DECOLONIZATION:How did imperialism shape

Modern Day Africa?

THE FALL OF GLOBAL IMPERIALISM

DECOLONIZATION IN AFRICA

DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA

After WWII, African nations were not willing to continue being colonized

Most African nations gained their independence in the 1960’s

Ignored boundaries by imperial powers left Africa with ethnic and cultural conflicts

Ghana (1957)

Pan-Africanism was a philosophy that promoted African awareness and pushed for the betterment of all Africans on the continent

“United States of Africa”

Ghana has shifted from civilian to military rule many timesFreedom Now!- Kwame

Nkurmah

Nigeria (1960) Very populous and

wealthy, yet ethnically divided

Yorba ruled and set up a federal system

Igbo take over (martial law)

Hanusa-Fulani over throw IgboCivil War

Military rules throughout the 1970s (economy grew from oil)

1979 return of civilian rule

1983Hanusa-Fulani seizes power

1993 Army dictatorship 1999first free elections

due to Abdulsalami Abubakar

Kenya (1963)

Jomo Kenyatta

Mau Mau Oathing Ceremony

•British had prized Farmlands in Kenya•Kenyatta and the Mau Mau (separately) forced the British to leave•Kenyatta united ethnic groups and Nairobi flourished•Today, Kenya’s economy suffers, there is political corruption and ethnic conflicts

The Congo (Zaire 1965-1997)

Belgium exploited the Congo for its resources w/o providing any social services

Mobuto, an army officer, seized power in a bloodless coup due to internal and external conflicts

Mobuto ruled for 32 years- he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila Civil War

Mobuto Sese Seko

Algeria (1965)

Algeria: 1 million Europeans French leaders claimed that

Algeria was an integral part of metropolitan France.

The colons constituted a minority to the 9 million indigenous Arabs and Berber peoples.

The Algerian War of Independence The war dragged on for eight

years (1954-1962), at a cost of as many as 300,000 lives.

At home, French society was torn apart.

Ahmed Ben Bella- leader of the FLN (National Liberation

Front)

Algeria

The negotiations to end the war began only after an insurrection led by colons and army officers had caused the French Fourth Republic to fall in 1958 and brought Charles de Gaulle to power. By 1962, more than

9/10ths of the European population had departed.

Charles De Galle

South Africa

South Africa: 4 million Europeans▪ Minority

white rule (Afrikaners) persisted

After winning the elections of 1948, the Afrikaner-dominated National Party in South Africa enacted an extreme form of racial segregation known as apartheid.▪ Apartheid laws stripped Africans, Indians,

and colored persons (mixed descent) of their few political rights.

▪ Schools segregated; country divided into racial “homelands”

The African National Congress opposed this legislation.▪ After the Sharpeville massacre of 1960,

peaceful protest turned into violent protest.

▪ Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison in 1962.

▪ The West (U.S.) supported South Africa as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Africa.

South Africa

1994 marked the first universal elections held in South Africa--What does this mean? F.W.Klerk elected by white minority in 1989 ▪ Goals: Transform South Africa and released

Mandela from jail.

Nelson Mandela elected President of South Africa (1994-99) an anti-apartheid activist convicted him on charges of sabotage and other crimes against apartheid and imprisoned for 27 years has helped lead the transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa won the Noble Peace Prize in 1993

DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA

Current Problems: Unbalanced economies due to:

▪ Cash crops▪ Poor roads▪ Few factories▪ Limited education

Little or no middle class Militarist dictatorships, democracies have

revealed little success Ethnic divides due to Imperialism

How did imperialism shape Modern Day Africa?