debating australia’s future 1960-2000
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Debating Australia’s Future 1960-2000. Angie Pollock Bendigo Senior Secondary College [email protected]. Attitudes to Indigenous Rights (the 1967 referendum, and 1972 tent embassy). About Bendigo Senior Secondary College. Largest VCE provider in the state Largely Anglo-Celtic town - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DEBATING AUSTRALIA’S FUTURE 1960-2000
Attitudes to Indigenous Rights (the 1967 referendum, and 1972 tent embassy)
Angie PollockBendigo Senior Secondary College
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About Bendigo Senior Secondary College
Largest VCE provider in the state
Largely Anglo-Celtic town
Indigenous community is very diverse Few Jarra or Dja Dja Wurrung families Many in the indigenous community view
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References
Goodall, H 1996, Invasion to Embassy, Allen & Unwin in association with Black Books, Sydney.
Mirams, S et al. 2006 Imagining Australia, Thomson, South Melbourne
http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/images/history/1970s/emb72/nwsdx.html
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References
Message Stick 2008 Episodes 18 and 19
Film – “Fire talker: The life and times of Charles Perkins“
Australia 100 Years: Episode 4 Unfinished Business
Attwood, B & Markus, A 1999, The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights: A Documentary History, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
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The Area of Study
“On completion of this unit the student should be able to evaluate the extent to which changing attitudes are evident in Australian’s reactions to significant social and political issues.”
Attitudes to Indigenous rights (The 1967 Referendum and The 1972 Tent Embassy in Canberra)
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a range of attitudes at each point in time;
the connections between the two significant points in time;
the degree of change in attitudes between the two significant points and the reasons for any change.
2010 Examination
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The Task
• identification of the attitudes reflected in the representation. Use evidence from the representation to support your comments
• evaluation of the degree to which the representation reflects attitudes about the issues that you have studied at that particular point in time
• analysis of changing attitudes in relation to this issue. To support your comments, use evidence from the other point in time that you have studied.
4 + 8 + 8 = 20 marks
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The 1967 ReferendumBackground . . . Where to begin?
Faith Bandler ‘Screen Australia’
The Warburton Ranges FCAA and Land Rights Wave Hill The 1965 Freedom Rides Charles Perkins
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The 1960s and 1970s Context A time of change and activism
I AM WOMAN HEAR ME
ROAR
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A ‘yes’ vote to the 1967 Referendum would . . .
remove s.51 (xxvi) to the Commonwealth Government making special laws with respect to Aborigines and
remove the impediment in s.127 to counting Aboriginal people in the census.
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1967 Referendum
Overwhelming support: 90.77% voted YESo The presso Both sides of politicso Church groupso Unionso Professional Associations
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Possible Learning Activity
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AttitudesReasons for Voting ‘YES’
AcceptanceEnd to discriminationEnd to prejudiceMore democraticAboriginal “special
needs” (Kim Beasley Snr) can be met
International Pressure (“The eyes of the world are on Australia”)
No longer relevant
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‘No’ Voters
Referendum notes:
The heaviest 'no' voting came from country electorates (e.g. 18% in northern NSW).
In the WA electorate of Kalgoorlie more than 28% of votes opposed the proposal.
The 'no' vote was most dominant in states that had the largest Aboriginal population and have been criticised most for their treatment of Aboriginal people.
Ref: http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/referendum-1967.html#referendum-results
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Yes NoInformal
votes % votes %New South Wales 1,949,036 91.46% 182,010 8.54% 35,461
Victoria 1,525,026 94.68% 85,611 5.32% 19,957
Queensland 748,612 89.21% 85,611 10.79% 9,529
South Australia 473,440 86.26% 75,383 13.74% 12,021
Western Australia 319,823 80.95% 75,282 19.05% 10,561
Tasmania 167,176 90.21% 18,134 9.79% 3,935
Total for Commonwealth
5,183,113 90.77% 527,007 9.23% 91,464
Referendum Results
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Changing Attitudes
The 1972 Tent Embassy
Compare two periods of time using ‘Message Stick’ 2008 Episodes 18 and 19
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Those supporting the protesters
Labor Party Bryant Whitlam
University Students Some sections of the Press – particularly
in the Eastern States with middle class readershipThe Age and the Sydney Morning Herald
UnionsReligious Groups
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Reasons for Support
Support for Land Rights A symbolic stand against injustices – stressing
“blackness” (The Australian, 26/01/1972) Concern that the McMahon announcement
occurred on Australia Day This reinforces this day as the ‘Day of
Defeat’ (The Age, 26/01/1972) for Aboriginal people
Concern about “police brutality” sanctioned by the government
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Those opposed to the protest
The government (Mirams) Portrayed ‘black power’ as
frightening and divisiveSome Aboriginal activists were concerned
about the tactics used (eg Kevin Gilbert believed that many rural Aborigines were “understandable nervous about Black Power” and that urban blacks would come into town and cause trouble, leaving those behind to deal with white anger)
Some sections of the press (particularly in the WA, QLD and SA)
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Key Reasons for Opposition
Prime Minister McMahon claimed that freehold ownership of land was ‘alien to Aboriginal thought and custom’
Violence and ‘Black Panther’ connotations
Concerns about Australia’s international image and reputation
Use of the term ‘embassy’
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• The degree of change in attitudes between the two significant points and the reasons for anychange.
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19671972
SymbolicConstitutionCensusState and C/Wealth Boundaries
Disagreement with land rightsPerceived Militancy•Black Power
Use of Parliament House