decentralized power production in rural communities andrea french nicole munguia november 21, 2006
TRANSCRIPT
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Decentralized Power Production in Rural Communities
Andrea French
Nicole Munguia
November 21, 2006
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Producer Gas
Methods for Biogas Production
Anaerobic Digestion Biomass Gasification
Fuel SourcesDecomposition Process
Processing Method
Various Applications:Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Production
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Anaerobic Digesters to Produce Biogas in Rural India
Feed Material Digestion Process Plant Design Applications Potential
http://www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg
http://breathappeal.com/causes.htm
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Feed Material
Type of Feedstock Biogas per kg Feedstock (m3)
Cows or Buffalo Dung 0.023-0.040
Pig Dung 0.040-0.059
Poultry Dung 0.065-0.116
Human Dung 0.020-0.028
Pre-treated Crop residue and Water Hyacinth
0.037-0.045
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/gasification/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4205506.stm
http://www.visakhaspca.org/programs/cowsanctuary.asp
http://www.worldofstock.com/closeups/TAN1242.php
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Digestion ProcessSteps 3 & 4 Chemical Equation: CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
Steps 3 & 4 Chemical Equations: CO2 + 4H2 = CH3COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
http://www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg
Matter %
Methane, CH4 55-75
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 25-45
Carbon Monoxide, CO 0-0.3
Nitrogen, N2 1-5
Hydrogen, H2 0-3
Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S 0.1-0.5
Oxygen, O2 Traces
Average Composition of Biogas
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Fixed Dome Designs
http://web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/biogas10.jpghttp://web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/blue%20bags.jpg
http://www.grameen-info.org/grameen/gshakti/programs.html
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Fixed Dome Diagram
http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E0E.GIF
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Design Parameters
Design of Biogas Plant
Number of Cows 4
Assuming 1 Cow Produces 10 kg of dung/day
Amount of Dung Produced by 4 Cows 40 kg
Amount of Gas Produced by 1 kg of Dung 0.05 m3
Amount of Gas Produced by 40 kg of Dung 2 m3
Daily Requirement of Gas for Cooking/Lighting for 1 Person 0.5-0.6 m3
2 m3 of Gas per Day Will Provide Cooking and Lighting for 2/0.6 to 2/0.5 = 3 or 4 persons
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Anaerobic Decomposition BioGas Applications
Effluent Use Fertilizer Soil conditioner (Destroys Pathogens)
Lighting Cooking
http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/prakratik
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/gasification/
http://www.oredaorissa.com/Photo.html
2 m3 biogas plant in a month could replace:
•26 kg if LPG,
•37 liters of kerosene,
•88 kg of charcoal,
•210 kg of fuel wood,
•or 740 kg of animal dung.
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Potential for India
260 million cows 10 kg dung per day 75% collection rate ~2 million tons of dung
daily 40 kg dung produces 2
m3 biogas 40 million 2 m3 plants
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/images/gotwattbig.jpg
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Biomass Gasification
Characteristics of Fuel Sources Types of Gasifiers Cooling and Filtering Producer Gas Applications
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Characteristics of Fuel Sources
High Energy Content/Bulk Density
Low Moisture Content
Excellent Fuels
Bulk Density
(kg/m^3)
M.C. (%) Ash (%) Tar (g/m^3)
Coconut Shells crushed
435 11.8 0.8 3
Peach Pits 474 10.9 0.9 1.1
Corn Cobs 304 11 1.5 7.24
Prune Pits 514 8.2 0.5 0
Walnut Shells cracked
337 8 1.1 6.24
Wood Blocks
5cm cubes256 5.4 0.2 3.24
Low Tar Production Low Ash Production
Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986)
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Gasifier Design Updraft, Downdraft and Crossdraft Tailored to the Fuel Source Produce Minimal Dust and Tar
(Rajvanshi, 1986).
Updraft Downdraft Crossdraft Downdraft Reactor
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Cooling & Filtering Producer Gas
Filter out impurities Cool producer gas to ambient temperature
Schematic Producer Gas Plant (Rajvanshi, 1986)
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Applications Power Applications
Generators for Electricity IC engines for Agricultural Equipment Pump for Irrigation Purposes
Thermal Application Boil Water Cooking & Grain Drying Steam generation: Cogeneration or Residential Space
Heating Chemical Production
Methanol: Oxidize Methane Hydrogen Gas: Water-Gas Shift Reaction/Steam
Reforming
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QUESTIONS????
References:1. http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0022.htm2. http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80362e/80362E0j.htm3. http://web.archive.org/web/20041124201613/www.eere.energy.gov/consume
rinfo/factsheets/ab5.html?print4. Biogas: The Indian NGO Experience by AFPRO-CHF Network5. Energy, The Biomass Solution by Henry Bugay6. Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986). Biomass Gasification [Electronic version].
Alternative Energy in Agriculture, Vol.II, Ed.D, Chapter (No.4), 83-102.