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1 Dec 28:10 PM Hair *credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for image

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Page 1: Dec 28:10 PM · 2011-04-01 · 24 Dec 210:48 PM evaluation use comparison microscope presumptive evidence phase contract microscope refractive index fluorescent microscope dyes fluoresce

1Dec 2­8:10 PM

Hair

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for image

Page 2: Dec 28:10 PM · 2011-04-01 · 24 Dec 210:48 PM evaluation use comparison microscope presumptive evidence phase contract microscope refractive index fluorescent microscope dyes fluoresce

2Dec 2­8:12 PM

Essential Question: 

How can hair be used to solve a crime?

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3Mar 13­6:58 AM

History of hair evidence­criminal evidence in 1800's­1883 The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence

        by Alfred Swain Taylor and Thomas Stevenson­ chapter on hair evidence, drawings under magnification­references cases in England­discusses structure of hair

­1910 ­ Le Poil de l'Homme et des Animaux by Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert­microscopic drawings

­1934­ use of comparison microscope by Dr. Sydney Smith

­late 20th century ­ DNA fingerprinting, neutron activation analysis

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4Mar 13­7:03 AM

Function of hair (tricology­ study of hair)

1. regulate body temperature (arector pili)

2. decreases friction

3. protects against sunlight

4. sense organ

5 million hair follicles when born ­ 2% on head­lose hair as we age

* hair does not continue to grow after death

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5Dec 2­8:14 PM

Hair evidence:

• class evidence • indicates contact • used as supporting evidence• resistant to chemical decomposition• retains structural features for a long time

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6Dec 2­8:29 PM

Morphology of hair:

hair follicle ­ organ located in the scalp ­ hair grows out of here

bulb

root

shaft

http://www.follicle.com/hair­structure­life­cycle.html

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7Dec 2­8:38 PM

Shaft structure:(*think pencil)

cuticle: ­outer most layer­formed by overlapping scales

       ­scales point to tip of hair­helps identify animal species­can make a cast of pattern using nail polish or 

softened vinyl

http://www.thegentletouch.com/hairbiol/h­morph6.htm

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8Dec 2­8:54 PM

cortex:­within cuticle­main body of hair shaft ­ largest part­spindle shaped cells, parallel to length of hair­has pigment granules (melanin) that give hair color­viewed under microscope after put in liquid medium with 

similar refractive index

  

pig hair 100X *credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for image

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9Dec 2­9:16 PM

medulla:= middle­looks like central canal ­in some animals ­ stands out, 1/2 of hair diameter­medullary index= diameter of medulla relative to diameter 

of hair shaft­humans =< 1/3, 0.33­ animals = >1/2, 0.50

­medullas vary person to person­classification:

continuousinterruptedfragmentedabsent

cat medulla

rat 400X

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10Oct 1­8:53 AM

To distinguish between animal and human hair use a Medullary Index

diameter of hair’s medullaMedullary Index  = ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

diameter of the hair

M.I. = <.33  hair is humanM.I. =>.5 or more, hair is animal

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for this slide

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11Oct 1­8:33 AM

Types of Medullas

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for image

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12Dec 2­9:44 PM

different animal medullas:

Bat Hair400X

Cow hair100X

horse hair 400X

fragmented

continuous

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13Mar 13­7:15 AM

Hair varies

shape­ round, oval, triangular, flattened

length

diameter

texture ­ coarse, fine

color­ pigment granules, dyes

sampling: 50 hairs from head, 25 pubic hairs

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for image

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14Mar 13­7:17 AM

Hair types on body:

Head

eyebrows/ eyelashes

underarm

beard/ mustache

auxilary (body hair)

pubic 

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15Dec 2­9:45 PM

head hairs:­ usually no medulla or fragmented­ Mongoloid race ­ usually have continuous 

medullas­animals usually have continuous or interrupted

­have database of 35 most common animal hairs for comparison

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16Oct 1­8:38 AM

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for images

Caucasian

Oriental (Mongoloid)

Negroid

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17Oct 1­8:44 AM

Hair from different races

Negroid Mongoloid Caucasoid

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for images

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18Oct 1­8:47 AM

Additional Information

• Individuals of oriental origin usually have a           continuous medulla

• Dyed hair shows color distributed in cortex and medulla

• Bleached hair has a yellowish tint• As hair grows, natural color returns

*credit to Anthony and Patti Bertino for this slide

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19Dec 2­10:12 PM

Root:­produces hair­ three stages­ life cycle

a. anagen­initial growth phase, hair follicle produces hair, up to 6 yrs. (80%­90% in this phase)

­ if pulled out of scalp has follicular tag (DNA)b. catagen­transition phase, 2­3 weeks (2% in this phase)c. telogen ­ final growth phase, hair falls out 2­6 months

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20Dec 2­10:29 PM

Identification:­establish animal or human­determine if hair at crime scene matches a particular 

individual

animal vs. human ­ easily done

cat hair 400X human hair 100X

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21Dec 3­9:04 AM

human comparisons­ difficult• varies within individuals• match color, length and diameter• other features: presence or absence of medulla, 

distribution, shape, and color intensity of pigment granules

• dyed and bleached­dye found in cuticle and cortex­ bleach ­ removes pigment and give yellowish 

tint

• estimate time with dyed hair ­ 1cm/month

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22Mar 13­8:42 AM

Human vs. animal differences

pigmentation­humans­ denser toward cuticle­animals­ denser toward medulla

­solid masses called ovoid bodies, esp. dogs, cattle

color­humans ­ usually one color along length­animals ­ can change color abruptly, banded 

appearance

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23Oct 1­8:42 AM

Medullalarger in animals than humans

cuticle­human ­ imbricate­animals ­ coronal­ crown like (rodents, bats)

    ­ spinous­ petal like (cats, seals, mink)

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24Dec 2­10:48 PM

evaluation­ use comparison microscope

­presumptive evidence­phase contract microscope ­ 

refractive index­fluorescent microscope ­ 

dyes fluoresce­ confirmed by DNA

­can tell which part of the body where hair is from­head­ little diameter variation, uniform pigmentation­ pubic ­ short curly­ beard­ coarse, triangular cross section, blunt tips

­ age­ hard to tell­ gender ­ can tell from DNA, amelogenin gene

http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric1.htm

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25Mar 13­8:49 AM

Testing for substances (toxins, drugs) in hair

chemical analysis­hair dissolved in solvent ­ breaks down keratin to release   substances­then do chemical analysis (GC­MS)

Neutron activation analysis (NAA)­hair placed on nuclear reactor and bombarded with high energy   neutrons­different elements give off gamma radiation with different   signals­signals are recorded to determine concentration­can id ­ antimony, argon, bromine, copper, gold, manganese, 

silver, sodium, zinc­1 in a million chance a hair has same concentrations of all nine 

elements

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26Mar 13­8:56 AM

DNA analysis

follicular tag ­ when follicle is pulled out with hair, can run DNA, blood test

­ DNA can individualize hair ­ nuclear DNA­ mitochondrial DNA can't individualize, siblings would have the same mtDNA

usually do microscopic examination first, then if believed to match, a DNA test

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27Dec 3­9:00 AM

razor cut hair split hair hair with cut tip

­Can tell if hair was cut recently by looking at the ends

http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric1.htm

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28Dec 2­11:11 PM

­can tell if pulled out­ if has follicular tissue = pulled out  forcibly or by brush­ sheath shells usually present if quickly pulled out

naturally shed forcibly removedshows stretching

forcibly removedwith tissue attached

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29Dec 2­11:16 PM

Collection and preservation:­hair from crime scene ­ if dry, druggist fold

­ if wet, dry first then in paper envelope­standard comparison samples

­50 full length head hairs­ pulled from scalp or cut at skin line

­24 full length pubic hairs­if rape case, must first comb area to remove foreign 

hair­ during autopsy

­ hair samples collected from victim