debian quick reference - sourceforgeqref.sourceforge.net/debian/quick-reference/quick...squid...
TRANSCRIPT
DebianOsamu Aoki Asho Yeh
23
CVS, 18 11:54:37 UTC 2007
Debian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) Debian Debian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/)
http://qref.sourceforge.net/http://qref.sourceforge.net/http://qref.sourceforge.net/
Copyright (c) 20012005 by Osamu Aoki .
This document may be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 orhigher. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html)
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided thecopyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under theconditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributedunder the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another lan-guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission noticemay be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in theoriginal English.
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
i
Contents
1 1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Debian distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 distribution stable, testing unstable 3
2.1 PotatoWoody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.1 dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Debian 5
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1 APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.2 tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3 aptitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.4 dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.5 APT Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.6 aptitudeapt-getapt-cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1 Debian bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2 APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CONTENTS ii
3.3.3 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.5 /var . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.7 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.3 Unattended installation with APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.7 stable/testing/unstable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.9 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.10 stable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.11 archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4.13 Automatically install command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.1 dpkg-divert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.2 equivs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.3 Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.4 Runlevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5.5 daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A 23
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1
Chapter 1
quick reference Keep it short andsimple (KISS)
1.1
Debian bash
bash(1) Unix manual info libc GNU TEXINFO
1.2 Debian distributions
Debian
stable
testing
unstable: Cutting edgeDebian
unstable release-critical(RC)testing
DebianSarge(2005)Woody(stable),Sarge(testing), Sid(unstable) Sarge Sarge, Etch Sid EtchstableunstableEtchSid;testing(stable)
Chapter 1. 2
[email protected] mailing list Debian
distribution stable, testing unstable 3 stable 17 backport
3
Chapter 2
distribution stable,testing unstable
2.1 PotatoWoody
Potato APTapt_preferences(5)
/etc/apt/sources.listWoody APTWoody
# apt-get update# apt-get install libc6 perl libdb2 debconf# apt-get install apt apt-utils dselect dpkg
Woody
# apt-get upgrade# apt-get dist-upgrade
2.2
stable repositories
# cd /etc/apt# cp -f sources.list sources.list.old# :>sources.list# apt-setup noprobe
Chapter 2. distribution stable, testing unstable 4
testing testing unstable unstable
# cd /etc/apt# grep -e "^deb " sources.list >srcs# :>sources.list# cp -f srcs sources.list# sed -e "s/stable/testing/" srcs >>sources.list# sed -e "s/stable/unstable/" srcs >>sources.list# apt-get update# apt-get install apt apt-utils
Debian 6 /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences
2.3
/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences
unstabletesting Debiantesting
Debian 5 APT 11
2.3.1 dselect
-dev dselect (fine-grained package control)
# dselect update # # dselect select #
dselect dselect Depends Suggests Recommends Q dselect
# dselect install
dselect 8
dselect :)
5
Chapter 3
Debian
aptitude APTaptitude
synaptic Gtk toolkit APT aptitudeDebian Package Tags (http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/)
Debian (repository) Debian
APT squid HTTP proxyhttp_proxy http/etc/apt/apt.conf
apt_preferences(5) pinning
chroot
Woody Sarge
3.1
Debiantesting/unstable :-)
3.1.1
dpkg - Debian apt-get - APT aptitude - APT
http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/
Chapter 3. Debian 6
synaptic - APT dselect - tasksel - task
dselect APT dpkg
APT /var/lib/apt/lists/* dpkg /var/lib/dpkg/available aptitude dselect[U]pdate dselect update /var/lib/dpkg/available
apt-get
aptitude
dselect
3.1.2
dpkg-reconfigure - ( debconf )
dpkg-source - dpkg-buildpackage - apt-cache - check package archive in local cache
3.2 Debian
3.2.1 APT
3sources.list 1
3.2.2 tasks
Debian Task
tasks tasksel
dselect update
1testing unstable/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/preferences stabletestingstable
Chapter 3. Debian 7
aptitude tasks tasks
3.2.3 aptitude
aptitude dselect APT apt-get apt-get aptitude(1) /usr/share/doc/aptitude/README
aptitudeaptitude
aptitude()
Keystroke ActionF10 Menu? Help for keystroke (complete listing)u Update package archive information
Mark the package to be upgraded or newly installed- Mark the package to be removed (keep config)_ Mark the package to be purged (remove config)= Place the package on holdU Mark all upgradable packages to be upgradedg Download and install selected packagesq Quit current screen and save changesx Quit current screen and discard changesEnter View information about a packageC View a packages changelogl Change the limit for the displayed packages/ Search for the first match\ Repeat the last search
apt-getaptitude aptitude F10 -> Options ->Dependency handling
aptitude aptitude aptitude/var/log/aptitude aptitude Obsolete and Locally Created Pack-
ages aptitude mutt expressionmutt /usr/share/doc/aptitude/READMESEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS
aptitude su
Chapter 3. Debian 8
3.2.4 dselect
Stable(Potato)dselect Sarge aptitude
dselect Required Important Standard
dselect ()
Q
(override dependencies)R (Revert) I did not mean it.D (Damn it) dselect U (sUggested)
D Q
/etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg expert
dselect apt-getinstall
3.2.5 APT Debian
/etc/apt/preferences testing
Package: *Pin: release a=testingPin-Priority: 800
Package: *Pin: release a=stablePin-Priority: 600
testingunstabletesting
apt_preferences(5)unstabletesting
examples subdirectory (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/) preferences.testing preferences.unstable
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/examples/
Chapter 3. Debian 9
testing stable unstable stabletestingunstablelibc6
preferences.stablestable
Debian /var/cache/apt/archives/ http://snapshot.debian.net/ dpkg 11
Debian
3.2.6 aptitudeapt-getapt-cache
testing
aptitude update ( apt-get update
aptitude upgrade ( apt-get upgrade aptitude dist-upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade)
testingtesting 2
apt-get dselect-upgrade
testingdselect
aptitude install package/unstable
unstable distribution package testing distribution
aptitude install -t unstable package
unstable Pin-Priority 990 unstable distribution packageunstable distribution
apt-cache policy foo bar ...
foo bar . . .
aptitude show foo bar ... | less ( apt-cache show foo bar ... |less)
foo bar . . .
aptitude install foo=2.2.4-1
foo 2.2.4-12upgradedist-upgrade
apt-get(8) aptitude upgrade aptitude dist-upgrade aptitude e
http://snapshot.debian.net/http://snapshot.debian.net/
Chapter 3. Debian 10
aptitude install foo bar-
foo bar
aptitude remove bar
bar
aptitude purge bar
bar
apt-get -uaptitude apt-get
$ cat >> /etc/apt/apt.conf
Chapter 3. Debian 11
3.3.2 APT
unstabletesting 4
# aptitude dist-upgrade
# aptitude -f upgrade # ... # aptitude -f dist-upgrade # dist-upgrade
script /var/lib/dpkg/info/packagename.{post-,pre-}{install,removal} script
# dpkg --configure -a #
script /etc/.dpkg-new mv
unstabletesting
# aptitude -f install package # override broken dependencies
equivs /usr/share/doc/equivs/README.Debian
3.3.3 dpkg
APT Debiandpkg /var/cache/apt/archives/
# dpkg -i fetchmail_6.2.5-4_i386.deb
--ignore-depends--force-dependsdpkgdpkg(8)
Chapter 3. Debian 12
3.3.4
/var/lib/dpkg/status Debian /var/lib/dpkg/status-old /var/backups/dpkg.status.* /var/lib/dpkg/status
/var/backups/
/var/lib/dpkg/status /usr/share/doc/
# ls /usr/share/doc | \grep -v [A-Z] | \grep -v ^texmf$ | \grep -v ^debian$ | \awk {print $1 " install"} | \dpkg --set-selections
# dselect --expert #
3.3.5 /var
/var mail /var Debian
Debian /var var.tar.gz(http://people.debian.org/~osamu/pub/)
# cd /# mv var var-old # # tar xvzf var.tar.gz # Woody # aptitude # dselect
12 ([FIXME])
3.3.6
Debian/CD Linux Linux/target dpkg chroot
# dpkg --root /target -i packagefile.deb
http: / /people.debian.org /~osamu /pub /
Chapter 3. Debian 13
By the way, if a broken lilo is all that prevents booting, you can boot using a standard Debianrescue disk. At boot prompt, assuming the root partition of your Linux installation is in /dev/hda12 and you want runlevel 3, enter:
boot: rescue root=/dev/hda12 3
Then you are booted into an almost fully functional system with the kernel on floppy disk.(There may be minor glitches due to lack of kernel features or modules.)
3.3.7 dpkg
dpkg .deb links
$ links http://http.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dpkg/... dpkg_version_arch.deb
$ supassword: *****# ar x dpkg_version_arch.deb# mv data.tar.gz /data.tar.gz# cd /# tar xzfv data.tar.gz
i386 http://packages.debian.org/dpkg
3.4 Debian
Debian :-)
3.4.1
$ dpkg {-S|--search} pattern
Debian
$ wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sarge/Contents-i386.gz$ zgrep -e pattern Contents-i386.gz
Chapter 3. Debian 14
# aptitude install dlocate$ dlocate filename # dpkg -L dpkg -S ...# aptitude install auto-apt # on-demand package installation tool# auto-apt update # auto-apt db $ auto-apt search pattern
# pattern
3.4.2
archive /etc/apt/sources.list APTarchive(s) testing/unstable apt-cache policy
# apt-get check # $ apt-cache search pattern # $ apt-cache policy package # priority/dists $ apt-cache show -a package # show description of package in all dists$ apt-cache showsrc package # show description of matching source package$ apt-cache showpkg package # # dpkg --audit|-C # search for partially installed packages$ dpkg {-s|--status} package ... # $ dpkg -l package ... # ()$ dpkg -L package ... #
apt-cache showsrcWoody release :)
( mc)
/var/lib/apt/lists/*/var/lib/dpkg/available
/var/lib/dpkg/status/var/backups/dpkg.status*
3.4.3 Unattended installation with APT
For an unattended installation /etc/apt/apt.conf
Chapter 3. Debian 15
Dpkg::Options {"--force-confold";}
aptitude -y install packagename apt-get -q -y installpackagename yes apt.conf(5) dpkg(1)
15
3.4.4
# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=medium package [...]# dpkg-reconfigure --all # # dpkg-reconfigure locales # locales# dpkg-reconfigure --p=low xserver-xfree86 # X server
debconf debconf
scripts 3
apt-setup - /etc/apt/sources.listinstall-mbr - Master Boot Record managertzconfig - gpmconfig - gpm mouse daemoneximconfig - Exim (MTA)texconfig - teTeXapacheconfig - Apache (httpd)cvsconfig - CVSsndconfig - ...update-alternatives - e.g., vim as viupdate-rc.d - System-V init script managementupdate-menus - Debian ...
3.4.5
# aptitude remove package ...# dpkg --remove package ...
3Some *config scripts are disappearing in the newer Sarge releases and the package configuration function-ality are moved to the debconf system.
Chapter 3. Debian 16
# aptitude purge package ...# dpkg --purge package ...
3.4.6
dselect aptitude install package libc6libc6-dev
# echo -e "libc6 hold\nlibc6-dev hold" | dpkg --set-selections
aptitude install package aptitude upgradepackage aptitude dist-upgrade /etc/apt/preferences
Package: libc6Pin: release a=stablePin-Priority: 2000
Package: libc6* glibc
dpkg --get-selections "*"|grep -e "hold$"
3.4.7 stable/testing/unstable
apt-show-versions distribution
$ apt-show-versions | fgrep /testing | wc... testing $ apt-show-versions -u... $ aptitude install apt-show-versions -u -b | fgrep /unstable... unstalbe
3.4.8
APT /var/cache/apt/archives/
# aptitude autoclean # # aptitude clean #
Chapter 3. Debian 17
3.4.9 /
# dpkg --get-selections "*" >myselections # \*# debconf-get-selections > debconfsel.txt
* myselections purge
# dselect update# debconf-set-selections < debconfsel.txt# dpkg --set-selections
Chapter 3. Debian 18
... $ su -c "dpkg -i packagefile.deb"
-dev debsign devscripts auto-apt fakeroot root
Woody pine
# apt-get build-dep pine# apt-get source -b pine
3.4.11 archive
APT dselect Packages
Debian archive deb repository
# aptitude install dpkg-dev# cd /usr/local# install -d pool # # install -d dists/unstable/main/binary-i386# ls -1 pool | sed s/_.*$/ priority section/ | uniq > override# editor override # priority section# dpkg-scanpackages pool override /usr/local/ \
> dists/unstable/main/binary-i386/Packages# cat > dists/unstable/main/Release > /etc/apt/sources.list
deb repository
# aptitude install dpkg-dev# mkdir /usr/local/debian# mv /some/where/package.deb /usr/local/debian
Chapter 3. Debian 19
# dpkg-scanpackages /usr/local/debian /dev/null | \gzip - > /usr/local/debian/Packages.gz
# echo "deb file:/usr/local/debian ./" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
HTTP FTP /etc/apt/sources.list archives
3.4.12
alien Red Hat rpm Stampede slp Slackware tgz Solaris pkg Debian deb Linux distribution alienalien LSB
3.4.13 Automatically install command
auto-apt is an on-demand package installation tool.
$ sudo auto-apt update... update database
$ auto-apt -x -y runEntering auto-apt mode: /bin/bashExit the command to leave auto-apt mode.$ less /usr/share/doc/med-bio/copyright # access non-existing file... Install the package which provide this file.... Also install dependencies
3.4.14
debsums MD5 MD5
# cat >>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90debsumsDPkg::Post-Install-Pkgs {"xargs /usr/bin/debsums -sg";};^D
per Joerg Wendland (untested).
Chapter 3. Debian 20
3.5 Debian
3.5.1 dpkg-divert
dpkg Debian scripts conffiles dpkg
# dpkg-divert [--add] filename # "diversion"# dpkg-divert --remove filename # "diversion"
dpkg-divert
3.5.2 equivs
Debian (*.deb) equivs
Package: equivsPriority: extraSection: adminDescription: Circumventing Debian package dependenciesThis is a dummy package which can be used to create Debianpackages, which only contain dependency information.
3.5.3 Alternative
vi vim update-alternatives
# update-alternatives --display vi...# update-alternatives --config viSelection Command
-----------------------------------------------1 /usr/bin/elvis-tiny2 /usr/bin/vim
*+ 3 /usr/bin/nvi
Enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 2
Chapter 3. Debian 21
Debian alternatives /etc/alternatives/
X update-alternatives /usr/bin/x-session-manager /usr/bin/x-window-manager
/bin/sh /bin/bash /bin/dash bashscript /bin/bash /bin/dash POSIX 2.4 Linux kernel /bin/dash
3.5.4 Runlevel
Debian runlevel 2 5Debian runlevel 2,3,4,5 Debian runlevels runlevelsGNU/Linux runlevel 2xdm gdm X display runlevel 3
3.5.5 daemon
Debian distribution daemon
Exim DHCP ps aux/etc/init.d/* /etc/inetd.conf /etc/hosts.denypidof pidof(8)
Debian X11 TCP/IP SSH Xforwarding
Chapter 3. Debian 22
23
Appendix A
A.1
Debian (Osamu Aoki) Quick Reference . . . debian-user Debian Installation Manual Debian Release Notes
Debian Documentation Project (http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp) (DDP) The Debian FAQ Josip Rodin Debian The Debian FAQ Debian
QREF Quick Reference. . .
(Osamu Aoki) ()
Esko Arajvi (etch) Thomas Hood () Brian Nelson ( X) David Sewell () Jan Michael C Alonzo Daniel Webb
Guillaume Erbs () Renald Casagraude Jean-Pierre Delange Daniel Desages
Davide Di Lazzaro ()
Paulo Rogerio Ormenese ()
http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp
Chapter A. 24
Andre Luis Lopes Marcio Roberto Teixeira Rildo Taveira de Oliveira Raphael Bittencourt Simoes Costa Gustavo Noronha Silva (coordinator)
Walter Echarri () Jose Carreiro
Jens Seidel () Willi Dyck Stefan Schroeder Agon S. Buchholz
PDDP (http://debian.linux.org.pl) Marcin Andruszkiewicz Mariusz Centka Bartosz Fenski () Radosaw Grzanka Bartosz Xebord Janowski Jacek Lachowicz Rafa Michaluk Leonard Milcin, Jr. Tomasz Z. Napieraa Oskar Ostafin Tomasz Piekos Jacek Politowski Mateusz Prichacz Marcin Rogowski Pawe Rzanski Mariusz Strzelecki Krzysztof Scierski Przemysaw Adam Smiejek Krzysztof Szynter Mateusz Tryka Cezary Uchto Krzysztof Witkowski Bartosz Zapaowski
Hao Lyoo LIU Ming Hua Xiao Sheng Wen (leader: zh-cn) Haifeng Chen Xie Yanbo easthero
(asho) ()
http://debian.linux.org.pl
Chapter A. 25
(wctang)
Shinichi Tsunoda () Osamu Aoki
Esko Arajvi ()
A.2
Debian Linux
A.3
email debian-reference Debian BTS system (http://bugs.debian.org/) reportbug email OsamuAoki (http://people.debian.org/~osamu/)
http://bugs.debian.org/http://people.debian.org/~osamu/
DDebian distributions
N distribution stable, testing unstableq Potato Woodye dselect
Debian MztDnMzuKu
Debian Mz]w APTtasks waptitudedselect APT Debian oaptitudeAapt-getMapt-cache RO
Debian sOd Debian bugs MDUAPT ~k dpkg ^_MAb =1sp /var YtMw@Lk}tpG dpkg OaF
Debian OTMTUnattended installation with APTs]wwwMMMMMstable/testing/unstable VXtRsMO/st]wMJ stable taM archivew~GiMAutomatically install commandwwM
Debian SOBdpkg-divert Oequivs MAlternative ORunlevel daemon A{
@O^X