Debate Vocabulary

Debate PhilosophyThe study of human behavior. Psychologists look at peoples emotions and mind to understand what motivates them.Psychology

A psychologist might have evidence that shows people feel safer in cities with the death penalty.ExampleThe study of morality and values. Philosophers discuss the difference between right and wrong actions to guide people in their decisions.PhilosophyA philosopher might argue that the death penalty is wrong because nobody should decide who lives or dies.ExamplePsychology: Discusses how things are or the real world. It describes what is.

Philosophy: Discusses how things should be or the ideal world. It prescribes how things ought to be.

What is the difference?6A mistake in logic that happens when a person jumps from a statement of fact (an is sentence) to a statement of value (an ought or should sentence).

Remember you cant jump from description to evaluation/judgment without a middle step! Facts give us information but cant tell us what we should do without a value entering into the argument.Is-Ought GapFact/Is statement: Research shows that students who wear uniforms do better in school.

Value/Ought statement: Therefore, students should wear uniforms.

Problem: What if I dont care about doing well in school? The conclusion assumes a value that hasnt been logically supported. You must show the middle step in your thinking to have a strong argument. Dont assume values (even good ones like education) are obvious!

Example

What is the hidden value in my conclusion?

How do I explain the importance of that value?

(Some common values are listed in your LD packet)

Ask Yourself:

Research shows that students who wear uniforms do better in school.

We should want our students to get the best education possible because they will be responsible for solving societys problems in the future. This makes their education important to the worlds progress.

Therefore, students should wear uniforms.Improving the ArgumentMaslows Hierarchy morality Self Actualization/ creativity,Highest Potential individualitySelf Esteem confidence, respectBelonging friendship, family, intimacy

Safety/Security resources, property, healthSurvivalBasic needs: air, food, water, sleepMaslow states that people must feel secure to achieve their highest potential.

Therefore, we must always prioritize our security over our relationships.

What is the problem with this logic?ApplicationComplete the example at your table.

You have 5 minutes.Lets Practice!Lincoln-Douglas Debate argues about values or how things ought to be. An LD debater concerns himself/herself with two things:How should people behave? Or, what makes a person good/moral?

How should government and society behave? Or, what makes our social institutions good/legitimate?So, what does all this have to do with debate?Philosophical Theories on Ethics/MoralityHow should people behave?

What makes a person good/moral?To make the right decision a person should do the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Focus is on the ends or the results of an action.UtilitarianismTo make the right decision a person should follow certain moral rules or duties when taking an action.

Focus is on the means or the process used to achieve a result. A deontologist would say: The ends dont justify the means.

DeontologyKant says we follow two steps to determine our duty:Act only on a maxim that you can will to be a universal law.Never treat people as a mere means. Treat people as ends in themselves.How do deontologists come up with the rules to follow?A. Act only on a maxim that you can will to be a universal law:A maxim is a rule.To will something means to express your choice.A universal law is an obligation that applies to everybody.

Restated: People should only take actions that they would as a rule choose everybody to take in the same situation.

Ask yourself: Would you want others to do what you are doing?What is Kant talking about?B. Never treat people as a mere means. Treat people as ends in themselves.To treat people as means would be to use them as a way to get what you want.To treat people as ends would be to respect them as individuals who have their own goals and desires. A person is valuable because he/she is human, not because of what he/she can do for you.

Restated: People should not take actions that use others to achieve an outcome. We should always value others for their humanity not because of their usefulness.

Ask yourself: Am I using somebody to achieve my goal?What is Kant talking about?People do services for us every day. Waiters serve us food at a restaurants, and sales clerks help us at stores. Is it wrong to use these people?

Remember Kant says it is only wrong if a person is treated as a mere means. This context is SUPER important. This one word is the difference between having a job and being a slave!

What about this word mere?What is the difference between being a waiter and being a slave?DiscussionThey benefit from the interaction. They are included in the end benefits. (We pay waiters and not slaves.)

They have consented to the interaction. It is their choice. (Waiters apply for their jobs and can quit. Slaves are forced to work against their will.)A person is NOT a MERE means ifWe treat them no better than an object to get what we want.

If an action would reduce a human being to only being a tool for somebody elses goals, a deontologist would say that action is wrong.A person is a MERE means ifWork on the moral dilemmas in your notes packet as a group at your table. Answer the questions for each of the three situations.Finish whatever you dont complete in class as homework.Group Practice/HomeworkSituation 1: A very poor mother with 5 children decides to steal some food from the grocery store to feed her starving family. She has been looking for a job but nobody will hire her. She is desperate, and this is the only way she thinks she can get food.Review!Situation 2: Research has proven that when a society uses the death penalty, it is a deterrent to crime. (Remember a deterrent is something that discourages a person from taking an action. For example: At East End, detention is used as a deterrent to keep students from chewing gum.)Review!Situation 3: Research has shown that a pregnant teenage girl who has an abortion is more likely to go to college, get a good job, and make more money when she grows up.Review!Complete exit ticket on the military draft.

Work quietly and by yourself.Independent Practice/HomeworkMilitary Draft answers

What seems to be the problems with each philosophy?DiscussionProblems with these ideas:UtilitarianismDeontologyCan be used to justify horrible actions that offend people (Examples: AIDS and organ donation)Treats people as numbers to be added (no different than pencils or shoes) and not individuals with unique worth.

Following rules for the sake of rules can be very harmful to a lot of people. Contradictory to follow system that would harm people to show people are valuable.What happens if rules conflict? (Example: hiding Jews from Nazis)Philosophical Theories on Government/SocietyHow should our leaders and communities behave?

What makes our social institutions good/legitimate?Why do we have a government?DiscussionWhat is a contract?DiscussionAn agreement where people give up some freedom for the purpose of creating and maintaining social order.

Citizens: agree to follow laws in exchange for protection. A government gets its authority from their consent.

Government: agrees to provide protection and is considered legitimate when it lives up to its end of the bargain.The Social ContractKey ConceptsDefinitionsState of natureWorld before governments were created.

A place of total freedom, but also wild, lawless, and chaotic.Key ConceptsDefinitionsState of natureWorld before governments were created.

A place of total freedom, but also wild, lawless, and chaotic.Natural rightsRights you have at birth because you are human.

Life, liberty, and property (Locke).Key ConceptsDefinitionsState of natureWorld before governments were created.

A place of total freedom, but also wild, lawless, and chaotic.Natural rightsRights you have at birth because you are human.

Life, liberty, and property (Locke).Monopoly on forceComplete control over use of violence.

People give this monopoly to the government for their protection under the social contract.

When government breaks its contract this power returns to the people, who have the right to create a new system.Is the social contract an actual document? How come Ive never signed it?Discussion:Work in groups at your tables.ApplicationThe government should only prevent/stop harm. Anything else risks abuse of power. People should be free to live their lives anyway they want as long as they dont harm others.A legitimate government only protects negative rights. It does not provide positive rights.Harms PrincipleIf a governments only job is to prevent harm, what institutions or services would be included in the society?

What government institutions or services would not be provided?DiscussionGov. exercises the least amount of power as possible.Gov. only provides: police, military, courts, and prisonsMinimal StateYour rights of non-interference.These rights require others to leave you alone.Examples: Right to safety, freedom of religionNegative RightsRights to have benefits provided to you.Much more controversial because obligate others to help you.Examples: Right to education or health carePositive RightsIs education a right?Is health care a right?DiscussionPaternalism is when the gov. acts like your parent (does things for your own good).

Harms principle tries to avoid this situation because it limits freedom & might lead to tyranny (abuse of power).PaternalismSome people argue laws against drug use are paternalistic. What do you think?ExampleMy rights end where your nose begins. but no sooner.A Harms Principle philosopher would sayThis concept shows the acceptable limits on a persons freedom.

It means that we should have the ability to pursue our lifes projects or desires up until the point that our actions would harm another person. (Keep in mind that this harm doesnt have to be violent. It can be any harm that stops another person from living his/her life as he/she chooses.)Importance of my nose

Work in groups at your tables.Application