, s, xy. T s s v . O , y x s Msy Ds J G S, y y s,

s , q S. B v s ss s v -y s y s: My R II vs s Dz Z, My R IV V, My R I vs y s S, My R V M D, C My R, ss S

(Map 3). T s s s ss q s s s q-s I Cs s s My R II, II Cs s s My R IV, III Cs s s My RI v s s v ss-


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MR I I

M R I I I

M R I V

MR V

MR I

CAPITAL MR

Kontum

Pleiku

Song Mao

Bien Hoa

Vung Tau

Phuoc Vinh

SAIGON

My Tho

Ap Bac

Duc Hoa

Can Tho

Ha Tien

Qui Nhon

Tay Ni nh

Duc My

Nha Trang

Da Lat

Ban Me Thuot

Hu e

Da Nang

Quang Ngai

TonleSa p

G U L F O F

S I A M

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

Meko

ng

R

Mek

ongR


PHN O M PEN H

L A O S

T H A I L A N D

C A M B O D I A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

ADVISORY COMMANDS

Before 1960

Military Region

Military Region Boundary

MR


0

0 150

150 Kilometers

Miles

Note: Dierent units were rotated into MR V to perform assigned

missions. Miscellaneous units were assigned in all MRs.

Map 3


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28

vs. T s vss, s s, s s y y s .

I y s y s. T S Vs s, s s s s, qy vs x ys s J G S. T sy qs, , s s s D s y s s v y v y. T x , y s s, y s v s s, s vs s

sy v s v s ys s. I , D y v s s s ys s, s.

A s D ssy ssy S Vs sy s y- v s y.Pv s, y s s

yy, s y qy D sy s s y s. N y v v s v y y s s Cv G S-Ds Cs, s s y s sss sy v y s jss.

T s j ss ys - s v qy S Vs s. W s s v svs , s s V M s V C, s s s y s .D s s v , yy s y v. H s y

y y vy s s s y j v .

I z svss, y, s s, s s. T v


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29

ss S Vs Ay, F vy Vs s , y - s x -s. Bs s qs -s15 s ss Vs vy s ss. My s vs j,, s sy s.Ty sy ss, . Fy, S Vs

sy , j s x s y, s v q ss ssv, s j v.

A s s . E ss s yz v .T s ,

sv, P S Rs B My Sy Sv, sz svs s yy s ss-s V C. Ts y s vs , v v, S-DsCs, Cv G, S (s ). Ms ss v s-

v sv qs S s y. W s s, y ss s y s . T Ays - s, My I Sv(J2) J G S x - s qs ss, s y ,

y s, s y sy. xy s s j

. Ds v z s, v s ss V C s S


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30

Vs s vy s. v s s, VC v s sv s ss qy. W Ay s s s ys - s, ss vsv s s V C s s y v. U y, Ay y . T v- s y v V C ss.

Ds s sy, S VsAy s s v

s s V C s y 40 ss s ss s, - s, y ss. Sy, yjy s sy v s, s q s v ys ss qs ss y s vy s. Ts s, s y

s s, y Ays sy .

Fy, S Vs Ay s y . FS Vs s x s , vy qs sy s sy y 1961 y s v . Ts s sy y s. A jy y s

-sv vs, s vs s s sv s s s s. I s, 60 Vs ss s y, y , v, x - ss. Vs ss y v y s y ; v, s v

s ss.

The Advisory EffortT s Ay R V

V C N Vs ss sqy


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31

ss My Asss Avsy G y G MG. T MAAG vss -s s s s s, s s y s s ys. MAAG s z s s , s s s S Vs. F vss y y , -s y ss ys.

T vss vsy s s s s vss sv y -y . B s s , A s

ss y, s v s s s. I ,y S Vs , ssvss, y ys y s v z, s, s s, y j x.

C vsy s ss sv S Vs Ay.

T s s s s U.S. ss y ss Ps J v ss s V.W ss s s y -z s svs y U.S. vss s s, U Ss s v y S V sy v v .

T j y s syss V y y 1960s. T s s Q , S, s s s ss sx- s. S s y S s s s js s s s. A DL, 150 s s S II Cs , S Vs My Ay v s

. T j ss, y, s-, s, s, , , y, qs T D S C, s s S. I s xs, vsy ss ys


32/68

32

s N s y s U.S. Ay S Fs ssss V. S Fs v S Vs s.

S sy s s y ssy U Ss Os Mss. T -s USOM s sy s, s s

Cv G S-Ds Cs, s y s s ssy. S szs Msy I, y U.S. y vss, q, ,s, s. Hv, s USOM s s 1950s, v U Ss v s q s 1959. I s 1961 Cv G S-Ds

Cs s Vs Msy Ds s y vsy sss- ( y q ).Oy s y ss sys

Cadets at the Da Lat Military Academy


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33

s ss zs s s s V C.

Ps v v y s S V y ssv s y D sv, , s V Cs vy s s s . D s s y s , s , s s y v-, ss s y U Ss s. Ev s sv s qv U Ss s v s sv v-

s y s. W USs Ass E D s svBs Csy P D 13 Fy 1961, D $42 v y s. D ssss s s v y y qs. W s , D s s

y s -. W y, sy ys y s. I s U Ss svs D s, s s s, ssv-Cs. Ts s s s ss Ss As s .

The Problem of Laos

As s s S V Ws s y s 1961, vs y y Ls s s. A s, s s I, Ls ss Cs C N V s -Cs T, C, SV . Bs s CW v Ls s ,

ss 1954 Gv As Lss y. Ts v ss, s y -y v -Ws, s, -Cs s y. By Jy 1961, s s x s Cs


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34

P L , y N V, jsv. A Cs vy Ls -Ws s Ss As. Msy, Cs Ls N V v s v H C M j - ss - S. I s y sss, s Ls S V xy .

I s , s s . O -v s y v, y s s Ss Asy Oz. T L sy s y,

y s v. Lss, v sy . T ys C s Cs v s y A s s K 1950. s s, M J Cs S s q s P L y Cs v sxy s .

D y s L, y U.S. Ps, J F. Ky, s s -Ws s y s s -v. I M z O Millpond, x sv s s y y Ls (Ay S Fs Ry L Ay s H s s 1959 CIA). O 19 A, Ky s

s v s Ls y s v A y z LsP Ev O v My AsssAvsy G, Ls. T s Ls, v, .

I A, Ass Ls, W G. B, Ky vs v qs ss s P L. B

U Ss y v ss s. Ps vs W W. Rs, y Ass-- W. Av H, y T. Sy DsR S. MN , s s y


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President Kennedy discusses Laos during a press conference at the State Department in1961.

Secretary of Defense McNamara(seated, fourth from the left)meets with members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon in 1961.


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36

y q . MN - s y v Ls. C J Cs SG Ly L. Lz , s J Cs v s j v y v q 140,000 s s ss s s. Css s s s v Ls.

y v v, Ps Ky s s s v v. Ts s v s s y My P L s- -

Gv s Ls . Y s s s s , L v- , P L y v . S y s xy vs C A,Ky s vss U Ss -s C W vy, Ls s v , U Ss s. T s s Ls

s 1961, s s s Ss As, xy s s sv D .

Strategic HamletsW U.S. vsy s s

v S Vs Ay js sy s, D s v s

s ss v vs s sy. I 1959 sv sy y -s v s s. Ts ss avlls s v s svss s ss s v s vs. P

q s, Vs v s s,qy .

I 1961, D s , sss Bs


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37

sss sy My. S R s, Bs vsyss V, s v v sy s y . Uy, s sy ,x s, D ss s s-

sy y s s sy ss. H sv s s s y y 1963 v s y y. Hv, s s v-s v sy v q., s y y sss.

W D s x vs

v sy vs, U Ss s Ps Ky v s 1961. Ts MAAG s. Fs v y- 82 Ay Sy Ay (ASA)

A strategic hamlet in Long An Province in 1963


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38

O U, S N s S 14 My. W 3 RRs U (ASA s s v vv V ), ASA ss Cs -s s - q y ss. Ts s N , V P y Pv, H K G Pv ( B H s B H Pv), Vs ss vsy. I ss s. T Ays AN/RD4 - q s

s y s s s v , ss y sss s s v V.Ts , qs sy V C, y ss , s v xs y y. s, 150 y ys s - PRD1 s,

s q y s y s- , s s. Js s D, s s 3R Rs U , A SVs ss.

United States Support GrowsI 1961, U Ss ss z

MAAG v vsy s Vsqs s. I A s P C svy y MAAG s y sv . GMG z s U Ss S V y s s -sy . I As MG sv

s x vss . By , MAAGs ss s s 792 (77 Nvy, 86 A F, 629 Ay), 594 s vsy s, 198 sv s ss. s s v , y


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39

vss MAAG qs y s s y vs Vs.Ev z y 30 MAAGs y sv s; s vss ss, s, , s, s s, y S.

U s, MAAG ss y svy vss Vs s: vss s qs, y s , y s s , vss s y vss. T y vsvsy ss s vs ( ) v js s s vss s y, ss, , , s.

R vs vsy vss ( s js), vs vss y s.

By 1961, s z MAAG s A vsy s, s

Radio direction finder in Vietnam


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40

V . Cs s v ss, s s s v-s, s, 477 S 539 O. T v K Pv v 12 S y s Css s -, - ss js ys S Ls.V C s s s ysy sy ss s. Ty Cv G s 1s B,40 Iy, q s K y. I s 4 S -

s v sv S, v s y. Oy s v y.By Css s, y s ss D, Q N, Q N, P V, L .

A D, x , s s y U Ss qs s sss , s s

y ys. Hv, Ws s y s ss.Is, MAAG U Ss v s Vss, y s - sys s s. I, U Ss s s U.S. A F , 4400 C C Sq ( J J), Farm Gate. A sqs

ss s S Vs A F, As qy y sss, ys S Vs ss s y sss. Fy,Ps Ky s y y s sy vs, G Mx D. y, s s V.

G y, y W Rs N

Sy C z s, xsv ssss U.S. S Vs s.T ss s s ss ss sss D v s y ss: y, , v


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41

z, s. T ss s U.S. v y vss v- S V s s s. Ps Ky -

j ss s s s M D.D s y s s, y ssy, s, v S V U Ss.Vs A s s U.S. vv, ss s ss, 4Jy 1962, s s s

.W svs s y q vss ( s O Beef-Up), U.S. Ay v s y s, s , s s.

General Taylor (center), with President Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy,during his swearing in as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 October 1962


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42

G MG v y s ss S Vs vs sy s y s s s s - s.Bs S Vs s sss vy s q Vs s, U Ss

s Ay v s V. T s sxy- x- , s sv, s s s, s z. T s v 11 D USS C Ss s 32 H21C S s (y y ss sv s) 400 ss U.S. Ays 8 57 s Cs (L

H). A , y, 93 s Cy (L H),v Jy 1962. A s s , s y SVs ss s s.

MG x s . -s Nv D s s v sys. I s,

V C v S Vs v AD6 ( s AE1) Sy s y s s y N Cy,y N Pv, 30 Nv. T s

H21 Flying Banana helicopters unload South Vietnamese soldiers in 1962.


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43

v sy s y- ss, sxyss, s s s. Svys , V C s v y s s CsPy ss v A G.T ss y- ss ysss. Uy, s s , s Vs v ,ss, s s y s .

y s, MG ss P MAAGs s vy

yz , s y y y vsy s. H s s DsD 25 s s sy 150 . T s s s vss vy v, ,vs, s; s y v- s s As; s U.S.-Vs

z. G y s ss s ss, DD U.S. vss s y . M, D D Ay Ay Sy Ay s 288 ss V v MAAGs s y s.

T s s s js

O Beef-Ups v Vs s. I 318 vss y s v y ys , G y P y v 400 y 31 M 1962. A x s s A s y x Vs s. N U Ss ys y vs S Vs y

s y s y vs, y s s U Ssss vss s s. Ps Ky s ss sy Ass y v s


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44

s V. T ss ss s U.S. vv s s.

The Buon Enau Experiment and Civilian Irregular DefenseGroups (CIDG)

T s v V C s xU.S. s v v sy v vs s C Hs. T v V C M y z s

: U.S. Ay S Fs. S Fs s 1952 sv s ss sy Sv WsP s v W W III E. By 1950s, y S Fs sy -z s s s sy y.Oz s, s- s ( A ss v s s, s, s,

, s s y B C s ), S Fs s ss s, , sy s v sv sss. Ds s x K 1953 xsv xss E, P, S A,V s -s s s s.

I 1961 y 1962, v y

CIA, S Fs s A35 1s SFs G (A) s y Vs S Fss (Lc L Dac B LLDB) s v B E, y R . Tyqy s s vs. SFs ss s-s s, y V C s, q vs s. T ss v vs,

, ss, s s, s v js. T v qy s B E 40vs 14,000 R y 1962.Ex , xs ss s


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45

s 200 vs 60,000 vy V C s s s s v. By S1962, s s s s y yss Ky s s CIA Ay s O Switchback.T Ay v qs S ( v

N ), U.S. Ay S Fs (Pvs), v v y- S Fs s y, y s Cv I Ds G (CIDG) j (Map 4).

A y s CIDG , s s ss Vs Ms, s j sss. W s

y ss, s C Hs V C ss ss. I y vy v ss s Vs Ay, y sv SVs v, y s

Special Forces medics check a Montagnard baby as part of the Civilian Irregular DefenseGroup program in 1963.


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(Hoa CamTraining Center)

XXX

XXX

XXX

C T Z I

C T Z I I

C T Z I I I

C T Z I V

TonleSa p

G U L F O F

S I A M

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

S O U T H

C H I N A S E A

Meko

ng R

Me

kongR

Nha Trang

Can Tho

Ban Me Thuot

Buon Enao

Pleiku

Kontum

Da Nang

Hue

Nam Dong


PHNOM PENH

SAIGON

L A O S

T H A I L A N D

C A M B O D I A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

U.S. SPECIAL FORCES DEPLOYMENT

1 June 1963


0

0 150

150 Kilometers

Miles

A detachments

B detachments

Special Forces Headquarters

Corps Tactical Zone

Corps Tactical Zone Boundary

CTZ

Map 4


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47

vs xsv -s v s . I , s S Fs ss s s s, s s s, s s s s ( MIKEs) sv s y s. Ty s vy s s ss s. W s, CIDG s s v- s v sy y .

By 1961, A s S V

y. T s s U.S. Ays ss MAAG y s s, s s, y s . I , v 500 ss V s s 380 ss s. A s 1,000 s svs v 3,000U.S. y s S V s x

s 7,000 y x y. As s , $65 y qy v y S Vs s s y180,000 ss , , y s 159,000. T s s xs , vss, q, sss s y y.

Uy, s y , N Vs A ss ss, , q.T H C M x v - 7,664 S 317 s s q y 1961. A s U.S.s, N Vs s s x v s s, v s s

30,000 40,000 ss S V y 1963.Es s s y S V s v.

I D 1961, Ps Ky s V s y, ,


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48

s sssy vy .Js ys s s , Ay s j x s y. A U.S. ss s V C s, 23 D 1961y H21 s 8 57 sCs 360 S Vs s 5 A B v s D H, L APv, s S. Fy v y y, sss s, , y, sz s q. T s, v,

ss. O 57 sCy s, s, , j U.S. Ay vs. Cs s sv , s sy y s. T s s s s s v -sv. W s s s, v s s Ay

s O Beef-Up y s s x s V.

MACV: A New Leader and a New CommandT y G MG y

v s s y ss v s A -v y v. O s s

s s z vs U Ss x vv V. O8 Fy 1962, G P D. Hs v U.S. y vs V MyAsss C, V (MACV). G Hs V H, sv s y U Ss Ay, P. D WW II, sv G G S. P J. N

A Sy Ps y s T Ays v ss F. N TR s s Ps s x, Hs s , s ,


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49

q , qy v s ss.

I Hs y ss s y ,y ss s s y j S Vs I Cs s v- D. As Hsv y vyy

s, s s s-. Rz ss , Hs ss s, s x Ass F E. NJ., v s ssy s s s

ss vyss . Hs s s s s v -y , s s.

Hs s, MAAG MG, s sss s v V s s v s sy, Cs s-y, ss v ss. Hv, s

s, y vs vss, S Vs. H s A ss v v y s. S, Hs jy vs MG . I xs v s U.S.ss s V s O Beef-Up, Hs y U.S.y vs S V,

ss ss. As s P C, s ss js s , A Hy D. F, J Cs S sy s. Ls s, sy

General Paul D. Harkins


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50

y vs sss V, Ky -s Hs q U.S. ss V.

Ds MACV v - vss ss y s, s v s y s ss sy. R y s y 100,000 1962 1963, s s s , s q y S Vsy. Y , s U.S.s vs IV Cs, y z, y ,

y q y .P s s s y

S Vs Ay A B M D v D 2 Jy 1963. D , v ss S Vs 7 Dvs v s v - VC. V C S Vs s-

s. V C s y 63 v s 3 A vss 100 v ss s 5 U.S. s. A s s Css s q , s- ss s v ys sss : .

C s A vsy s Ds - ss s . H s vs s s yy s 1954. Hs v vs y s Cs s s, s Bss y s C . B y 1963, Bs s -D s,

s ss.I ss s -z ss, Bss s svs s svs . S ss s s , D s --, N D N,


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51

ss s s Bs s. U Ss s y D s , vs s s V Css.

The Downfall of Diem

T Bs ss s y S Vs A y s s s D. My v S Vs s s vs D v s s y vy. Os s v Ds y s s. Mj. Gs. DV M ( As s B M s sq Vs) V D ss

y s J G S S qs. Ty As s As s s. T U Ss, ss s (Hy C L y Ass N), s s ss.

A young Buddhist monk performs a ritual suicide, by self-immolation, in the central marketsquare of Saigon on 5 October 1963.

Corbis


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52

Ov x s, s U.S. ys s s s s. A s D ss N s y Bss. Os v s v D v A sss. Ts U.S. s

v. Ass L, v Ds s, G Hs s vs, s qy s. I , v sss y S D CIA s U Ss s s v s D 1 Nv 1963. By x y, s D N. T s ss vs v 4 Nv ss My

Rvy C G M s s x v-y .T D s sy.

I Jy 1964, Mj. G. Ny K v M. Azzy s, s, s v-

Maj. Gen. Duong Van Minh Henry Cabot Lodge


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53

s v x y. Ts yss v s ys

vss y. D, s s,s qs s . Hsv v s .

W A s, G K -z s s vy ys, ss . M, U Ss

ssss Ps Ky 22 Nv 1963 s V Ps Ly B. Js s s- v y v s SV v sv s sy . Ts s s U.S. ss-y y S Vs y v ss.

A New Commander for MACVT s D s-

q U.S. s S V. G Hss s s s

The bodies of Diem (right)and Nhu lie in an armored personnel carrier shortly after theywere killed on 2 November 1963.

Corbis


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54

Ass L. Ds , 25 A1964, Ps Js Hs y, L.G. W C. Ws, s G

Hs s MACV. T P Hs s y, Ws svs 1 As yss s s.

G Ws s x WW II. H s s 101sA Dvs, sv ss U

Ss My Ay Ws P, XVIII A Cs. Hs s, x,

President Johnson and Secretary McNamara confer at the White House in 1964.

General Westmorland tours the village ofVam Lang in May 1964.


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55

sv s, v sss .A y s , Ass L s U.S. s s y y C J Cs S G y. A y s y 1964; v, y s s v vs Asss vss S Vs v y s x y.

Right Hand and Left Hand: OPLAN 34AAs MACV sy s ss ,

vy MAAG, s vv s ss sy

s s N V Ls C.Ex CIA , MACV s ss, s, , sy -s s N OP (OPLAN) 34A. T s D 1963 s s vs v y Ps Js 1 Fy 1964. s s ss, G Hsss S Os G, Ss

Osvs G (SOG). T qs MACV-SOG sy s, y y- y s y-vs s y Ay . T MACV ss ssss y W Hs S D ssvy.

My s s y s z-, sy s vv s N V,

s S Vs s s ss A y. Ds s s, y -1964 MACV-SOG s - sy vs s N V.S s s s s s s s s N Vs sy s, s. Ts s G vy v s , sqs.

W MACV-SOG s N V, MACV s sy SVs y s ss sssss s s Ls s H C M. A Gv As 1962


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56

s s Ls, N Vs y y, v Ls S Vs s s y. T MACV-J5 (Ps) s v OLeaping Lena, sv s S Vs S Fs s Ls. USs S Fs s S Vss N s y ss . T s s Ls J 1964, ss v ys, s sss. Mvs v ss y U.S. S Fs CIDG s

, Ms ss. F , s sss s. Nvss, s Ls s.

Valor at Nam DongI y Jy 1964 s S Vs

s L s vs

s Ss As. O6 Jy, V C s ss s CIDG N D yxy S Vs U.S.

As vss. T js v s vy ss s.S Fs A726 7 S Fs G(A) s yC. R H. C. D

qy z -sv . A , D syz y - s svy

Captain Donlon


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57

s , ss s. W , ss s, s, ss , ss . T y y . F s s y,C D v s s , M H, s s s V s s sv S Fs.

T s y N D ssq M H A U Ss s ss s y s As . T s s s vy

U Ss s vs y N Vs s U.S. v s s. Ts s, sy, s V y .

The Tonkin Gulf IncidentI y 1964, Ps Js Sy Ds

MN U.S. Nvy s s s

Ds P . T Ds P y sys - sss s ss Sv U, C, N K, NV. I y As 1964, sy USSMax, Nvy C. J J. H, s s N V G vs ys . U H, sy - S Vs s OPLAN

34A s s js s Maxs (Map 5).N Vs s, -

ss A OPLAN 34A, U.S. ss. H svy, s S Vs s, s U.S. sy. O 2 As, N Vs s Sv-

P4 s s Max. s P4s ss . Oy y s sy, ss ss-. T N Vs v vsss s .S Max s. T F8 Cs


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I CTZ

III CTZ

II CTZ

HoCh

i

Mi

n

hTra

il

Tonle Sap

G U L F

O F

T O N K I N

G U L F

O F

S I A M

S O U T H

C H I N A

S E A

RedR

BlackR

Mekong R

Mek

ong

R

H A I N A N

Con Son

Phu Quoc


Lao Cai

Lang Son

Vinh Yen

HANOI

Haiphong

Dien Bien Phu

Luang Prabang

Vinh

Dong Hoi

VIENTIANE

Udon Thani(Udorn)

Savannakhet Hue

Da Nang

Paks

Nakhon Ratchasima(Korat)

BANGKOK

Kratie

PleikuQui Nhon

Quang Ngai

Quang Tri

Kontum

Da LatLoc Ninh

Nha Trang

Tay Ninh

Bien Hoa

PHNOM PENH

Sihanoukville

Can Tho

SAIGON

B U R M A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

C H I N A

C H I N A

T H A I L A N D

L A O S

C A M B O D I A

S O U T HV I E T N A M

INDOCHINA

1961

0 150

Miles

Corps Tactical Zone

Corps Tactical Zone Boundary

CTZ

Map 5


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59

js s USS ca s

P4s .W v, Maxs G s v s. T s s sy vss ss H C M y U.S. y ss s y. Ps Js, AUysss S. G. S, A y s P, A Ts H. M,

U.S. P F, U Ss s Cs . Ty Max sy USS J C H s - ss N V.

O 4 As, ss y sv s s. Os v U.S. s Ws sy s s

ss N Vs v s sys. Ayss s, 4 As s,s s s. I ss NVs v s Max J

The Tonkin Gulf Incidentby Edmond J. Fitzgerald, January 1965. This painting depicts theengagement between USS Maddoxand three North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats inthe Gulf of Tonkin on 2 August 1964.


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60

s 1964 s 2 As

q . Hv, Ws ys v N Vs U.S. sys s .

I ss 2 As ss 4 As, s Sv F s y ss s N V.O 5 As, s ca USSCslla sy s y V

s y y v vsss s.O s, 7 As U.S. Css v-y ss s- G Rs, Ps Js y y s s s Vs Css.

Aftermath of Tonkin GulfEx vy v s

Ss Osvs G s s OPLAN34A, MACV vs 24 As 1964 G . Hv, s v s j MACV s. As -y x

President Johnson signs the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on 10 August 1964.


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61

ss s N. I s, MACV s ssy V C s S V s U.S. S Vs ss s NV.

A v s y v Ss As s. sqs A F B57 C j s v B H s S sqs s -s y S N D Nss. O A F, Nvy, M, Ay s y . G

Ws s M Exy B 173 A B O 25 Iy Dvs H y V HAWK (H A Wy K) s ss s. Hv, Assy s s qs, J Cs S s vs y s y .

T V C s ss . Ty s s s s U.S. s s y.Bs, ss, ss, s vs y As y s. O 1 Nv, VC ss s s B H ss s s As s s . I s

y s Css As, svy- s, sy s sq s.O 7 Fy 1965, V C s U.S. s s P, yss s N Vs, - FlamingDart. A vs y s y s .

ss v , U.S. sss

ss v ss sN V, - Rolling hunder. P y M 1965, s ss s , s MACV s s ss . T, MACV v A


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U.S. Air Force B57 destroyed by the Viet Cong mortar attack on Bien Hoa Air Base

Marines wade ashore at Da Nang on 30 April 1965.


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6363

P U.S. s B H, S N, D N. T, s ss s xy , G Ws s vss 9 M Exy B (s) D N . T 8 M 1965 ss - s y s s. Ty s- s y .Nvss, j s . U Ss s s V C s . A s sv y v svv S V

s U.S. ss. TR ss s .

analySiS

I s ss s U.S. vv- I S V 1945 1965 z s v s s Asv x C W s

Cs. W s s -s s s s s N V S V, s ss qs N V v s s v Cs v U Sss y s s Cs v. Bs Sv xss C Cs s M Z, U

Ss v ss G, Ps, K, s -s, s U Ss v, Ms sv v vs . T U Ss s y s s s Ms Bj y ss v . Ev S-Sv s

1960s, s s y. T x U.S. vv SV s Cs svs s sy s Cs , N V s y , , ssv,


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64

xsv, y . T U.S. v PsJs s y y s s.

W s C W x, U Ss y v y s, s F v S V. U E, s s s v Sv , F Es sy s As s s E s, v s U.S.y. T U Ss s F s F s E s Svs s

-ss . U.S. s ss - ys s s v s F, D, s y s v . Oy Cs s N V Cs A . Oy U Ssv s v s y - s s v svy v

js svy vy. A, s s ss svS V, D s, s s y Cs ss.U.S. ss , A y v s s vs , ss, q, y s s y S Vs v.

T U Ss 1950s y 1960s ssD s s , , y s

s . W ss U Sss, D s -Cs ss s s. H s, s s, S V ys v sy s . W U Ss y s v D, -s s vs Py B Rs Sy S C P 2003 y v:Y ; y . T U Ss v-

V s ssy . F x ys, U.S. y s sss x .T s A vv v-x

s 1950s 1960s s U Ss sy xyv , vss, q y s


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65

U.S. v ss s s s N V. O U.S. s vsS Vs s, s y s s s, s, , sv sv s. I s y y s s U Ss ss . I v U Ss svv S V 1954 1955. Ps s y A x U.S. vss 1950s ss S Vs Ay.I v U Ss v s y

S Vs s A s 1961. O U Ss s s ss SsAs y, ss v v-s sys, s, s sss. O v Ps Js ss y s NV. N s ss s U Ss ss s, y . By s 1965, U Ss s y

S V y y ssvv s . T s U Ss s C W s s Js s A s y s y .


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The Author

R W. S, Ay Rsv , s s U.S. Ay C My Hsy. Hs s v s C T Ka Wa: T Chs Iv, 3 Nvb195024 Jaa 1951; Opa Urgent Fury: T Ivas

Gaa, Ocb 1983; T U Sas A Sala,19921994; T U Sas A Ahasa: OpaEnduring Freedom, Ocb 2001Mach 2002. H s s -v vs Aca

Mla Hs, 17752008.


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Further readings

B, A J. Av S: T M Ys,19601965. U Ss Ay V. Ws, D.C.:U.S. Ay C My Hsy, .

Css, G A. MACV: T J Ca hYas Escala, 19621967. U Ss Ay V.Ws, D.C.: U.S. Ay C My Hsy, 2006.

H, R A. Pacfca: T Aca Sl

Vas Has a Ms. B, C.: Wsv Pss, 1995.

S, R H. Avc a Spp: T Eal Yas,19411960. U Ss Ay V. Ws, D.C.:U.S. Ay C My Hsy, 1983.


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deepening involvement, 1945-1965

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