[dcsb] christian prager (bonn) of codes, glyphs and kings: tasks, limits and approaches in the...

TextdatenbankundWörterbuchdesKlassischenMaya

Dr. Christian Prager

Digital Classicist, BerlinDecember 13, 2016

Of Codes, Glyphs and Kings:

Tasks, Limits and Approaches in the

Encoding of Classic Maya Hieroglyphic

Inscriptions

www.mayawoerterbuch.de

New Approaches in Digital Epigraphy

TextdatenbankundWörterbuchdesKlassischenMayaTextdatenbankundWörterbuchdesKlassischenMaya

2

THE PROJECT

CULTURAL CONTEXT AND MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC SOURCES

DOCUMENTING THE SOURCES

DESCRIBING THE SOURCES

STRUCTURING THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE TEXT CARRIERS

STRUCTURE BY NORMS:CONTROLLED VOCABULARIESRETRIEVING AND ADDING

ENTERING DATA INTO IDIOMVIRTUAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

TEXTGRID

ENTERING DATA INTO „IDIOM“VIRTUAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

TEXTGRID

ENTERING MAYA WRITING

AND WHAT ABOUT UNDECIPHERED OR UNCLASSIFIED SIGNS?


3

THE PROJECT


TheProject„TextDatabaseand DictionaryofClassicMayan“

Digital Classicist, December 13, 2016

Nordrhein‐Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften und der KünsteNorth Rhine‐Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts

Duration2014 ‐ 2028

Funding amount5,4 Mio €

StartJanuar 1st, 2014


Projectlocations and communication

5Digital Classicist, December 13, 2016

Bonn

DüsseldorfGöttingen

DARIAH Wiki

Issue‐Tracker

Etherpad


Websiteand social media


7

CULTURAL CONTEXT AND MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC SOURCES


300 BC – 1500 AD; ClassicPeriod between 250 – 900 AD

Independent kingdoms, divine kingship, interdependent city states, royal dynasties, courtand elite culture

Writing culture: messages and perspective of the ruling elite; peak: Classic Period

© U. Lohoff-Erlenbach, Nikolai Grube, aus: Welt der Maya, 1992



9

Textcarriers:monuments,architectural sculpture and wallpaintings


18

Folie 9

1 ... ;-)Elisabeth Wagner;

8 haha, ich hab sie gefunden!Franzi Diehr;


10

Textcarriers:portableobjects


11

DOCUMENTING THE SOURCES


Quirigua, Altar L (Plaster Cast by A. P. Maudslay, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge, 2016)

PHOTOGRAPHICDOCUMENTATION



Quirigua, Altar L (3D Model by Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan, University of Bonn, after a Plaster Cast by A. P. Maudslay, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge, 2016)

3D WHITE LIGHTDOCUMENTATION



Quirigua, Altar L (3D Model by Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan, University of Bonn, after a Plaster Cast by A. P. Maudslay, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge, 2016)

15

DESCRIBING THE SOURCES


16

Number of archaeological sites with texts > 500

Number of text carriers 10,000 (300 BC – 1500 AD)

exact dating (calendar dates)

© Ian Graham, aus: Corpus of Maya Hieroglpyhic Inscriptions, 1977© Ian Graham, aus: Corpus of Maya Hieroglpyhic Inscriptions, 1977

Hierarchies in image and text or why size matters

text



WHERE GLYPHS ARE FOUND


Archaeological Site

(Previous) documentation

Finding spot

Location

Copies Literature

Physical properties

Dating / cultural background Image Text


UseCase:abone object called k‘i‐“bone“


Msc. 23B23‐1‐2 Site: Aguateca, Peten Finding spot: Structure M8‐4 Archaeological coordinates: AG23A 13‐3‐1 Year of finding: 1999 Original function: ‐ Material: bone Dimensions: 7.1 x 1.2 x 0.4 cm Present location: ‐ Sources and publication:

Houston, Stephen D. (2014): MiscellaneousTexts. In Life and Politics at the Royal Court of Aguateca: Artifacts, Analytical Data, and Synthesis, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Daniela Triadan, pp. 84–117. Monographs of the Aguateca Archaeological Project First Phase 3. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.


Use Case:other bone objects called k‘i‐“bone“


Msc. Ohne Nummer Site: Piedras Negras, Peten Finding spot: Cache, Building C‐10 Location: Chacalhaaz Keramiken, 750‐

850 n. Chr. (dating) Year of finding: 2000 Original function: ‐ Material: Knochen Dimensions: ‐ Present Location: ‐ References and publication:

Houston, Stephen D., Héctor L. Escobedo, Mark Child, Charles Golden, Richard Terry, and David Webster(2000): In the Land of the Turtle Lords: Archaeological Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 2000. Mexicon 22(5):97–110.

Msc. Ohne Nummer Site: Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan Finding spot: Cenote Xlacah Location: ‐ Year of finding: ‐ Original function: Spatel Material: Knochen Dimension: ‐ Present location: ‐ References and publication:

Andrews, E. Wyllys (1960): Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, NorthwesternYucatan, Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society104(3):254–265.

Taschek, Jennifer T. (1981): The Shell, Fine Stone, Bone, Wood, and Copper Artifacts from Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Taschek, Jennifer T. (1994): The Artifacts of Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico: Shell, Polished Stone, Bone, Wood, and Ceramics. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 50. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.


UseCase:astone object called k‘i‐Stone


Msc. Ohne Nummer Site: unknown, purchased at Ocosingo,

Chiapas Fundjahr: 1869‐1890 Function: pendant Material: greenstone Abmessungen: 5.0 x 8.5 cm Aufbewahrungsort: Museum of Natural

History Inventory number: 30.1/1449 purchase: 1869‐1890 (Ankauf) Donor: E.H. Davis References:

Easby, Elizabeth K. (1961): The SquierJades from Toniná, Chiapas. In Essays in Pre‐Columbian Art and Archaeology, 5:pp. 60–80. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.



Object

Zeichnung

Documentation

Transliteration

Text

Analysis

Transkription

Questions to the Object:‐ Site and finding spot‐ Dimensions‐ Material‐ Finding context

Aguateca

Str. M8‐4

Op. AG23A 13‐3‐1

7.2 x 1.2 x 0.4 cm

Bone

Daniela Triadan

1999

Questions to the text‐ Content‐ References‐ Decipherment‐ Grammar

u‐k’i‐baak:“his k’i‐bone”

ch’ok k’uh mutal ajaw:“Prince of Aguateca”

Connectingtextandobjectinformation

23

STRUCTURING THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE TEXT CARRIERS


CIDOC CRM provides a reference model and information standard that museums, and other cultural heritage institutions can use to describe their collections, and related business entities, to improve information sharing.



RDF

Statements about resources in the form of subject–predicate–object expressions. These expressions are known as triples in RDF terminology.

(S) Alfred P. Maudslay – (P) found – (O) Stela A(S) Stela A – (P) is erected in – (O) Quirigua= REASONING implies that Maudslay visited Quirigua



WebVOWL Visualization ofthe Project‘s MetadataSchema


RDF

http://idiom-projekt.de/idiommask/schema.html

27

STRUCTURE BY NORMS:CONTROLLED VOCABULARIESRETRIEVING AND ADDING


Vokabulare


Eingabemaske

Artefact Type

Shape Type

Condition Type

Material

Technique

Actor Role

Actor Appellation Type

Activity Type

Orientation, Position and Bonding of

Artefact

Place Type

SKOS Vocabulary Editor / SKOTCH (Simple Knowledge Organizsation System)

SKOS is a common data model for sharing and linking knowledge organization systems via the Web.


Vocabularies


Research – Compilation – Structuring – Entering

Normdaten

Literatur

Archivalien

Concept schema in SKOS to structure the vocabularies



Entering the vocabularies, mapping to existing norm data, integration into the project‘smetadata schema


Creating and implementing new normdata


GPS

Geocoordinates

Vocabularies


Adding normdatato the GettyThesaurus(AAT)


roof comb

@es:crestería@de:Dachkamm

=avertical masonry superstructure ontheroofofabuilding toadd height andadecorativefacade.Itprovides asurface forthedisplay offacade sculpture.

33

ENTERING DATA INTO „IDIOM“VIRTUAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

TEXTGRID


TextGrid


TextGrid Virtual Environment

TextGrid Repository

intern publicMem

ory

Authentification

User and authorization

TextGrid

User D

BTextGrid

Laboratory

Project

Linked

Data

Text Carrier Database (RDF)

Imag

es

Text Carrier Image Dataabase

Sign

s

Sign catalog

Text

encoding

Digitales Textkorpus

Literature

Zotero Datenbank

Portal Museums, Sites

etc.

Website andSocial Media

Virtual InscriptionArchive Dictionary

PUBLISHING

SADE Publish

LZA

Benu

tzer‐

oberflä

che

Extern

Portal

Portal

„IDIOM“‐Entry mask

ConedaKOR‐Image DatabaseEx

tern


HTMLbased entry mask inTextGrid


Linking vocabularies

Linking externalsources

Data validation

Literature

Input Support(e.g. calendar data)


Exemplary use case:Theking K‘inich Janaab Pakal IofPalenque


Various appellations

Type of Name

K'inich Janaab Pakal I

Throne Name

Uaxac Ahau

Bibliographic sources

Martin, Simon, Nikolai Grube (2008): Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames & Hudson, London.

https://www.zotero.org/idiom_bibliography/items/EMZGWKVR

Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto (1973): Más datos históricos en las inscripciones de Palenque. Estudios de Cultura Maya 9: 93‐117.

https://www.zotero.org/idiom_bibliography/items/RZ6RC93V

Events and locations associated with the name

9.9.2.4.85 Lamat 1 Mol

Palenque

Accession event



Epigraphic Actor

Actor Appellation

Source

Activity

preferred

is Referenced By

is Associated With

9.9.2.4.85 Lamat 1 Mol

Palenque

Inthronisation

...

Martin, Simon, Nikolai Grube (2008): Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames & Hudson, London.

K'inich Janaab Pakal I

Herrschername

Bibliographic Citation

https://www.zotero.org/idiom_bibliography/items/EMZGWKVR

name

name type

Zotero URI

alternative

Exemplary use case:Theking K‘inich Janaab Pakal IofPalenque


ModellierungamBeispiel:DerNamedesHerrschers“Pakal”


Epigraphic Actor

Actor Appellation

Source

Activity

preferred

is Referenced By

is Associated With

9.9.2.4.85 Lamat 1 Mol

Palenque

Inthronisation

...

Uaxac Ahau

Herrschername

Bibliographic Citation

https://www.zotero.org/idiom_bibliography/items/RZ6RC93V

name

name type

Zotero URI

alternative

Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto (1973): Más datos históricos en las inscripciones de Palenque. Estudios de Cultura Maya 9: 93‐117.

Palenque

Herrschername


UmsetzunginderEingabemaske



Use case:entering datainto TextGrid

• Create object „Aguateca Miszellentext 11“(Artefact)• Adding designations and properties• Connecting data with references from Zotero• Adding information on the discovery of the object(Discovery)

• Finding spot of the artefact (Place)



DemoEingabemaske:Artefact/Discovery/Place


43

ENTERING MAYA WRITING


From textto dictionary:documentation,processing,editing


a‐ALAY‐ya T1014‐yi u tz’i‐bi‐na‐ja‐la yu‐k’i‐bi ti yu‐ta‐la ka‐ka‐waalay T1014‐V1y utz’ihbnajal yuk’ib ti yutal kakaw„Here is dedicated the writing ofthe drinking vessel for fruity cacao”

tayu‐ta[ka]‐ka‐watayutal kakaw„für fruchtigen Kakao“

ti tzi‐ji TE’‐leka‐ka‐watitzij te’‐elkakaw„für frischen wilden Kakao“

ti a‐ch’aka‐ka‐watiach’kakaw„für neuen Kakao“

kakaw n. 1.Kakao /cacao/cacao;2.Kakaobohne /cacaobean/almendra decacaoka‐ka‐wa [25‐25‐130](Dresden18,A2‐B2),ka‐ka‐wa [25‐738‐130](Kerr2914,A7)ka‐ka‐wa (738‐738‐130)(COLPrivatecollection),ka‐wa[738:130](Robicsek &Hales1981:7),2ka‐wa [II‐738:130](Kerr1552,A7)ka‐ka [25‐738](Robicsek &Hales1981:179),ka [738](Robicsek &Hales1981:59)

ITZkakau “cacao”;MOPka”ka”j “chocolate”;CHRkakaw “cacao”;CHLkakaw “cacao”;TZOkokow “cacao”;TZEkakaw “cacao”;CHJkakaw“cacao”;QANkakaw “cacao”;AKAkakaw “cacao”;POPkakaw “cacao”;TUZkakaw “cacao”;TEKkakaw “cacao”;MAMkukuuw “cacao”;AWAkyikyuj “cacao”;IXLkakaau “cacao”;USPkakaw “cacao”;KCHkakoj “cacao”;SIPkakaw “cacao”;TZUkokow “cacao”;KAQkakaw “cacao”;PCHkikow “cacao”;QEQkakaw “cacao”;PM#kakaw [fromMije‐Sokean *kakawa or*kakaw](Kaufman2001:1404‐5)


Homophony

logograph syllabograph

CHAN u

T561

T746

T764

T738

T513

T1



H ua

hSUa

SHDigital Classicist, December 13, 2016Digital Classicist, December 13, 2016

50

AND WHAT ABOUT UNDECIPHERED AND UNCLASSIFIED SIGNS?


Transliterating Maya texts: Question marks and vagueness



1931 1956 1961 1962 1990 1996 1963 1965 1999 2003 2009Gates Zimmerm

annEvreinovet al.

Thompson Grube Ringle & Smith-Stark

Knorozov Rendon& Spescha

Knorozov Macri & Looper

Macri & Vail

498 283 577 861 670 787 540 349 1035 677 400



17 = 18 = 145 = 275 = 575 = yi17 = 18 = 145 = 275 = 575 = yi

Sign variants and their problematic classification



? K‘AN HIX ?‐wa IX HO‘ ?

533 281.524 594.130 1000.V:n.n.

T533 K‘AN HIX T594‐wa IX HO‘ B949

continous revisions ∙ continous additions

Unclassified signs



SIGN VARIANTSthe syllable /pa/

T586 T1023T602 T689

XD1

T715

XD1XD1 XD1 XD1 XD1 XD1

n.n. n.n.

conventional /standard head variant full figure



Variants and their fuzzy classification (sofar)

57

T743 T228

T738 T25

T683 T181



VerschriftungimBlock:VarianzvonGraphen


noIm Kontext des Suffixes –n‐om < =no=ma

CPN T. 11 SDEP, C4ko‐ko=no=ma

CPN T. 11 WDSP, C5ko‐ko=no=ma

CPN Alt. G, C3TZUTZ=no=ma

CPN Mon. 157, C1CHOK=no=ma


Sign variants:intragraphemic segmentation principles

59

a b c d e f g

h i j k l m n o

Ägyptologische „Binsen“‐Weisheiten III, Mainz, 7.‐9. April 2016


Asystem ofintragraphemic segmentation

60

monopartite

completest

standard

fixed segment order

bipartite

vertical

horizontal

bv

vertical

bh

horizontal

bt

top

bb

bottom

bl

left‐half

br

right‐half

tv

vertical

tripartiteth

horizontal

tt

top

ta

top‐center

tc

center

ti

center‐bottom

tb

bottom

tf

frame

tl

left

ts

left‐middle

tm

middle

td

middle‐right

tr

right

tp

parenthesis

full

variable segment order

variopartite

segmented

vs

left‐center

va

top‐center

vi

center‐bottom

vd

center‐right

vl

left

vt

top

vb

bottom

vr

right

vc

center

no segment


division dh

half

do

one‐third

dt

two‐third

dh

half

do

one‐third

do

two‐third


Systematizing sign variation

61Ägyptologische „Binsen“‐Weisheiten III, Mainz, 7.‐9. April 2016

Alphabetic suffixes refer to the intragraphemic segmentation principles and serve as an aid to systematize the sign variability: basis for encoding Maya signs and their variants

0683bl

0630bl

0683br

0630br0630bh

0683bh

T338

T181(T661, T682, T682b, T683c)

T630

T181

T338v / T630v


Digitalsign catalog:concept

62

isGraphofSign528

Variation Type

st

Graph Number

528st

hasIcon

stone

containsElement

60bv

sharesElement

529st, 510cd

IDIOM Sign Number *528

hasLogographicReading

Value* Confidence*

1

Source

Gates 1932

TUN

Criterion 1Criterion 2Criterion 3

hasSyllabicReading

Value* Confidence*

1

Source

Knorozov 1952

ku

Criterion 1Criterion 2Criterion 3

Comment

One of the first signs deciph...

hasCatalogueEntry

Catalogue*

Thompson 1962

Catalogue Entry

T528

Comment

Cauac. No pattern of associat...

isGraphofSign528

Variation Type

hc

Graph Number

528hc

hasCatalogueEntry

Catalogue*

Thompson 1962

Catalogue Entry

T1030p

hasIcon

stone, reptile

containsElement sharesElement

529st, 510cd

Comment

The features of a snake are ...



KonfidenzkriterienfürLesungen


6 = g˄s˄p7 = i˄s˄ u˅y8 = i˄s

Logogramme

4 = o˅c ˄ l˅m˅n ˄s5 = g˄ l˅m˅n ˄p˄s

g = problematic postponed suffixation

2 = o˅y ˄c ˅t3 = u˄c˄ l˅m˅n ˄s˄i

t = partial phonetic substitutiono = preposed complementation [‐prefix(es)]c = postponed complementation [‐suffix(es)]u = preconsonantal ergative pronouny = prevocalic ergative pronounl = attested in GLL languagesm = attested in other Mayan languagesn = attested in non‐Mayan languagesi = semantic corresponsance with graph icons = semantic correspondence with context

1 = d˅h˅ k˄p

d = Colonial sourcesk = complete phonetic substitutionh = homophonic substitutionp = expected part of speech


= =

=

≈

KonfidenzkriterienfürLesungen


764CHAN = 1 d˅h˅ k˄p

h = TRUE (chan)k˄p = TRUE (cha-nu) ˄ TRUE (NP)

l = TRUE (CHL, CHN, CHT, CHR, …)m = TRUE (TOJ, CHJ, MAM, KCH, …)i = TRUE (Schlange, Himmel, vier)s = TRUE (Fänger, Himmel, Numeral)

u = TRUE (3s.ERG u-, 1s.ERG ni-)

o = TRUE (cha-)c = TRUE (-na, -nu)


Text‐Bild‐Link‐Editor(TBLE)



Textfelder,LeserichtungundLacunae imText,BlockoderZeichen


surface“front”

textbox“rectangular”

block“61th.757st~568st”


Textfelder,LeserichtungundLacunae imText,BlockoderZeichen


range“unknown”

range“4”

“lost”“undeterminable”“unreadable”“restored”

1 block2 signs


TextanalyseI:SemiautomatischeAuszeichnung

68

Bsp.: PAL PMI1, A3

60st

713bb

24st

hasLogographicValue: K‘AL

683br

hasLogographicValue: HUN

hasSyllabicValue: li

hasSyllabicValue: ja

Zeichenkatalog Text‐Bild‐Link‐Editor(Dokumentationsebene)

Textauszeichnung(Textebene) Analyseebene

K’AL‐li‐HUN‐jaK’AL‐li‐ja HUN


60st:713bb:24st.683br

HUN:K’AL:li.ja

Text‐Bild‐Link‐Editor(Dokumentationsebene)

Textauszeichnung(Textebene)


TextanalyseII:MehrstufigesAnalyseschema

69

Textauszeichnung(Textebene / maschinell)

Textannotation(Analyseebene / manuell) WB

Klassifikation60st:713bb:24st.683br

GraphematischeTransliterationHUN:K’AL:li.ja

PhonemischeTransliteration

k’alli=hu’un=ja (pref)k’alli=ja=hu’un (alt)

MorphologischeTranskription

k’al‐Ø+hu’un‐[a]j‐Ø (pref)k’a<H>l‐[a]j‐Øhu’un (alt)

MorphophonemischeTranskription

k’al‐Ø+hu’un‐aj‐Ø (pref)k’ahl‐aj‐Øhu’un (alt)

MorphologischeGlossierung

k’al‐Ø+hu’un‐aj‐Ø (pref)binden‐NMLZ+Kopfband‐INCH‐3s.ABS

k’ahl‐aj‐Øhu’un (alt)binden.PASS‐V.INTR.MOD‐3s.ABS Kopfband

Konsolidierte Transkription

k’alhu’unaj (pref)k’ahlaj hu’un (alt)

Übersetzung er bekam Kopfbandgebunden (pref lit)er wurde gekrönt (alt frei)



TextanalyseII:MultivariateAnnotation

70

GraphematischeTransliteration

HUN:K’AL:li.ja sign: “logogram”sign: “syllabogram”separator: “vertical”

“horizontal”

PhonemischeTransliteration

function: “lexeme”function: “complement”function: “morphological”separator: “border”

“internal”

k’alli=hu’un=ja

• k’al (1)binden (vtr)• hu’un (1)Papier (n)

(2) Kopfband (n)

DatenbankLemmata

MorphologischeGlossierung

…

• ‐aj (1)INCH• ‐Ø (1)NMLZ

(2) 3s.ABS

DatenbankGrammatik

morpheme: “root”morpheme: “stem”morpheme: “inflectional”morpheme: “derivational”separator: “affixation”

“compounding”

k’al‐Ø+hu’un‐aj‐Øbinden‐NMLZ+Kopfband‐INCH‐3s.ABS

Wörterbuch



TextanalyseundWörterbuch

71

PAL PMI1, A3‐k’al (1)binden //tobind,totie//atar,ligar (vtr,*pos)lev.1 (2)umgeben,beinhalten //toenclose,to

contain//rodear,contener (vtr)u‐k’al‐a‐Ø (3s.ERG‐binden‐COM.V.TR‐3s.ABS)x‐a‐k’al‐a‐Ø (FUT‐2s.ERG‐binden‐FUT.V.TR‐3s.ABS)k’ahl‐aj‐Ø (binden.PASS‐MOD.V.INTR.D‐3s.ABS)k’al‐aw‐Ø (binden‐AP‐3s.ABS)k’al‐wan‐Ø=iy (POS:gebunden‐INTRZ‐3s.ABS=ANT) k’al (682stK’AL)zwanzig

k’al‐Ø (1)Bindung //binding//ligamento (nd)lev.1 (2)Einfriedung,Raum //enclosure,room//

cerca,cuarto (nd)

hu’un (1)Papier //paper//papel (nr)lev.1 (2)Kopfband //headband//tira (nr)

k’al‐Ø+hu’un (1)Krönung =Kopfband‐Bindung //coronation=lev.1 headband‐binding//coronación =tira‐

ligamento (nc)k’al‐Ø+hu’un‐aj‐Ø (binden‐NMLZ+Kopfband‐INCH‐3s.ABS) k’al‐Ø+sak hu’unWeißes‐Kopfband‐Bindung

k’ahl‐aj‐Ø


WörterbuchundEinzelnachweise

72

k’ahl‐aj‐Ø (binden.PASS‐MOD.V.INTR.D‐3s.ABS)Transliteration Klassifikation Transkription Belegstelle Zeitstellungk'a=ja 669st.683br k'ah[l]‐[a]j‐Ø COL

K2292,B1?

k'a‐K'AL=ja 669st.683br:713bb k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø COLP.PoThrone,D2

09.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.24,B4

11.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.47b,A1

11.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.47b,B1

11.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.47b,C1

11.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.47b,D1

11.04

K'AL=ja 713bv.683br k'ahl‐[a]j‐Ø CDr.47b,E1

11.04

k'a‐la=ja 669st.683br:534db k'ahl‐aj‐Ø COLCol.Hecelchakan,B1

09.15

k'a‐la=ja 669st.683br:534db k'ahl‐aj‐Ø XCAPil.1,B1

09.15

2k'a‐la=ja 2:669st:534db.683br k'ahl‐aj‐Ø XLMCol. 1,B1

09.15

K'AL‐la=ja 713bv.683br:534db k'ahl‐aj‐Ø COLP.Stendahl,C2b

09.14


k’ahl‐aj‐Ø


EinzelnachweisimKontext


Xcocha, Pillar 1 (XCA: Pil. 1)

A1 alayB1 k’ahl‐aj‐ØA2‐B2 y‐uxl‐ulA3 u‐k’al‐Ø‐ØB3 kob+a’…

A1 alayB1 k’ahl‐aj‐ØA2 y‐uxl‐ulB2 tiy‐atot=e’A3 y‐???…

Xcalumkin, Column 1 (XLM: Col. 1)

Konkordanz



VisionandMission

[dcsb] christian prager (bonn) of codes, glyphs and kings: tasks, limits and approaches in the...

Education