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Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
1.2.3Policy Value and Analysis and Evaluation
Day 1
Education Sector
Ankara 14 – 18 March, 2011
Mr. Kari Pitkanen
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Monday: Elements and indicators of national education systems and policies
Tuesday: Approaches for strategy and planning of education sector + assignment to work with Case Turkey
Wednesday: Working on Case Turkey: how to organise education reforms and continuous development
Thursday: Presentations and discussions on the Case Turkey
Friday: Organizing reform implementation and continuous development using performance management, budgeting and indicators
Program of the Week
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Education systems in Finland, Turkey and in the worldStructuresCharacteristicsPolicies
Data and indicators on education and training and related issues (EU, OECD, Turkey, Finland)Discussions and conclusions on the development, up-
to-date, future plans and needs in Turkey
1st Day Monday, 14th February 2011
4
Finland in brief Independent since 1917
Member of the European Union 1995
Land area 304 000 km2
188 000 lakes
76 000 islands (min. 5000 m2 )
Population 5.3 million (17 inhabitants / km2)
Two official languages: Finnish (91.2%), Swedish (5.5%)
Religion: Lutheran (81.8%), orthodox (1.1%), others (1.2%), no religious affiliation (15.9%)
Immigrants: 3,6 % of population
Main exports: electronics, forest industry, metal and engineering
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Education system of Finland and Benchmarking to Education in Turkey
Pre-primary 3 – 6/7 years old
Primary 6/7 – 11/12 years old
Lower secondary 11/12 – 14/15 Upper secondary 14/15 – 17/18 Tertiary (higher) 17/18 – 22/23
22/23
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Characteristics of National Educations Systems
6
CompulsionPre-primary/ primary/lower secondary
Upper secondary
Organization Public Private
Financing Public Student fees/subsidized
Governance and ownership
Centralized Regional/local
Curriculum Central/national core
Regional/local options/free
Professional support Inspection Consultative services
National tests and exams
Frequent testing of learning outcomes
National examination in completion of upper secondary general school
School choice No options Freedom for parents/students
Educational paths Open Dead ends
Teacher education Teacher education college degree
Bachelor/Master level degree
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
1. Educational attainment of adult population % (2008)
Indicators on Education and Training for Policy Planning and Setting(OECD; Education at glance 2010)
Pre-primary
and primary
Lower secondary
Upper seconda
ryTertiary
OECD 29 44 28
Turkey 59 11 18 12
Finland 9 10 44 37
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
2. Population with at least Upper Secondary Education (2008) %
Age group 25 – 64 25 – 34
OECD 71 80
Turkey 30 40
Finland
81 90
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
X) Highest
xx) Second after Ireland
3. Annual Average Growth (%) in Attainment in the 25 – 64 Year-old Population 1998 – 2008
Below upper
secondary
Upper secondary Tertiary All
Turkey + 1.4 +5.1 x) +7.6 xx) +2.6 xx)
OECD - 2.1 +1.9 +4.6 +1.0
Finland -4.5 +1.7 +2.3 +o.3
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
4. Employment Rates (%) and Educational Attainment, by Gender, 25 – 64 years-old (2008)
Pre-primary and primary
Lower secondary
Upper secondary
Tertiary
All
Turkey Males 71.7 76.8 81.0 81.4 75.
6 Females 20.5 18.3 29.0 63.9 26.
0
OECD Males 64.5 73.9 83.5 89.8 83.
0 Females 37.0 50.1 66.0 79.9 65.
1
Finland Males 51.3 75.2 80.3 91.1 79.
4 Females 45.7 61.3 73.2 83.9 74.
4
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
5. Relative Earnings of the Population with Income Employment (25 – 64 olds)
Below upper secondary
Post secondary
Tertiary type B Tertiar
yAll tertiary
Turkey 69 - 125 162 149 Males 72 - 128 162 153 Femal
es43 - 131 162 149
OECD 78 107 122 164 153 Males 79 108 124 169 158 Femal
es76 105 126 163 154
Finland 94 - 124 164 148 Males 90 - 132 176 161 Femal
es96 - 130 158 146
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
7. Proportion of Adults Reporting Good Health, by Level of Education
Below upper
secondary
Upper secondary Tertiary
Turkey 0.65 0.79 0.79
OECD 0.61 0.76 0.83
Finland 0.51 0.68 0.79
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
8. Proportion of Adults Expressing Interest in Politics
Below upper
secondary
Upper secondary Tertiary
Turkey 0.39 o.61 0.65
OECD o.34 0.47 0.63
Finland 0.41 0.44 0.59
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
9. Classification of Educational ExpenditureSpending on educational institutions Spending on education
outside educational institutions
Spending on educational core services
e.g. public spending on instructional services e.g. subsidized private spending on books
e.g. subsided private spending in educational institutions
e.g. private spending on books and other school materials or private tutoringe.g. private spending on tuition fees
Spending on research and development
e.g. public spending in university research
e.g. funds from private industry for research and development in educational institutions
Spending on educational services other than instruction
e.g. public spending on ancillary services, such as meals, transport to schools or housing in the campus
e.g. subsidized private spending on student living costs or reduced price of transport
e.g. private spending on fees for ancillary services
e.g. private spending on student living costs or transport
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
X) Public spending only
10. Expenditure on Educational Institutions as aPercentage of GDP (1995, 2000, 2007)
1995
2000
2007
Turkey 1.7 x) 2.5 -OECD 5.7 - -Finland
6.3 5.6 5.6
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
11. Age Cohorts % (Eurostat 2010)
0 - 14
15 - 24
25 - 49
50 - 64
Total
Turkey 2009
26.0 17.4 37.3 12.2 92.9
2000
30.4 20.1 34.7 9.7 94.9
EU (27) 2009
15.6 12.3 36.0 18.8 82.7
2000
17.2 13.2 36.7 17.2 84.3
Finland 2009
16.6 12.4 32.5 21.6 83.1
2000
18.4 12.8 35.5 18.7 85.4
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Headline targets Indicators
75 % of the population aged 20-64 should be employed
Employment rate by gender, age group 20-64
3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)
The "20/20/20" climate/energy targets should be met (including an increase to 30% of emissions reduction if the conditions are right)
Greenhouse gas emissions, base year 1990
Share of renewables in gross final energy consumption
Energy intensity of the economy (proxy indicator for Energy savings, which is under development)
The share of early school leavers should be under 10% and at least 40% of 30-34 years old should have completed a tertiary or equivalent education
Early leavers from education and training by gender
Tertiary educational attainment by gender, age group 30-34
Reduction of poverty by aiming to lift at least 20 million people out of the risk of poverty or exclusion
Population at risk of poverty or exclusion (union of the three sub-indicators below)
Persons living in households with very low work intensity
Persons at risk of poverty after social transfers
Severely materially deprived persons
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
1. 75 % of the Population Aged 20-64 Should Be Employed
EU Turkey Finland
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
75.8 62.5 69.1 70.4 25.8 47.8 74.7 72.4 73.5
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
2. 3 % of EU’s GDP Should Be Invested in R&D
2000 2008EU (27) 1.86 1.92
Turkey 0.48 0.73
Finland 3.35 3.72
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Green house gas emission, base year 1990 (100)
3. Climate/Energy Targets Should Be Met
EU (27)
89
Turkey
196
Finland
100
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Percentage of the population aged 18-24 with at most lower secondary education and not in further education or training
4. The Share of Early School Leavers Should be Under 10%
2000 2009EU (27)
16.6 14.4
Turkey 59.3 44.3Finland
9.0 9.9
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
5. Tertiary Education Attainment, 30 – 34 Year- old
2000 2008EU (27) 22.4 32.3
Turkey - 14.7
Finland 41.6 45.9
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
6. Persons Living in Households with Very Low Work Intensity
EU (27)
10 9
Turkey - -Finland 9.3 8.2
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Education Statistics by EUROSTAT (2010)1. School Expectancy
2000 2008
EU (27) 16.7 17.3
Turkey 10.4 13.6
Finland 18.6 20.5
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
2. 18 years-old in Education
2000
2008
EU (27) 71.2 77.0Turkey 15.4 38.4Finland 87.3 93.5
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
3. Pupils and Students (million) Excluding pre-primary education
2000 2008Europe (27)
95.8 93.1
Turkey 13.2 16.6
Finland 1.15 1.25
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
4. Students in Tertiary Education (million)
2000
2008
RU (27) 15.9 19.0
Turkey 1.0 2.5
Finland 0.27 0.31
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
4. Share of Women Among Tertiary Students
2000 2008
EU (27) 53.5 55.3
Turkey 39.8 43.1
Finland 53.7 54.2
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
5. Pupils in Upper Secondary Education Enrolled in Vocational Stream
2000 2008EU (27) 58.1 55.7
Turkey 34.6 (2003) 41.6
Finland 60.2 71.2
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
6. Pupil/Teacher Ratio in Primary Education
2000 2008Turkey
30.5 24.4
Finland
16.9 14.4
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
7. Pupils Learning English in Upper Secondary General Education (%)
2004 2009EU (27) 82.5 83.5 (2007)
Turkey 66.1 81.8
Finland 99.4 99.7
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
8. Expenditure on Education 2000 2007 Change %
Expenditure on education
EU (27) 47 6002 (2001)
60 8869 + 28
Turkey 13 725 20686 (2006)
+ 51
Finland 6 810 9 177 + 35
Public spending in education, % of GDP
EU (27) 4.88 4.96 +0.08 (units)
Turkey 2.59 2.86 +0.27
Finland 5.89 5.91 +0.03
Private spending in education
EU (27) 0.63 o.72 +0.09
Turkey 0.04 0.08 (2004) +0.04
Finland 0.11 0.14 +0.03
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
9. PopulationTotal 2000 2010 2020
EU (27) 484 501 514
Turkey 67 726
Finland 5.2 5.3 5.5
0-14 year-old
2000 2010 2020
EU (27) 17.2 15.5
Turkey 30.1 26.0
Finland 18.2 16.615-24 year-old
2000 2010 2020
EU (27) 13.2 12.2
Turkey 20.1. 17.2
Finland 12.7 12.3
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Reform of basic, upper secondary and tertiary education in Finland 1970 – 2005 Planning, decisions and organization of implementation Results
Present organization and methods in planning and implementation of education policies Division of tasks and responsibilities Documents and strategies Provision and financing of education and training Linkages to performance management and budgeting
Assignment for group work on Wednesday
2nd Day Tuesday, 15th February 2011
34
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
1972 – 1977 From parallel education to 9 years comprehensive basic school for all
1978 – 1988 Reform of upper secondary general and vocational education and training (VET)
1995 – 2000 Polytechnic education as new higher education institution
2000 – 2003 Reform of institutional structure of VET 2001 Pre-school education for 6 year olds2001 – Qualitative development without structural
changes
1. Brief History of Education Reforms in Finland
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Political discussions and disputes for many years1968 Law on School SystemMain contents:
Abolishment of parallel basic education and establishment of comprehensive basic school (grades 1 – 9) for all
Municipal (local) education ownership and responsibility Detailed regulation High level of state financing
Gradual implementation by careful (and bureaucratic) planning procedures
2. The Comprehensive School Reform
36
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
According to the requirement of the central government and guidelines giving by the National Board of General Education all municipalities (more than 500) had to prepare reform implementation plan School districts and network (incl. former state and private schools) aiming
at full use of school building capacity Placement of teachers (class and subject teachers) Municipal Education Committees and Offices And plenty of details Agreements with other municipalities in provision of basic education
The local plans were first processed in the newly founded Education Departments of State Provincial Offices (12) headed by governors
Provincial Offices were supervised by the Ministry of Internal Affairs but the Education Departments were strictly connected to Ministry of Education and the National Boards of Education (General and Vocational)
2. Comprehensive School Reform Enforcement
37
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
The Provincial Offices sent the plans to the National Board of General Education which processed the plans for the Ministry of Education to present to the Central Government for final decision on Enforcement Plan of the Reform
Implementation started in 1972 in Lapland Province and finalized by implementation in the Capital Region in 1978 _______________________________________________________
In middle 1970s started design and planning of the reform of upper secondary education level Plenty of committee work and contradictions Do we combine VET and general education to form a youth school or do
we keep them separate tracks
3. Reform Enforcement…
38
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Separate tracks for general and vocational education Quantitative proportion of the tracks a big issue Government decision on principle as starting point Followed by multi-level planning
Directives from MoE to Provincial State Offices and via the Offices to the schools Quantitative objectives for general education and sectors of VET – Education for all New structure of VET reducing the number of specific study from 700 to 270 in 27 sectors New curricula for VET Proposals for investments to enlarge VET
Schools sent their proposals to Provincial State Offices which consolidated the provincial plans to be sent to the National Boards
The Boards prepared a national plan for the MoE MoE prepared development plan for decision of the Government Followed by detailed decision for each upper-secondary school
4. Planning and Enforcement of Upper-secondary Education and Training Reform
39
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Middle 1990s a new structural reform was startedThe main objectives were:
To reduce the number of VET providers To combine VET schools to many-filed VET consortia To hand over the State VET Schools to municipal to regional and
local ownership To separate the higher level of VET from upper-secondary VET to
institutions of higher education, polytechnics To delegate decision making on VET to regional and local levels To harmonize the structure and duration of all VET programs To reduce the number of vocational qualifications to 52 with 113
VET study programs
5. The Top-down Reform Was Finalized by 1990 and Followed by a More Bottom-up Reform in 1995 - 2002
40
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Government decision in principleCompulsion to the regions to organize VET
according to the principlesAfter negotiation period, Regions (municipalities)
and big cities made a proposal to MoE on new VET institution structureVET provided mainly by big multi-field regional
consortiaPolytechnics established on a regional basis
7. Enforcement of the Reform
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
8. Development of VET Institutional Structure
Vocational institutions Polytechnics
Number
Students
Average size Numbe
rStuden
ts
Average size
1980 541 141 400
260 - -
1990 546 166 400
300 - -
2000 366 226 000
620 31 114 000
3 680
2010 138 188 100
1 360 27 148 000
5 480
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Parliament (laws)Main principles and structuresObligations and tasksEducation Committee and Sub-committee of Education and Science in the Committee of Finance
Central Government (decrees and decisions)Law proposalsGovernment Program for the term (4 years)Development Plan for Education and Research (present 2007 – 2012,http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Julkaisut/2008/liitteet/opm11.pdf
Decisions in PrincipleLicences for private education providersUnofficial Ministerial Working Group
9. Present Organization and Methods in Education Policies
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Ministry of Education and Culture (Decrees and decisions) Preparation of Government decisionsQualification frameworkLicences for provision of educationUnit (per student) prices for financing of education accordingly financing of education providers
National Board of EducationNational core curricula and qualification requirementsDevelopment projectsEvaluation of learning outcomesSupport servicesInformation services/joint application system
Present Organization…
Decision Making and Performance Management in Public Finance Kamu Maliyesinde Karar Alma ve Performans Yönetimi TR08IBFI03
Providers of Education (Regional consortia/municipalities/private)Organization of education in the framework of the national legislation and decisionsAnticipation of needs of education and trainingPlanning of educationDecisions on school networkHiring staff to educational institutionsInvestments in education
Schools and educational institutions Running schoolingSchool-based curriculum Decisions according to the delegation by education provider
Present Organization…