DecolonizationReview

Similarities Failure of nationalist movements to build mass

support Role of political concessions Role of government massacre

Colonizers’ use of soldiers & resources during WWI & WWII foster independence movements

WWI & WWII: aid growth of industry

French colonies – tended to be more violent

India Amritsar Massacre Gandhi during interwar years

Added religious component Pioneered civil disobedience

Nationalism amidst diversity sparked counter Muslim League

Partition Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth

Nehru – attempted to balance democracy & socialist economic policies

Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues

Ghana Later nationalism

Often led by veterans

Racial dynamic

Kwame Nkrumah Personalist, populist leader Industrialization & development undermined by

volatility of export markets

Algeria

Complicated by white settlers

Guerilla campaign & violent French response

Settlers leave

Vietnam

Very similar to China Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully

during interwar years, which led to interest in communism

Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement

Northern Communists eventually victorious, which unifies Vietnam under communism

South Africa

Gained independence in 1910, but with minority, white/settler rule

Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full apartheid legislation passed Extreme segregation – “homelands” ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance

Sharpesville Massacre, Soweto riots International pressure results in apartheid

ending in 1994. Mandela elected.

Latin America Neo-Colonialism

Economic growth at close of 19th c, but based on raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence

Follows global trends Mexico

Revolution toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party democracy (PRI) result

Interwar Years = extreme ideas Early Cold War: Communism

Guatemala Cuba – economic problems, social gains

Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy