decision support systems collaborative computer- supported technologies and group support systems

Decision Support SystemsDecision Support Systems

Collaborative Computer-Collaborative Computer-Supported Technologies Supported Technologies

and Group Support and Group Support SystemsSystems

Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.

1-2

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Understand the basic concepts and processes

of groupwork, communication and collaboration Know the concepts and importance of the

time/place framework Know the process gains and losses and how

GSS increases/decreases each of them Describe indirect support for decision making,

especially in synchronous environments Understand the concept of GDSS and describe

how to structure an electronic meeting in a decision room

Understand how the Web enables collaborative computing and group support of virtual meetings


1-3

CollaborationCollaboration What is it?

“… making joint effort toward achieving an agreed upon goal.”

Meeting is a common form of collaboration

Why collaborate?


1-4

Why Collaborate?Why Collaborate?

ReviewReview

Share WorkShare Work

Share the VisionShare the Vision

SocializeSocializeBuild ConsensusBuild Consensus

Solve ProblemsSolve Problems

Make DecisionsMake Decisions

SynergySynergy

Share InformationShare Information

Build TrustBuild Trust


1-5

Collaboration is Collaboration is DifficultDifficult

Waiting to speakWaiting to speakDominationDomination

Fear of SpeakingFear of SpeakingMisunderstandingMisunderstanding

InattentionInattentionLack of FocusLack of Focus

Inadequate CriteriaInadequate CriteriaPremature DecisionsPremature DecisionsMissing InformationMissing Information

DistractionsDistractions

Wrong PeopleWrong PeopleGroupthinkGroupthink

Poor Grasp of ProblemPoor Grasp of ProblemIgnored AlternativesIgnored Alternatives

Lack of ConsensusLack of ConsensusPoor PlanningPoor PlanningHidden AgendasHidden Agendas

ConflictConflictInadequate ResourcesInadequate ResourcesPoorly Defined GoalsPoorly Defined Goals

IneffectiveIneffectiveCollaborationCollaboration


1-6

Collaboration is ExpensiveCollaboration is Expensive

15 Million formal Sessions / day

? Million Informal Sessions / day

4 Billion Sessions / year

30-80% Manager’s time

Fortune 500 Companies3M Corporation Study


1-7

Collaboration : Expensive Collaboration : Expensive and Essentialand Essential

30-80% Manager’s time No one has all the …

Experience Knowledge Resources Insight, and Inspiration

…to do the job alone Bottom line:

Collaboration is difficult, expensive, and yet essential for today’s organizations


1-8

How Do People Collaborate?

Level 1 Collected Work :Uncoordinated Individual EffortsLevel 2 Coordinated Work:Coordinated Individual EffortsLevel 3 Concerted Work:Concerted Team Effort

Sprinters

Relay

3 Levels of Collaboration Capability

CrewHigh

Low

Degree ofCollaborative

Effort


1-9

Joint activity Equal or near equal status Outcome depends on participant’s

knowledge, etc. Outcome depends on group

composition Outcome depends on decision-

making process Disagreement settled by rank or

negotiation

Meetings (a form of Meetings (a form of collaboration)collaboration)


1-10

Dozens of people attendsDozens of people attends Everyone …Everyone …

talks at oncetalks at once

hears everythinghears everything

understandsunderstands

remembersremembers The impossible dream?The impossible dream?

The Ideal MeetingThe Ideal Meeting


1-11

Traditional MeetingsTraditional Meetings

Only Only ONEONE person can speak at a time person can speak at a time


1-12

GSS MeetingsGSS Meetings

By using the computer everyone By using the computer everyone cancan

SPEAK and be understood SPEAK and be understood simultaneouslysimultaneously


1-13

Communication SupportCommunication Support

Vital Needed for collaboration Modern information

technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communication

Internet / Web


1-14

Evolution of Communication Word of mouth Delivery persons Horseback Snailmail Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Videoconferencing Internet / Web…

Supporting Supporting CommunicationCommunication


1-15

A Time/Place A Time/Place Communication Communication FrameworkFramework


1-16

Goal: to support groupwork Increase benefits / decrease losses of

collaboration Based on traditional methods

Nominal Group Technique“Individuals work alone to generate ideas which are pooled under guidance of a trained facilitator”

Delphi Method“A structured process for collecting and distilling knowledge from a group of experts by means of questionnaires”

Electronic Meeting System (EMS)

Group Support SystemsGroup Support Systems


1-17

Process Gains: Parallelism ( simultaneous contributions )

Larger groups can participate Anonymity ( promotes equal

participation ) Focus on content not personalities

Triggering ( stimulates thinking ) Synergy ( integrates ideas ) Structure ( facilitates problem solving ) Record keeping ( promotes organizational

memory )Process Loses:- Free-riding - Flaming

GSS – Important FeaturesGSS – Important Features


1-18

Benefits of AnonymityBenefits of Anonymity

99##

Ideas considered on merit not source

Overcome fear of speaking up

More ideas leads to more quality ideas

Defuses tough political discussions


1-19

Decision room Multiple use facility Web-based

GSS Enabling GSS Enabling TechnologiesTechnologies


1-20

12 to 30 networked personal computers

Usually recessed into the desktop Server PC Large-screen projection system Breakout rooms Need a Trained Facilitator for

Success

The Decision (Electronic The Decision (Electronic Meeting) RoomMeeting) Room


1-21

IBM Corp.IBM Corp.

Cool Decision RoomsCool Decision Rooms


1-22

US Air ForceUS Air Force

Cooler Decision RoomsCooler Decision Rooms


1-23

4

On-Demand Decision On-Demand Decision RoomsRooms


1-24

High Cost Need for a Trained Facilitator Requires Specific Software

Support for Different Cooperative Tasks

Infrequent Use Different Place / Different Time

Needs May Need More Than One

Few Organizations Use Few Organizations Use Decision RoomsDecision Rooms


1-25

Multiple Use Facility Cheaper Still need a facilitator

Web-based Cheaper: no extra hardware needed

Still need facilitator

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies


1-26

From GroupSystems.com Enabling leaders to realize

extraordinary results from their teams

Collaboration-as-a-Service solutions

Leading software Tool: ThinkTank ThinkTank

GroupSystems, Inc.GroupSystems, Inc.


1-27

ThinkTank: Supported ThinkTank: Supported ActivitiesActivities

Supported tools and activities: Agenda and Other Planning

Activities Electronic Brainstorming Group Outliner Topic Commenter Categorizer Vote

Others…


1-28

GSS Meeting ProcessGSS Meeting Process

Iterate until the solution is reached…


1-29

Visit a GSS MeetingVisit a GSS Meeting


1-30

Why Successful? Parallelism Anonymity Synergy Structure Record keeping

Needs… Organizational commitment Executive sponsor Dedicated well-trained facilitator Good planning

Last Words about GSS?Last Words about GSS?


1-31

Collaborative NetworksCollaborative Networks

Integrated supply-chain Collaborative planning, forecasting,

and replenishment (CPFR) Collaborative design and product

development Vendor Managed Inventories

Wal-Mart, … Collective Intelligence Animal Intelligence (swarm

intelligence)


1-32

Collaborative Planning, Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)Replenishment (CPFR)

An industry-wide project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in planning and demand forecasting in order to ensure that members of the supply chain will have the right amount of raw materials and finished goods when they need them


1-33

Collective IntelligenceCollective Intelligence A shared intelligence that emerges

from the intentional cooperation, collaboration, and/or coordination of many individuals.

Examples: Wikipedia, video games, online advertising, learner-generated context, …

In order for CI to happen: Openness Peering Sharing Acting globally

For more info see Center for Collective

Intelligence at MIT (cci.mit.edu)


1-34

A Taxonomy of Collective A Taxonomy of Collective IntelligenceIntelligence


1-35

CreativityCreativity

Definition: Creativity is a characteristic of a person that leads to production of acts, items and/or instances of novelty

Creativity is the product of a genius vs. an idea generation environment

Creative people tend to have creative lives

CREATIVITY INNOVATION Idea Generation via Electronic

Brainstorming


1-36

Creativity…Creativity… What variables affects creativity

1.Cognitive variables: intelligence, knowledge, skills, etc.

2.Environmental variables: cultural and socioeconomic factors, working conditions, etc.

3.Personality variables: motivation, confidence, sense of freedom, etc.

Creativity is fostered by Freedom Permission-to-failAllow and Enable rather than Structure and

Control


1-37

End of the ChapterEnd of the Chapter

Questions / comments…

decision support systems collaborative computer- supported technologies and group support systems

Documents

business intelligence

group support systems

decision making

decision roomunderstand

themdescribe indirect

concerted work

coordinated work

group compositionoutcome