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CNG N TP QLCTR, CTNH (H2CM)
1. Thnh phn, tnh cht ca CTR, ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi2. Phn loi CTNH theo tnh nguy hi, phn loi theo lut nh (Phn loi theo quyt nh TT12/2011/TT-BTNMT), phn loi theo mc c hi.3. Nguyn tc vch tuyn thu gom, phn tch h thng thu gom, thu gom bng xe thng di ng v xe thng c nh.
4. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn bng c hc: nguyn l, phm vi p dng5. Phng php sn xut phn hu c t rc thi th bng hiu kh. Phng php sn xut phn hu c t rc thi th bng ym kh (Nguyn l, cc giai on chuyn ha, u nhc im, phm vi p dng, cc yu t nh hng.6. X l cht thi rn bng phng php nhit (kh ha, nhit phn, thiu t): nguyn l, cc yu t nh hng, u nhc im, phm vi p dng, cc l thng dng.7. Bi chn lp :Cu to, cc yu t cn xem xt khi thit k, cc qu trnh sinh hc din ra ti bi chn lp, cn bng nc ti bi chn lp
8. Nc r rc, kh bi rc: qu trnh hnh thnh nc r rc, kh bi rc, h thng thu gom nc r rc, kh bi rc
9. ng gi v dn nhn CTNH
10. Cu to bi chn lp CTNH, loi cht thi rn c chn lp11. n nh ha rn CTNH (c ch ca qu trnh, cc cht ph gia thng dng)12. H thng QLCTR ti Vit NamCu 1: Thnh phn, tnh cht ca CTR, ngun gc pht sinh cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi
a. Thnh phn
Cht hu c: thc phm tha, giy, nha, vi vn, cao su, da, rc vn, g
Cht v c: thy tinh, can thic, nhm, kim loi khc, bi, tro
b. Tnh cht
* Tnh cht vt l:
- Khi lng ring: t 180 kg/m3 n 400 kg/m3, in hnh 300kg/m3. - m: L lng nc cha trong CTR, m giao ng ty vo thnh phn CTR. m CTR xc inh bng mt trong 2 phng php: phng php khi lng t v phng php khi lng kh ca CTR.
- Kch thc ht: Ty tng loi CTR m c kch thc ht khc nhau.
- Kh nng gi m thc t: l ton b khi luong nc c th gi li trong mu cht thi di tc dng ca trng lc.
- thm ca CTR c nn
* Tnh cht ha hc:
Cc thnh phn cn quan tm: C, H, O, N, S v tro. T l cc thnh phn thng c tnh theo % khi lng.
V phng din sinh hc: cht hu c (tr nha, cao su, da) c th phn thnh thnh nhng loi sau: - Cc phn t c th tan trong nc nh: ng, tinh bt, amino axit,.. - Xenlulo: l sn phm ngng t ca ng 5, 6 carbon
- Du, m, sp: l nhng este ca alcohols v axit bo mch i
- Lignin: l mt polyme cha cc vng thm vi nhm methoxyl (-OCH3)
- Lignoxenlulo: l kt hp lignin v xenlulo
- Protein: l cht to thnh t s kt hp chui amino axit.
c. Ngun gc pht sinh
Khu dn c
Khu thng mi
C quan, cng s
Khu xy dng
Khu cng cng
Nh x l cht thi
Cng nghip
Nng nghip
Cu 2: Phn loi CTNH theo tnh nguy hi, phn loi theo lut nh (Phn loi theo quyt nh TT12/2011/TT-BTNMT), phn loi theo mc c hi.
a. Phn loi theo tnh nguy hi:
Cht thi nguy hi: hot ng y t, cng nghip, nng nghip
Cht thi rn khng gnuy hi: l loi CTR khng cha cc cht v hp cht co mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc thnh phn.
b. Phn loi theo lut nh TT12/2011*Phn loi theo nhm ngun hoc dng thi chnh:
01. Cht thi t ngnh thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn, du kh v than
02. Cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, iu ch, cung ng v s dng ho cht v c
03. Cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, iu ch, cung ng v s dng ho cht hu c
04. Cht thi t nh my nhit in v cc c s t khc
05. Cht thi t ngnh luyn kim v c kim loi
06. Cht thi t ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng v thu tinh
07. Cht thi t qu trnh x l, che ph b mt, gia cng kim loi v cc vt liu khc
08. Cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, iu ch, cung ng, s dng cc sn phm che ph (sn, vc ni, men thu tinh), cht kt dnh, cht bt kn v mc in
09. Cht thi t ngnh ch bin g, sn xut cc sn phm g, giy v bt giy
010. Cht thi t ngnh ch bin da, lng v dt nhum
011. Cht thi xy dng v ph d (bao gm c t o t cc khu vc b nhim)
012. Cht thi t cc c s ti ch, x l cht thi, nc thi v x l nc cp
013. Cht thi t ngnh y t v th y (tr cht thi sinh hot t ngnh ny)
014. Cht thi t ngnh nng nghip
015. Thit b, phng tin giao thng vn ti ht hn s dng v cht thi t hot ng ph d, bo dng thit b, phng tin giao thng vn ti
016. Cht thi h gia nh v cht thi sinh hot t cc ngun khc
017. Du thi, cht thi t nhin liu lng, cht thi dung mi hu c, mi cht lnh v cht y (propellant)
018. Cc loi cht thi bao b, cht hp th, gi lau, vt liu lc v vi bo v
019. Cc loi cht thi khc
c. Phn loi theo mc c hi :????CU 3: Cc phng php x l cht thi rn bng c hc: 3.1. Gim kch thcMc ch l lm gim kch thc ca ccloi vt liu trong rc thi th. Cc vt liu c lm gim kch thc c th sdng trc tip nh l lp che ph trn mt t hay l s dng lm phn Compost hocmt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn
Phm vi: thch hp lm gim kich thc CTR ty thuc vo loi, hnh dng, c tnh ca CTR v tiu chun yu cu
3.2. Phn loia) Phn loi theo kch thc: Nguyn l: Phn loi theo kch thc hay sng lc l mt qu trnh phn loi hn hp ccloi vt liu c kch thc khc nhau thnh 2 hay nhiu loi vt liu c cng kchthc s dng cc loi sng c kch thc khc nhau.
Qu trnh phn loi c th thchin khi vt liu cn t hoc kh, thng thng qu trnh phn loi gn lin vi cccng on ch bin cht thi tip theo.
b) Phn loi theo khi lng: Phm vi: dng phn loi cc vt liu c khi lng ring khc nhau,s dng tch ri cc loi vt liu t qu trnh tch nghin thnh 2 loi khcnhau: dng c khi lng ring nh nh giy, nha, cc cht hu c v dng c khilng ring nng nh l kim loi, g v cc loi vt liu v c c khi lng ringtng i nng.
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l dng khng kh i t di ln trn v cc vt liunh s c tch ri khi c vt liu nng hn.c) Phn loi theo in trng v t tnh:Nguyn l: K thut phn loi bng in trng v t tnh da vo tnh cht in t v ttrng ca cc loi vt liu c trong thnh phn cht thi rn.
Phng php phn tch bng tnh in c p dng tch ly nha v giyda vo s khc nhau v s tch in b mt ca 2 loi vt liu ny.3.3. Nn cht thi rnPhng php nn cht thi rn c s dng vi mc ch l gia tng khilng ring ca cc loi vt liu v nh vy vic lu tr v chuyn ch s c hiu quhn. Mt vi k thut hin ang p dng nn v ti sinh cht thi l ng kin,ng gi hay kt thnh dng vin.CU 4: Nguyn tc vch tuyn thu gom, phn tch h thng thu gom, thu gom bng xe thng di ng v xe thng c nh.
Nguyn tc vch tuyn thu gom ctr:
+Cc chnh sch hin hnh v nhng quy nh lin quan n im thu gom v tn xut thu gom phi c xc nh.
+ c trng hin ti ca h thng nh kch c v loi phng tin s dng.
+ Nhng ni c th, cc tuyn thu gom chng c xp xp v kt thc cc trc ng chnh.
+ Nhng vng c a hnh dc nn sp xp cc tuyn thu gom bt u vng cao sau n cc khu vc thp dn.
+ Tuyn sp xp sao cho thng cui cng ca tuyn thu gom gn bi rc nht.
+ Nhng tuyn ng hay b tt nghn giao thng nn thu gom thi gian sm trong ngy (hoc xc nh thi im c mt lu thng thp nht).
+ Ngun c lng rc thi ln nn u tin thu gom trc.
+ Nhng im thu gom tha (c lng cht thi rn t) c th xc nh tn xut thu gom tu thuc vo lng cht thi pht sinh (c th phc v 1 chuyn trong mt ngy ho t hn).
phn tch h thng thu gom, thu gom bng xe thng di ng v xe thng c nh.XE THNG C NHXE THNG DI NG
Thi gian ly ti (P)l thi gian cht ti ln xe thu gom: Bt u tnh t khi xe dng v ly ti ti v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom v kt thc khi container cui cng ca tuyn thu gom c d ti. Di ng c in: l tng thi gian li xe thu gom n v tr t container k tip sau khi mt container rng c th xung, thi gian nhc container y ti ln xe v thi gian th container rng xung sau khi cht thi trong c ln xe.
Trao i container: l thi gian nhc container y ti v th container ny v tr k tip sau khi cht thi c ln xe
Thi gian vn chuyn (h) l tng thi gian cn thit n v tr d ti, bt u khi container cui cng trn tuyn thu gom c d ti hoc xe y cht thi v kt thc sau khi ri khi v tr d ti cho n khi xe n v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom tip theo. Thi gian vn chuyn khng k thi gian bi hay trm trung chuynl tng thi gian cn thit n v tr d ti, bt u sau khi mt container y ti c t ln xe v kt thc sau khi xe ch container rng c d ti ri v tr d ti n v tr k tip m container rng c th xung. Thi gian vn chuyn khng tnh n thi gian bi hay trm trung chuyn
Thi gian bi (s)L thi gian cn thit d ti ra khi cc xe thu gom ti v tr d ti bao gm thi gian ch i d ti v thi gian d ti t cc xe thu gom.L thi gian cn thit d ti ra khi cc container ti v tr d ti bao gm thi gian ch i d ti v thi gian d ti t cc container
Thi gian k sx (W)L ton b thi gian hao ph cho cc hot ng khng sn xut, c th chia thnh 2 loi: thi gian hao ph cn thit v thi gian hao ph khng cn thit.
CU 7: Bi chn lp :Cu to, cc yu t cn xem xt khi thit k, cc qu trnh sinh hc din ra ti bi chn lp, cn bng nc ti bi chn lp
1. Cu to: 3 khu* Khu chn lp
+ chn lp
+ H thng thu gom nc rc
+ H thng thu gom v x l kh rc
+ H thng thot v ngn nc mt
+ H thng quan trc nc ngm
+ ng ni b
+ Hng ro v cy xanh
+ Bi hoc kho cha cht ph b mt
+ Bi phn loi cht thi
*Khu x l nc rc
+ Trm bm nc rc( khng nht thit phi c)
+ Cng trnh x l nc rc
+ cha bn
*Khu ph tr
+ Nh iu hnh
+ Nh ngh cho nhn vin
+ Trm phn tch
+ Trm cn
+ Nh xe
+ Trm ra xe
+ Trm sa cha, bo dng in, my
+ Kho dng c v cha ph liu
+ H thng h tng k thut
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi thit k:
-La chn quy m: da trn c s dn s th, khu cng nghip v khi lng cht thi, t l tng dn s v lng gia tng cht thi, kh nng tng trng kinh t v nh hng pht trin
-La chn m hnh: Theo c th tng loi cht thi c chn lp, c im a hnh v iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn
-V tr, a im xy dng: cn c vo iu kin thin nhin nh kh hu, a hnh, a cht, thy vn nn chn khu vc t hoang ha, tnh kinh t khng cao hoc khu vc ang s dng nhng hiu qu s dng t thp. a im xy dng bi chn lp phi bo m c cc yu cu v cch li v sinh v khai thc lu di.
2.cc qu trnh sinh hc din ra ti bi chn lp
-qu trnh hiu kh: xy ra ngay sau khi rc c chn.
- Qu trnh k kh: din ra khi hm lng oxy trong BCL gim dn
*hot ng ca vi sinh vt khi phn hy cht hu c ti BCL:
- Giai on I : giai on thch nghi ban u: ch sau mt thi gian ngn t khi cht thi rn c chn lp th cc qu trnh phn hy hiu kh s din ra, Giai on ny c th ko mt vi ngy cho n vi thng, ph thuc vo tc phn hy, ngun vi sinh vt gm c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh v k kh.
- Giai on II :giai on chuyn pha: + oxy b cn kit dn v s phn hy chuyn sang giai on k kh. Khi , nitrat v sulphat l cht nhn in t cho cc phn ng chuyn ha sinh hc v chuyn thnh kh N2 v H2S.
+ qu trnh nitrat v sunfat xy ra iu kin OXH-K trong khong -50 n -100mV. Kh CH4 to ra khi in th OXH-K dao ng trong khong -150 n -300mV. Khi in th tip tc gim tp hp cc vi sinh vt chuyn ha CHC c trong CTR thnh CH4 v CO2 chuyn sang giai on 3
-Giai on III : giai on ln men axit:
+ Bc1 : lin quan n s chuyn ha cc enzym trung gian (s thy phn) ca cc hp cht cao phn t (lipit, polysacarit, protein) thnh cc cht n gin thch hp cho vi sinh vt s dng.
+ bc 2: qu trnh ln men axit: xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hnh thnh bc trn thnh cc cht trung gian phn t lng thp hn nh l axit acetic. Kh cacbonic c to ra nhiu nht trong giai on ny, mt lng nh H2S cng c hnh thnh.VSV hot ng trong giai on ny ch yu l ty tin v ym kh nghim ngt..
- Giai on IV : giai on ln men metan: chuyn ha axit acetic v kh hydro thnh CH4, CO2.. Trong giai on ny, s hnh thnh metan v cc axit hu c xy ra ng thi mc d s to thnh axit gim nhiu.
- giai on V: giai on n nh : xy ra khi cc vt liu hu c d phn hy chuyn ha thnh CH4, CO2. Tc kh pht sinh s gim ang k trong giai on ny,kh sinh ra ch yu l CH4, Co2.
3.Cn bng nc ti bi chn lp:
sw = Wsw + WTS + WCM + WAR -WLG-Wwv - WE - WBL
sw: s gia lng nc cha trong BCL, kg/m3
Wsw : m rc a vo chn BCL, kg/m3
WTS : m trong bn cng rnh, kg/m3
WCM: m trong vt liu bao ph, kg/m3
WAR: lng nc i vo t trn(lng nc ma ri),kg/m3
WLG: lng nc mt i to thnh kh rc, kg/m3
Wwv :lng nc mt i to thnh kh di dng hi nc bo ha trong bi rc, kg/m3
WE : lng nc mt i do s bay hi b mt, kg/m3
WBL:lng nc i ra t y chn lp, kg/m3
CU 8: Nc r rc, kh bi rc: qu trnh hnh thnh nc r rc, kh bi rc, h thng thu gom nc r rc, kh bi rc1.Nc r rc:
Qu trnh hnh thnh nc r rc:
m nn: lng nc t do cha trong CTR c tch a trong qu trnh ny
Phn hy sinh hc: 1 trong nhng sn phm cu qu trnh phn hy sinh hc CTR l nc
Nc bn ngoi: thm vo BCL:
+ mc nc ngm dng ln vo cc rc.
+ nc r r vo cc cnh chn lp.
+ nc t cc khu vc khc chy qua thm vo chn lp
+ nc ma ri xung
H thng thu gom nc r rc
Thnh phn h thng thu gom nc rc bao gm:
- Tng thu nc rc
- H thng ng thu gom nc rc
- H thu nc rc
1. Tng thu nc rc bao gm 2 lp vt liu tri u trn ton b b mt y chn lp. Yu cu ca mi lp nh sau:
- Lp di: dm nc, dy 20 30cm
- Lp trn: Ct th, dy 10 20cm
2. H thng ng thu gom nc rc
- Mi chn lp phi c mt h thng thu gom nc rc ring.
- H thng ng thu gom nc rc ca mi chn lp c thit k vi yu cu sau:
+ C 1 hoc nhiu tuyn chnh chy dc theo hng dc ca chn lp.
+Cc tuyn nhnh dn nc rc v tuyn chnh.
+Tuyn chnh dn nc rc v h thu bm hoc dn thng vo cng trnh x l nc rc.
+Trn mi tuyn ng, c 180-200m li c 1 h ga phng trnh s tc nghn ng. H ga thng c xy bng gch, c kt cu chng thm. Kch thc h ga 800mm x 800mm x 800mm.
+ng thu gom nc rc c mt pha trong nhn, ng knh khng nh hn 150mm.
+ dc ca mi tuyn ng ty thuc vo a hnh y chn lp nhng khng nh hn 1%
3. H thu nc rc
- i vi cc bi chn lp m nc rc t h thng thu gom nc rc khng
hoc kh t chy vo cc cng trnh x l nc rc, phi thit k cc h thu nc rc. S lng,chiu su h thu tun theo cc tiu chun hin hnh v cng trnh x l nc rc.
c kt cu vng chc, c th s dng lu di ng thi phi bo m kh nng chng thm nc rc.
2.kh bi rc:
s hnh thnh: do qu trnh phn hu ccCHC trong BCL, s c mt ca CO2 trong BCL to iu kin cho VSV k kh pht trin v t bt u giai on hnh thnh kh metan=> kh ga c thnh phn ch yu l CH4, CO2. Trong CH4 khong 50-60
h thng thu gom kh bi rc: H thng ng thu gom kh rc c b tr thnh mng li dng tam gic u, khong cch gia cc ng lin tip nhau khong 50 70 m. cao cui cng ca ng thu gom kh rc phi ln hn b mt bi ti thiu 2m (tnh t lp ph trn cng) h thng thu kh ch ng: thit k nhng BCL ph thi ln, c nhiu ph thi, lng kh pht sinh nhiu.
H thng thu kh b ng:
+ u: c th ngn cn chuyn ng cc loi kh khng cho n i vo khu vc khng mong mun.
+nhc: phi t cch bit hn cc khu dn c, cng trnh thit k phc tp, v phi t ng yu cu
+ phm vi p dng: p dng i vi nhng BCL c quy m va v nh.10.Cu to bi chn lp CTNH, loi cht thi rn c chn lp (TCVN 320:2004)
.-Mt bng :Tng mt bng bi chn lp phi c thit k hon chnh, phn khu chc nng r rng v gii quyt tt mi quan h gia xy dng trc mt v pht trin tng lai, gia khu tin x l, khu chn lp, khu x l nc rc v khu iu hnh. Tng mt bng bi chn lp in hnh nh hnh 1.
Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi phi c h thng hng ro bo v ngn cn s xm nhp ca nhng ng|i khng c nhim v, gia sc, ng vt vo trong bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi. Hng ro cn c kt cu vng chc nh| t|ng gch, ro thp, dy thp gai.
Hnh 1:
Hnh 2:Mt ct ngang
Mt ct ngang y
-Vt liu lt c s dng trong h thng chng thm phi m bo c bn vng, chu c cc tc ng ho hc ca cht thi v chng c s r r ca cht thi trong mi iu kin thi tit v trong sut qu trnh thi cng, vn hnh, ng bi v hu ng bi. Vt liu chng thm c th la chn cc loi sau:
- t st: Lp t st c c tnh h s thm K d 10-7 cm/s, c m nn cht, b dy t 60 cm.
- Mng HDPE (High Density Polyethylen) chiu dy t 2 mm.
- Nha tng hp PVC chiu dy t 2 mm.
- Cao su butila chiu dy t 2 mm.
- Cao su tng hp Neopren chiu dy t 2 mm.
-H thng thu gom nc rc:
Mi chn lp phi c h thng thu gom nc rc ring.
+ Vi cc bi chn lp c lp lt n: mi chn lp ch c mt h thng thu gom nc rc.
+ Vi cc bi chn lp c lp lt kp, mi chn lp c hai h thng thu gom nc rc, gm cc lp sau: Tng thu nuc rc th nht,H thng ng thu gom nuc rc th nht,Lp chng thm th nht, Tng thu nc th 2 , H thng ng thu gom nc rc th 2 ,Lp chng thm th hai.
H thu nc rc:
- Trong cc chn lp phi thit k cc h thu nc rc phng nc rc t h thng thu gom nc rc khng hoc kh t chy vo cc cng trnh x l nc rc
. - S lng, chiu su h thu ph thuc vo lu lng nc rc.
- H thu nc rc phi c kt cu vng chc, c th s dng lu di ng thi phi bo m kh nng chng thm nc rc.
*Cc loi CTNH c chn lp:
-c quy thi,pin thi.
-Thit b,chi tit in,in t thi cha nhng b phn nh pin,c quy thuc TCVN 6706:2000 ,cng tc thy ngn,thy tinh t n ca tt,t in c PCB.
-Cht thi thy tinh t n catot v thy tinh hot ha khc.
-Amiang thi
-Cc cht thi c cha cu to t ch hoc b ln vi cc hp cht chng kch n.
-Cht thi t sn xut,ng gi s dng nha m,cht ha do,keo v cht kt dnh.
-Cn nha thi t qu trnh tinh ch,chng ct v x l nhit phn cc vt liu hu c.(k k b tong nha)
-Nh tng v hn hp du/nc v hydrocacbom/nc thi.
-Cht thi c tnh n.
-Cht thi tu thit b kim sot nhim cng nghip dng l sach cc loi kh thi cng nghip.
-Than hot tnh qua s dng. Khng k than hot tnh dng t qu trnh x l n|c ung v cc qu trnh cng nghip thc phm v sn xut vitamin
11.n nh ha rn CTNH (c ch ca qu trnh, cc cht ph gia thng dng)
*Khi nim:L qu trnh lm tng cc tnh cht vt l ca cht thi,gim kh nng pht tn vo mi trng hay lm gim tnh c hi ca cht nhim.
*C ch thng dng:
-Bao vin kch thc ln : Cc thnh phn nguy hi b bao bc trong mt khun c kch thc nht nh,thnh phn nguy hi nm trong vt liu ng rn trng thi k lin tc.Hn hp ny c th b v lm cc cht nguy hi pht tn ra ngoi.
-Bao vin kch thc nh: cc thnh phn nguy hi c bao cu trc tinh th ca khun rn c kch thc nh.Nu b v,cc cht nguy hi vn gi nguyn th b bao bc.Nhung dng bao vin kch thc nh,cc cht nguy hi k b bin i tnh cht vt l nn tc phn tn ra mi trng ph thuc v kch c b v ra v tc phn tn khi b v.
-Hp th: l qu trnh a CTNH dng lng vo trong cht hp th.Cc cht hp th thng dng:t,x than,mn ca,c kh,rm kh,.
-Hp ph : L qu trnh gi CTNH trn b mt ca cht hp ph ,nu khi cht rn b v =>CTNH thot ra ngoi.S dng t st bin tnh ng rn CTNH.
-Kt ta : Lm thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi n nh hn.Cc cht kt ta : sunfua , silica,cacbonat,photphat.S dng ng rn cc CTNH v c.
-Kh c: l cc chuyn ha ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh n nh ha rn,giupws cc cht thi c hi thnh cht k c hi. Thng s dng chuyn Cr (6) v Cr(3).
*Cc cht ph gia thng dng:
-Xi mng:
+Thng s dng xi mng Portland (sn xut bng cch nung vi vs thch cao , trong nhit cao).Qa trnh ha rn CTNH bng xi mng c thc hin bng cch trn thng CT vo xi mng,sau thm nc thc hin qu rnh hidrat ha.Ph hp vi cht thi v c.
+u im:Ga r,thit b no trn n gin,thit b lhuoon c n gin,c th trung ha cc cht c tnh axit.
+Nhc im:Mt s cht trong thnh phn CT c th nh hng ti qu trnh hidrat ha v qu trnh lng ng,ng cng ca xi mng= >cu trc km bn.
-Pozzolan: l cht c th phn ng vs vi c trong nc to thnh vt liu c tnh chat nh xi mng.Cc vt liu pozzolan gm x than,x l v bi xi mng. Ph hp vi cht thi v c.
-Silicat d tan: Cc thnh phn silicat b axit ha thnh dung dch monosilic v mang cc thnh phn kim loi trong CT vaod dung dch.Hiu qu ng rn bn thi cha Pb,Cu,Zn nng cao.
-t st hu c bin tnh : L t st t nhin c bin tnh hu c tr thnh t st organophilic.t st hu c bin tnh c kh nng hp ph cc thnh phn hu c vo t st sau n b bao ph bng xi mng hoc cht kt dnh khc.
-Cc polymer hu c: Cc CTNH c th lm n nh bng qu trnh polymer hu c bao gm qua trnh khuy trn monomer.u im l to ra vt liu mi c KLR thp hn so vi vt liu to ra t qu trnh ng rn khc.
-Nhit do: Lm n nh bng cch trn CTNH vi nhit do .Cc cht nhietj do: nha ng,lu hunh, polietylen,paraphin,
12.H thng QLCTR ti Vit Nam:
*Thc trng cng tc qun l CTR:
-CTR thng thng pht sinh trong c nc: 28 triu tn/nm, trong :
+ CTR cng nghip thng thng: 6,88 triu tn/nm
+ CTR sinh hot 19 triu tn/nm
+ CTR y t thng thng 2,12 triu tn/nm
-CTR nguy hi: pht sinh ti 35/63 tnh/thnh ph khong 700 nghn tn/nm
* Hn ch:
+S phn cng trch nhim qun l CTR gia cc ngnh cha r rng.Cha c h thng qun l CTR ring i vi cng nghip ca thnh ph.
+C ch thu gom v qun l CTR mang nng tnh bao cp.
+Cha c th trng thng nht v trao i v ti ch CTR,ch mt phn nh CTR c thu hi,ti ch.
+Phn ln CTR cng nghp,CTRNH c b ln vi CTR th,baic chn lp c thit k cha hp v sinh.
+Vic thu gom CTR ch yu l s dng lao ng th cng.S tham gia ca cng ng v t nhn vo thu gom v qun l CTR cha rng ri.
+Thiu s u t tha ng v lu di vi trang thit b thu gom,vn chuyn,phn loi CTR.
+Cha c cng ngh v phng tin cng nh vn u t ti ch CTR,thiu kinh ph x l CTNH.
+Nhn thc ca cng ng v bo v mt v an ton sc khe lin quan n cng tc thu gom,x l v qun l CTR cn thp.
*Bin php:-Phn nh r chc nng, nhim v ca tng b/ngnh, a phng v qun l CTR
-C th ha ni dung phng nga, gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch
- Coi cht thi l mt loi ti nguyn
- Lm r vai tr cc doanh nghip nh nc tham gia vo qun l CTR;
-Khuyn khch x hi ha, huy ng cng ng tham gia qun l CTR;
-Pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng
-Quy nh v ngun ti chnh cho qun l CTR;
- Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng