d.bruciafreddo -coupled flare system design southern swamp associated gas solution ssags project...
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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www.gchfdkrujcelrhggd.jdo
Emy quhstcdm gdm't nhscteth td jdmtejt oh! Hmady rhegcmf!
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5 / 595
YDBCWHJMCJD GC OCBEMD
Zjnddb dl Cmgustrceb Hmfcmhhrcmf
Oesthr dl Zjchmjh cm Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhr cmf
Jdupbhg Lberh Zystho Ghscfm
sdutnhrm sweop essdjcethg fes sdbutcdm (ZZEFZ) prdahjt
bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
Zuphrvcsdr dl Ydbcthjmcjd gc Ocbemd1 Lubb Yrdl. Emfhbd Dmdretc
Zuphrvcsdr dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.1 Hmf. Jncere Lhrbcmc
Hmf. Gchfd Krujcelrhggd
Wnhscs dl
Ebcrhze Fnebeo`erc
Ztughmt CG1 6>6<65
Ejeghocj yher ;95:-;957
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ; / 595
Wekbh dl jdmthmts
5
LBE[H HUXCYOHMW LD[ FHMH[EB ZH[\CJH ...................................................................................................... 3
5.5 Lberh systho cm cmgustrceb pbemts ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ... 55
5.; Wyphs dl lberhs ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... .................. 5:
5.;.5 \hrtcjeb Lberh ..................................................................................................................................................... 5:
5.;.; Ndrczdmteb ........................................................................................................................................................... ;;
5.;.: Hmjbdshg Lbeoh Lberhs ................................................................................................................................... ;;
5.;.7 Zcmfbh-pdcmt emg Oubtc-kurmhr ................................................................................................................... ;:
5.;.8 Zod`hbhss emg Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs ................................................................................................... ;8
5.: Lberhs es e prhssurh vhsshb ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .............. ;<
5.:.5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt Wyphs emg jdopdmhmts ..................................................................................... ;<
5.:.; Lberh jdopdmhmt .............................................................................................................................................. :<
5.:.: EZOH Jdgh ......................................................................................................................................................... :>
5.:.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb Ghscfmcmf Zdltwerh pej`efhs ................................................................................... 8;
;
Wnh Eco dl tnh tnhscs ................................................................................................................. ................ 8<
:
Lberh Zystho Ghscfm .............................................................. ............................................................... ..... 8>
:.5 Odghbcmf ...................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ....... 8>
:.5.5 Fhdohtry ............................................................................................................................................................. 8>
:.5.; Bdegcmf Gete ...................................................................................................................................................... <5
7
Jdmjbuscdm ............................................................................................ ......................................................... 66
7.5 [hsubt .................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... .............. 66
7.5.5 Jdopetckcbcty ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.5.; Ztrhss jnhj` ........................................................................................................................................................ >5
7.5.: \drthx Znhggcmf ............................................................................................................................................... >>
7.; Kdbt ghscfm .................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ... 35
8
[hlhrhmjh .............................................................. .............................................................. ........................ 599
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 : / 595
Lcfurhs
Lcfurh 5 Lberh cm Esebuyhn (Crem) ‚ Zdutn Yers pnesh <-6-> ....................................................... 3
Lcfurh ; Zjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl em dvhrebb vhrtcjeb, hbhvethg lberh systho. .............. 55
Lcfurh : Zhbl Zuppdrthg Lberh .............................................................................................................. 57
Lcfurh 7 sjnhoetcj odghb dl shbl suppdrthg lberh efecmst bethreb bdeg ................................ 57
Lcfurh 8 trhmg dl tnh tncj`mhss vs tnh stej` nhcfnt ............................................................ ......... 5<
Lcfurh < Fuyhg wcrh suppdrthg Lberh ........................................................ ....................................... 56
Lcfurh 6 jekbh thmscdm ................................................................ ............................................................. 5>
Lcfurh > stcllmhss trhmg .......................................................................................................................... 53
Lcfurh 3 Lcxhg Ghrrcj` Zuppdrthg Lberh ...................................................................... .................... ;9
Lcfurh 59 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcjb Oubtc shjtcdm ............................................................................... ;5
Lcfurh 55 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj` Zcmfbh shjtcdm ............................................................................ ;5
Lcfurh 5; Ndrczdmteb Lberh ....................................................... ............................................................. ;;
Lcfurh 5: Hmjbdshg Lberh ....................................................................................................................... ;;
Lcfurh 57 Oubtc kurmhr stefhg Lberh .......................................................... ....................................... ;7
Lcfurh 58 5 Oubtc kurmhr lberh stefcmf jurvh ............................................................. .................... ;7
Lcfurh 5< Ecr esscsthg Lberh ................................................................ .................................................. ;<
Lcfurh 56 Ndrczdmteb gruo ................................................................ ................................................... ;3
Lcfurh 5> \hrtcjeb gruo ............................................................ ............................................................. ;3
Lcfurh 53 Wdwhr ................................................................ ............................................................... ......... :9
Lcfurh ;9 rhejtdr ...................................................................................................................................... :5
Lcfurh ;5 Zpnhrcjeb tem` ........................................................... ............................................................. :5
Lcfurh ;; Nhegs ........................................................................................................................................ :;
Lcfurh ;: Zeggbh ....................................................................................................................................... :7
Lcfurh ;7 Buf.............................................................................................................................................. :8
Lcfurh ;8 Zndh lejtdry khldrh emg elthr kdcbhr hxpbdscdm ........................................................ :>
Lcfurh ;< Ebbdwekbh Mdzzbh Bdegs .............................................................. ....................................... 76
Lcfurh ;6 Z`crt wctn emjndr kdbts ................................................................ ....................................... 89
Lcfurh ;> :G odghb dl tnh prdahjt ..................................................................................................... 83
Lcfurh ;3 Odghb cm Y\-Hbcth / OCGEZ................................................................................................ <9 Lcfurh :9 Jdupbhg systho ........................................................ ............................................................. <5
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7 / 595
Lcfurh :5 Zhrvcjh pcpcmf drchmtetcdm ................................................................................................ <;
Lcfurh :; Zhrvcjh pcpcmf gheg bdeg ................................................................................................... <;
Lcfurh :: Begghr gheg bdeg ................................................................ .................................................. <: Lcfurh :7 Ybetldros gheg bdeg ............................................................................................................ <7
Lcfurh :8 Begghr/Ybetldro ghtecbs cm Y\-hbcth .......................................................... .................... <8
Lcfurh :< Bcvh bdeg ........................................................... ............................................................... ......... <<
Lcfurh :6 Mdzzbh bdeg ............................................................................................................................. <6
Lcfurh :> Ohem wcmg sphhg jebjubetcdm .......................................................................................... <3
Lcfurh :3 wcmg prdlcbh ebdmf tnh stej` .............................................................. ............................... 69
Lcfurh 79 ldrjh jdhllcjchmt .................................................................................................................... 65
Lcfurh 75 strujtureb lejtdr ....................................................... ............................................................. 6;
Lcfurh 7; bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf Kcffhr lberh .............................................................................. 6;
Lcfurh 7: bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf soebbhr lberh ............................................................................ 6:
Lcfurh 77 wcmg bdeg gcstrckutcdm ................................................................ ........................................ 67
Lcfurh 78 bdeg jdokcmetcdms .............................................................. .................................................. 6<
Lcfurh 7< Bethreb ghlbhjtcdm jdopercsdm ........................................................................................ 66
Lcfurh 76 Znher Ldrjh jdopercsdm ............................................................. ....................................... 6>
Lcfurh 7> tdteb whcfnt jdopercsdm............................................................ ....................................... 63
Lcfurh 73 kheo gcefreo ........................................................... ............................................................. >5
Lcfurh 89 strhss gcstrckutcdm .............................................................. .................................................. >;
Lcfurh 85 Zthhb jnhj`s ............................................................................................................................ >7
Lcfurh 8; Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh (L-7:9;) ....................................... >8
Lcfurh 8: strhss jdokcmetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh (L-7:9;) ........................................................... >6
Lcfurh 87 vdrthx snhggcmf jnhj`........................................................................................................ >>
Lcfurh 88 Nhbcjeb ste`hs ......................................................................................................................... 39
Lcfurh 8< rhejtcdm ldrjhs guh td scmfbh bdeg jeshs ...................................................................... 35
Lcfurh 86 Ebbdwekbh bdegs ldr emjndr kdbts ................................................................................... 3;
Lcfurh 8> emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm ............................................ 3;
Lcfurh 83 hmvhbdph dl rhejtcdm ldrjhs ushg ldr kdbt ghscfm ..................................................... 3:
Lcfurh <9Kesh pbeth ghtecbs ldr kcffhr lberh ................................................................................... 37
Lcfurh <5 Emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr kcffhr lberh ......................................................... .................... 38
Lcfurh <; Keshpbeth ghtecbs ldr soebbhr lberh ................................................................................. 36
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8 / 595
Lcfurh <: emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr soebbhr lberh ........................................................................... 3>
Wekbhs
Wekbh 5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt jethfdrchs .......................................................................................... ;6
Wekbh ; ;Oex. ebbdwekbh ghlbhjtcdm ................................................................................................... 7>
Wekbh : Yrhssurh vhsshb sdltwerh pej`efhs ................................................................................... 8:
Wekbh 7 jdopercsdm khtwhhm Y\-Hbcth emg Jdoprhss ............................................................... 88
Wekbh 8 Fhmhreb ghscfm cmldroetcdm .................................................................................................. 8>
Wekbh < wcmg ghscfm cmldroetcdm ....................................................................................................... <>
Wekbh 6 Zuooery dl rhqucrhg kdbts ............................................................ ....................................... 3:
Wekbh > Ghscfmhg gete ................................................................ ............................................................. 33
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 < / 595
Ej`mdwbhgfohmts
C wdubg bc`h td tnem` oy `cmg Zuphrvcsdr, Lubb Yrdlhssdr Emfhbd Dmdretc ldr ncs lubb
suppdrt tnrdufndut tnh hmtcrh guretcdm dl tnh prdahjt.
Zphjceb tnem`s td tnh oemefhrs dl tnh jdopemy, Or. Xfd Bhvc, Or. Ermebgd Wnhvhmht,
Or. \cttdrcd Wnhvhmht wnd fevh oh tnh dppdrtumcty dl etthmgcmf cmthrmsncp cm tnh jdopemy
emg ebsd ldr tnhcr ndspctebcty
C ebsd wdubg bc`h td tnem` hvhrykdgy cm tnh jdopemy ldr tnh suppdrt, hsphjcebby HMF.
Jncere Lhrbcmc emg HMF. Gchfd Krujcelrhggd ldr tnh dppdrtumcty dl thjnmcjeb wdr`. emg ebsdldr tnhcr ndspctebcty
C wdubg bc`h td tnem` oy perhmts ldr suppdrtcmf oh gurcmf oy wndbh bclh emg oy
scsthr wnd nes ebweys odtcvethg oh. Et best kut mdt bhest fretctugh fdhs td ebb dl oy lrchmgs
wnd gcrhjtby dr cmgcrhjtby nhbphg oh td jdopbhth tncs tnhscs.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 6 / 595
Ekstrejt
Wnh eco dl tncs gdjuohmt cs td jerry dut tnh ohjnemcjeb emg strujtureb jebjubetcdm emg
jnhj`s, jdmjhrmcmf tnh ghscfm dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg hbhvethg lberh (Cthos L-7:95, L-7:9;) ldr
sdutnhrm sweop essdjcethg fes sdbutcdm (ZZEFZ) prdahjt cm Dfkdtdkd bdjethg cm Mcfhrce.
Wnh Zdutnhrm Zweop erhe jdoprcshs 5< lchbgs (5; prdgujcmf emg 7 pertcebby
epprecshg lchbgs (YELs) ) wctn Zjdph ldr [hjdvhry (ZL[) vdbuohs cm tnh drghr dl >8> OOkdh.
Wnh lchbgs erh sctuethg cm DOBs :8, :< emg 7< cm tnh jdesteb sweop erhe, <8`o Zdutn dl
Verrc.
Ebb hxcstcmf prdgujtcdm cm tnh erhe cs fetnhrhg cmtd e tdteb dl ldur lbdw stetcdms bdjethg
et Wumu, Dfkdtdkd, Khmcshgh emg Dpu`usnc. Wnh prdgujhg dcb cm tnh erhe cs hvejuethg vce tnh
Wrems [eods pcphbcmh td tnh Ldrjegds Whrocmeb wncbst tnh essdjcethg fes cs jurrhmtby lberhg.
Wnh sjdph dl ZZEFZ Yrdahjt, cs td odgcly tnh hxcstcmf lbdwstetcdms bdjethg cm Khmcshgh,
Dpu`usnc, Dfkdtdkd, Wumu emg td cmstebb e mhw fes Jhmtrebczhg Yrdgujtcdm Lejcbctchs (JYL) cm
Wumu cm drghr td fetnhr ebb Essdjcethg Fes, lberhg et tnh odohmt, emg td hxpdrt tnh MEF / EF
Fes td tnh gdohstcj oer`ht et tnh rhqucrhg sphjclcjetcdm.
JDOYEMS1 Znhbb Yhtrdbhuo Ghvhbdpohmt Jdopemy dl Mcfhrce
JDMW[EJWD[1 Zecpho Jdmtrejtcmf Mcfhrce Btg, Zmeoprdfhttc Hmfcmhhrcmf K\ emg
GhscjdmHmfcmhhrcmf Btg (JDMZ)
ZXYYBCH[1 Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf, hstekbcsnhg cm 5363 cm Ocbemd (Cteby), cs em Cmthrmetcdmeb frdup
dllhrcmf e wcgh remfh dl egvemjhg jdokustcdm systhos ldr ebb tnh eppbcjetcdms rhqucrhg cm tnh
Dcb & Fes cmgustrchs emg cm tnh phtrdjnhocjeb lchbgs. Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf nes tnh jepekcbcty td
ghscfm, lekrcjeth, suppby emg quebcty jdmtrdb dl tnh shvhreb typhs dl systhos.
Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf dllhrs e wcgh remfh dl prdgujts es ohmtcdmhg khbdw1
Hbhvethg Lberhs
Frdumghg Lberhs
Cmjcmhretdrs
Cmgcrhjt Nhethrs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 > / 595
Cm tncs gdjuohmt, Lcrst dl ebb, tnh lumjtcdmebcty dl lberh systho emg gcllhrhmt typhs dl
lberhs wcbb kh ghodmstrethg emg tnhm, scmjh lrhquhmtby, lberhs erh jdmscghrhg emg ghscfmhg cm
jdopbcemjh wctn prhssurh vhsshb rhqucrhohmts, tnh gcllhrhmt typhs dl prhssurh vhsshbs emgebsd vercdus jdopdmhmts emg ettejnohmts dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb wcbb kh ghsjrckhg. Bethr,
ghscfm bdegs emg ohtndgs ldr suppdrtcmf wcbb kh prhshmthg.
Lcmebby e sphjclcj jesh dl suppdrt (jdupbhg-systho) wncjn tnh soebbhr lberh systho cs
suppdrthg ky tnh kcffhr lberh systho wcbb kh stugchg, ct wcbb kh odghbhg ky LHO sdltwerh, emg
tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl tnh lberhs wcbb kh dktecmhg. Jdmshquhmtby, rhqucrhg sczh emg
muokhr dl emjndr kdbts wcbb kh vhrclchg emg ghscfmhg.
Wnh systho cs jdmscghrhg es tnh prhssurh vhsshb emg ct cs ghscfmhg wctn rhsphjt td
EZOH \CCC gcv.5. Wnh L.H. Zdltwerh ushg td prhperh emg emebyzh tncs odghbs cs OCGEZ Fhm.
;955 (v.5.5)0 tnem`s td ct, ct cs pdssckbh td hmthr tnh shvhreb bdeg jdmgctcdms emg tnhm jdokcmh
tnhcr strhsshs dutput. OCGEZ sdltwerh cs ushg dmby td jebjubeth tnh ldumgetcdm bdegs emg
emjndr kdbts. Wnh bcoctetcdm dl OCGEZ sdltwerh cs tnet ct cs mdt pdssckbh td eppby prhssurh dm
kheo hbhohmt, tnus tnh prhshmjh dl tnh cmthrmeb prhssurh jem–t kh stugchg
Khscghs, tnh systho cs odghbhg cm Y\-Hbcth td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh hllhjt dl cmthrmeb
prhssurh. OCGEZ odghb cs rhqucrhg td kh ekbh td stugy tnh cmthrejtcdms dl tnh jdupbhg systho
emg td dktecm odrh prhjcsh rhejtcdm ldrjhs, wncbh Y\-hbcth odghb jnhj`s tnh bdegs emg strhss
ejjdrgcmf td EZOH jdgh.
Ky rhvchwcmf kdtn odghbs rhsubts, scocber emg jdoperekbh rhsubts erh dktecmhg, wncjn
cmgcjeths tnet jebjubetcdm cm kdtn sdltwerh erh jdopetckbh. Ct sndubg kh ncfnbcfnthg tnet scmjh
ct tnh systho cs jdmscghrhg es e Yrhssurh vhsshb , tnh oethrcebs ychbg vebuh, cs sukstctuthg wctn
tnh ebbdwekbh strhss ejqucrhg lrdo EZOH CC G (hxjhpt ldr tnh s`crt , khjeush ct cs mdt eprhssurh pert) td rhsphjt tnh jdgh emg td cmjrhesh tnh selhty oerfcm.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3 / 595
5
L
BE[H HUXCYOHMW LD[ FHMH[EB ZH[\CJH
Lbercmf cs e vdbetcbh drfemcj jdopdumg (\DJ) jdokustcdm jdmtrdb prdjhss cm wncjn tnh
\DJs erh pcphg td e rhodth, usuebby hbhvethg emg kurmhg cm em dphm lbeoh cm tnh dphm ecr
uscmf e sphjcebby ghscfmhg kurmhr tcp, euxcbcery luhb, emg stheo dr ecr td prdodth ocxcmf ldr
mherby jdopbhth (=3>%) \DJ ghstrujtcdm. Jdopbhthmhss dl jdokustcdm cm e lberh cs fdvhrmhg
ky lbeoh thophreturh, rhscghmjh tcoh cm tnh jdokustcdm zdmh, turkubhmt ocxcmf dl tnh
jdopdmhmts td jdopbhth tnh dxcgetcdm rhejtcdm, emg evecbekbh dxyfhm ldr lrhh regcjeb
ldroetcdm. Jdokustcdm cs jdopbhth cl ebb \DJs erh jdmvhrthg td jerkdm gcdxcgh emg wethr.
Cmjdopbhth jdokustcdm rhsubts cm sdoh dl tnh \DJ khcmf umebthrhg dr jdmvhrthg td dtnhr
drfemcj jdopdumgs sujn es ebghnyghs dr ejcgs. Wnh lbercmf prdjhss jem prdgujh sdoh
umghscrekbh ky-prdgujts cmjbugcmf mdcsh, sod`h, nhet regcetcdm, bcfnt, ZD , MD , JD, emg em
eggctcdmeb sdurjh dl cfmctcdm wnhrh mdt ghscrhg. Ndwhvhr, ky prdphr ghscfm tnhsh jem kh
ocmcoczhg.
E fes lberh, ebthrmetcvhby `mdwm es e lberh stej`, cs e fes jdokustcdm ghvcjh ushg cm
cmgustrceb pbemts sujn es phtrdbhuo rhlcmhrchs, jnhocjeb pbemts, metureb fes prdjhsscmf pbemts
es whbb es et dcb dr fes prdgujtcdm scths nevcmf dcb whbbs, fes whbbs, dllsndrh dcb emg fes
lejcbctchs emg bemglcbbs.
Lcfurh 5 Lberh cm Esebuyhn Crem) Zdutn Yers pnesh <-6->
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 59 / 595
Cm cmgustrceb pbemts, lberh stej`s erh prcoercby ushg ldr kurmcmf dll lbeooekbh fes
rhbheshg ky prhssurh rhbchl vebvhs gurcmf umpbemmhg dvhr-prhssurcmf dl pbemt hqucpohmt.
Gurcmf pbemt dr pertceb pbemt stertups emg snutgdwms, lberh stej`s erh ebsd dlthm ushg ldr tnhpbemmhg jdokustcdm dl feshs dvhr rhbetcvhby sndrt phrcdgs.
E lbercmf systho cs prdvcghg cm e rhlcmhry dr phtrdjnhocjeb pbemt td hmsurh tnh selh emg
hllcjchmt gcspdseb dl rhbchvhg feshs dr bcqucgs. Wnh gcspdseb lbucgs erh jdbbhjthg cm e lberh
nheghr emg rduthg td tnh lberh. Ct cs hxtrhohby copdrtemt cm tnh hvhmt dl e pbemt hohrfhmjy
sujn es e lcrh dr pdwhr lecburh. E prdphrby dphretcmf lberh systho cs tnh jrctcjeb jdopdmhmt td
prhvhmt e pbemt gcsruptcdm lrdo turmcmf cmtd e gcsesthr. E lberh cs hxphjthg td dphreth twhmty-
ldur ndurs e gey. Lberh oust kh cm shrvcjh ldr shvhreb yhers wctndut e mhhg td snut ct gdwm. Ct
ebweys kh evecbekbh ldr lbercmf wnhmhvhr e pbemt gcsruptcdm djjurs. Yrdphr ghscfm, dphretcdm
emg oecmthmemjh dl hohrfhmjy lbercmf systhos erh hxtrhohby copdrtemt. Wnhsh jem hmsurh
tnh selhty dl phrsdmmhb, lejcbcty, emg tnh surrdumgcmf jdooumcty. Wnh cmthmtcdm emg
dphretcdmeb bcoctetcdms dl tnh Lberh Zystho sndubg kh gdjuohmthg jbherby emg ebb dphretcdmeb
stell oegh ewerh dl tncs gdjuohmtetcdm.
Wnh lbercmf systho oust kh ghscfmhg td gd tnh ldbbdwcmf1
[hgujh frdumg bhvhb jdmjhmtretcdms dl nezergdus oethrcebs.
Yrdvcgh tnh selh gcspdseb dl lbeooekbh oethrcebs.
[hgujh vdbetcbh drfemcj jdopdumg (\DJ) emg nygrd-jerkdm hocsscdms.
Ebsd ct cs copdrtemt td `mdw tnet frhet gheb dl fes lbercmf et oemy dcb emg fes
prdgujtcdm scths nes mdtncmf td gd wctn prdthjtcdm efecmst tnh gemfhrs dl dvhr-prhssurcmf
cmgustrceb pbemt hqucpohmt. Vnhm phtrdbhuo jrugh dcb cs hxtrejthg emg prdgujhg lrdo
dmsndrh dr dllsndrh dcb whbbs, rew metureb fes essdjcethg wctn tnh dcb cs prdgujhg td tnh
surlejh es whbb. Hsphjcebby cm erhes dl tnh wdrbg bej`cmf pcphbcmhs emg dtnhr fes tremspdrtetcdm
cmlrestrujturh, vest eodumts dl sujn essdjcethg fes erh jdoodmby lberhg es westh dr
umusekbh fes. Wnh lbercmf dl essdjcethg fes oey djjur et tnh tdp dl e vhrtcjeb lberh stej` (es cm
tnh prhvcdus pndtd) dr ct oey djjur cm e frdumg-bhvhb lberh cm em hertnhm pct.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 55 / 595
5.5 Lberh systho cm cmgustrceb pbemts
Wnh lberh stej` pbeys e oecm rdbh ldr tnh selhty dl tnh hmtcrh dcb emg fes cmgustrceb
pbemts. Cm lejt, wnhmhvhr cmgustrceb pbemt hqucpohmt cthos erh dvhr-prhssurhg, tnh prhssurh
rhbchl vebvhs prdvcghg es hsshmtceb selhty ghvcjhs dm tnh hqucpohmt eutdoetcjebby rhbhesh
feshs emg sdohtcohs bcqucgs es whbb. Wndsh prhssurh rhbchl vebvhs erh rhqucrhg ky cmgustrceb
ghscfm jdghs emg stemgergs es whbb es ky bew.
Mhxt lcfurh sndws e sjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl e lberh stej` systho cm em cmgustrceb
pbemt.
Lcfurh ; Zjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl em dvhrebb vhrtcjeb, hbhvethg lberh systho.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5; / 595
Wnh lbdw gcefreo ghpcjts tnh typcjeb jdopdmhmts dl em dvhrebb cmgustrceb lberh stej`
systho1
E `mdj`dut gruo td rhodvh emy dcb emg/dr wethr lrdo tnh rhbchvhg feshs.
E wethr sheb gruo td prhvhmt emy lbesnkej` dl tnh lbeoh lrdo tnh tdp dl tnh lberh stej`.
Em ebthrmetcvh fes rhjdvhry systho ldr ush gurcmf pertceb pbemt stertups emg/dr
snutgdwms es whbb es dtnhr tcohs wnhm rhqucrhg. Wnh rhjdvhrhg fes cs rduthg cmtd tnh
luhb fes systho dl tnh dvhrebb cmgustrceb pbemt.
E stheo cmahjtcdm systho td prdvcgh em hxthrmeb odohmtuo ldrjh ushg ldr hllcjchmt
ocxcmf dl ecr wctn tnh rhbchvhg fes, wncjn prdodths sod`hbhss kurmcmf.
E pcbdt lbeoh (wctn cts cfmctcdm systho) tnet kurms ebb tnh tcoh sd tnet ct cs evecbekbh td
cfmcth rhbchvhg feshs wnhmhvhr mhhghg.P<_
Wnh lberh stej`, cmjbugcmf e lbesnkej` prhvhmtcdm shjtcdm et tnh upphr pert dl tnh lberh
stej`.
Wnh rhbheshg feshs emg bcqucgs erh rduthg tnrdufn berfh pcpcmf systhos jebbhg lberh
nheghrs td e vhrtcjeb hbhvethg lberh. Wnh rhbheshg feshs erh kurmhg es tnhy hxct tnh lberhstej`s. Wnh sczh emg krcfntmhss dl tnh rhsubtcmf lbeoh ghphmgs updm tnh lbeooekbh oethrceb's
lbdw reth cm thros dl Adubhs phr ndur (dr ktu phr ndur).
Odst cmgustrceb pbemt lberhs nevh e vepdr-bcqucg shperetdr (ebsd `mdwm es e `mdj`dut
gruo) upstrheo dl tnh lberh td rhodvh emy berfh eodumts dl bcqucg tnet oey ejjdopemy tnh
rhbchvhg feshs.
Ztheo cs vhry dlthm cmahjthg cmtd tnh lbeoh td rhgujh tnh ldroetcdm dl kbej` sod`h.
Vnhm tdd oujn stheo cs egghg td tnh lbeoh, e jdmgctcdm `mdwm es "dvhr stheocmf" jem djjur
rhsubtcmf cm rhgujhg jdokustcdm hllcjchmjy emg ncfnhr hocsscdms. Cm drghr td `hhp tnh lberh
systho lumjtcdmeb, e soebb eodumt dl fes cs jdmtcmudusby kurmhg, bc`h e pcbdt bcfnt, sd tnet tnh
systho cs ebweys rhegy ldr cts prcoery purpdsh es em dvhr-prhssurh selhty systho.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5: / 595
5.; Wyphs dl lberhs
Es ohmtcdmhg khldrh tnhrh erh oemy gcllhrhmt `cmg dl lberh emg tnhy jem kh frduphg
umghr tnh ldbbdwcmf oeadr jethfdrchs1
\hrtcjeb Lberh
Ndrczdmteb Lberh
Hmjbdshg lbeoh Lberhs
Zcmfbh-pdcmt Lberhs
Oubtc kurmhr stefhg lberhs
Zod`hbhss emg Mdm sod`hbhss
5.;.5 \hrtcjeb Lberh
\hrtcjeb lberhs erh fhmhrebby drchmthg td lcrh upwerg. Wnh gcsjnerfh pdcmt cs cm em
hbhvethg pdsctcdm rhbetcvh td tnh surrdumgcmf fregh emg/dr mherky hqucpohmt. Wnhrh erh
shvhreb typhs dl suppdrt ohtndgs ldr vhrtcjeb lberhs.
5.;.5.5 Zhbl Zuppdrthg
E ohjnemcjebby emg strujturebby ghscfmhg rcshr suppdrts tnh lberh kurmhr.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 57 / 595
Lcfurh : Zhbl Zuppdrthg Lberh
Wd umghrstemg tnh khnevcdr dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg lberh jdmscghr tnh ldbbdwcmf seopbh
dl jemtcbhvhr dl nhcfnt N sukahjthg td bethreb ldrjh umcldro gcstrckuthg p wctn tremsvhrsebshjtcdm dl regcus [ emg tncj`mhss t .
Lcfurh 7 sjnhoetcj odghb dl shbl suppdrthg lberh efecmst bethreb bdeg
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 58 / 595
Wnh gcspbejhohmt g dl tnh systho lrdo tnh kheo tnhdry cs
wnhrh
H ydumf odgubus
A cmhrtce odohmt dl tnh tremsvhrseb shjtcdm
Jdmscghr e oexcouo ebbdwhg tdp gcspbejhohmt dl N/589 ky tnh prhvcdus ldroube ct cs
pdssckbh td dktecm e lumjtcdm ldr tnh rhqucrhg cmhrtce odohmt
Wnh odohmt dl cmhrtce ldr e tncm jcrjuber ndbbdw shjtcdm cs epprdxcoethg ky
Vnhrh G cs tnh gceohthr emg t tnh tncj`mhss. hxpbcjct tnh hquetcdm cm tnh rhbetcdm
tncj`mhss-nhcfnt1
Wnh ldroube sndws tnet tnh tncj`mhss cs prdpdrtcdmeb td tnh jukcj dl tnh nhcfnt tnet
ohems cl tnh nhcfnt cs gdukbh tnh tncj`mhss snebb kh > tcohs.
Cm drghr td nevh sdoh muokhr wh jdmscghr tnh ldbbdwcmf vebuh jdoodm ldr lberh
Wnet ohems (wctn N cm ohthr)
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5< / 595
Wnh ldbbdwcmf frepn sndws tnh trhmg tncj`mhss rhqucrhg
Lcfurh 8 trhmg dl tnh tncj`mhss vs tnh stej` nhcfnt
Ct cs pdssckbh td shh tnet e bhmftn ekdvh 79 o rhqucrhs e vhry tncj` shjtcdm, tnus shbl-
suppdrthg sdbutcdm ldr vhrtcjeb lberhs cs usuebby ushg ldr nhcfnt up td 79 ohthrs.
5.;.5.; Fuy wcrhg suppdrthg
Jekbhs erh ettejnhg td tnh lberh rcshr et dmh dr odrh hbhvetcdms td bcoct tnh ghlbhjtcdm dl
tnh strujturh. Wnh jekbhs (fuy-wcrhs) erh typcjebby pdsctcdmhg cm e trcemfuber pbem td prdvcgh
strdmf suppdrt cm ebb gcrhjtcdm efecmst bethreb bdegs.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 56 / 595
Lcfurh < Fuyhg wcrh suppdrthg Lberh
Wncs `cmg dl suppdrt cs tnh odst hjdmdocjeb sdbutcdm td suppdrt vhrtcjeb lberh tebbhr
tnem :9 o. Wnh oecm rdbh dl tnh wcrh cs td ejt es e ndrczdmteb suppdrt ebdmf tnh nhcfnt efecmsttnh ndrczdmteb hxthrmeb bdeg ldr wncjn es hxpbecmhg khldrh, e shbl-suppdrthg sdbutcdm cs mdt
hjdmdocjeb.
Wd umghrstemg e wcrh ohjnemcso, jdmscghr e fuy wcrh wctn cmjbcmetcdm emfbh wctn
tnh frdumg. Elthr e ndrczdmteb gcspbejhohmt tnh thmscdm dm tnh wcrh jem kh jebjubethg es
khbdw1
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5> / 595
Lcfurh 6 jekbh thmscdm
Yrdahjtcmf tncs ldrjh dm tnh lberh stej` ct jem kh rhebczhg ndw ct wdr`s es e ndrczdmteb
suppdrt wctn stcllmhss
Ldr e fcvhm wcrh, tnh oexcouo stcllmhss cs tnhdrhtcjebby rhejnhg et 9¹ emg ct khjdohs
mubb et 39¹.
Cm tncs wey ct cs pdssckbh td jdmtrdb tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt khtthr tnem tnh shbl-
suppdrthg ohtndg.
Jdmscghrcmf tnet tnh bhmftn dl tnh wcrh cs hqueb td
Vnhrh n cs tnh hbhvetcdm lrdo tnh frdumg td tnh emjndr pdcmt dl tnh wcrh dm tnh lberh ct
cs pdssckbh td wrcth tnh stcllmhss es
g
n
N
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 53 / 595
Dmh tcoh tnet tnh pdsctcdm dl tnh suppdrt cs fcvhm dmh prdkbho cs td shbhjt tnh khst
emfbh td nevh tnh oexcouo stcllmhss.
Lcfurh > stcllmhss trhmg
Wnh khst sdbutcdm cs td nevh em emfbh erdumg :8¹ emg ldr wncjn ohems tnh ndrczdmteb
gcstemjh dl gheg-oem lrdo tnh lberh kesh cs hqueb td1
Lrdo ekdvh, ct cs pdssckbh td umghrstemg tnet tnh oecm bcoctetcdm dl uscmf fuy wcrhg
lberh cs tnet e wcgh gcstemjh ldr cmstebbetcdm dl wcrh dm tnh frdumg cs rhqucrhg.
Emdtnhr cssuh cs tnh copdscmf dl vhrtcjeb stcllmhss ebdmf tnh lberh ste`h tnet rhstrecms
tnh hxpemscdm guh td tnhroeb bdeg jeuscmf e vhry kcf mdroeb ldrjh dm tnh lberh stej`.
5.;.5.: Ghrrcj` suppdrthg
Wnh lberh cs suppdrthg ky e sthhb trusshg strujturh sd-jebbhg Ghrrcj`. tnh egvemtefh cs
tnet tnh rhqucrhg wcgtn cs ocmdr tnem tnh dmh rhqucrhg ldr fuy wcrhg lberh, emg ebsd odrh
tnem dmh lberh jem kh suppdrthg ky tnh seoh ghrrcj`. Xsuebby e ghrrcj` suppdrthg systho cs
ushg ncfn hbhvethg lberh systhos
Ct cs pdssckbh td rhjdfmczh twd gcllhrhmt typhs.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;9 / 595
Lcxhg Ghrrcj`
Wnh rcshr cs phroemhmtby suppdrthg ky tnh strujturh. Wnh tcp jem kh oecmtecmhg ky
bdwhrcmf ct wctn e gevct dr jremh. Wnh lberh systho oust kh dut dl shrvcjh wnhm tnh tcp cs
rhodvhg. [hlhr td Lcfurh 3 ldr e typcjeb lcxhg ghrrcj` suppdrt strujturh.
Lcfurh 3 Lcxhg Ghrrcj` Zuppdrthg Lberh
Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj`
d Oubtcpbh shjtcdm rcshr1 E ghrrcj` wctn tnh rcshr(s) odumthg td phroct bdwhrcmf tnh
lberh kurmhr td fregh ldr shrvcjh. Wnh rcshr cs typcjebby esshokbhg cm shjtcdms tnet
jem kh recshg emg bdwhrhg uscmf e trej` emg fucgh systho. Wncs ebbdws fregh bhvhb
ejjhss td tnh lberh kurmhr. Oemy ghodumtekbh ghrrcj`s erh ghscfmhg td suppdrt
oubtcpbh rcshrs wctn tnhcr lberh kurmhrs. Zujn e ghrrcj` jem kh ghscfmhg sd tnet ebb
tnh lberhs, hxjhpt tnh dmh khcmf oecmtecmhg, jem kh dphretcdmeb gurcmf tnh
oecmthmemjh. Lcfurh 59 cbbustreths e ghrrcj` wctn e oubtcpbh shjtcdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;5 / 595
Lcfurh 59 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcjb Oubtc shjtcdm
d Zcmfbh shjtcdm rcshr1 E ghrrcj` wctn e scmfbh rcshr utcbczcmf e trej` emg fucgh systho
wncjn ebbdws tnh lberh rcshr emg kurmhr td kh bdwhrhg td fregh cm e scmfbh pchjh.
Lcfurh55 cbbustreths e ghrrcj` wctn e scmfbh shjtcdm
Lcfurh 55 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj` Zcmfbh shjtcdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;; / 595
5.;.; Ndrczdmteb
Wnh lberhg bcqucgs emg feshs erh pcphg td e ndrczdmteb lberh kurmhr tnet gcsjnerfhs cmtd
e pct dr hxjevetcdm (shh Lcfurh 5;).
Lcfurh 5; Ndrczdmteb Lberh
5.;.: Hmjbdshg Lbeoh Lberhs
Hmjbdshg lberhs erh jdmstrujthg td jdmjheb tnh leoh lrdo gcrhjt vchw. Wnhy jem rhgujh
mdcsh emg ocmcoczh regcetcdm. Xmbc`h em cmjcmhretdr, e wcgh turmgdwm cs cmnhrhmt wctn tnhsh
systhos. Wnh mdroeb lbdw reth ebbdws tnh jdmmhjthg lejcbcty td stert up, snutgdwm, emg
dphreth dm e gey td gey kescs wctndut hxpdshg lbeoh lbercmf. Oubtcpbh stefhs wctncm tnhhmjbdshg lberhs erh sdohtcohs ushg. Lcfurh 5: cbbustreths e scgh-lcrhg hmjbdshg lberh.
Lcfurh 5: Hmjbdshg Lberh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;: / 595
5.;.7 Zcmfbh-pdcmt emg Oubtc-kurmhr
Zcmfbh emg oubtc-kurmhr lberhs oey kh prdvcghg wctn hejn dl tnh ekdvh lberh
jethfdrchs.
Zcmfbh-pdcmt Lberhs
E scmfbh-pdcmt lberh cs em dphm pcph tcp wctn e scmfbh hxct pdcmt. Zcmfbh-pdcmt lberhs oey
kh dl tnh sod`hbhss dr mdm-sod`hbhss ghscfm. Wnhy erh fhmhrebby vhrtcjeb typhs. E scmfbh-
pdcmt lberh usuebby nes e bdwhr prhssurh gcllhrhmtceb tnem e oubtc-kurmhr lberh
Oubtc-kurmhr Ztefhg Lberhs
Oubtc-kurmhr lberh systhos utcbczh tnh evecbekbh prhssurh hmhrfy dl tnh fes td hmtrecm
eggctcdmeb ecr. Wncs coprdvhs jdokustcdm es lberh fes cs khtthr ocxhg wctn tnh ecr. Oubtckurmhr
lberhs erh usuebby ghscfmhg td ejnchvh sod`hbhss jdokustcdm cl eghqueth prhssurh emg spejh
erh evecbekbh. Wnh oubtcpbh kurmcmf pdcmts oey kh erremfhg cm erreys bdjethg mher fregh dr et
em hbhvethg pdsctcdm. Lcfurh;-> cbbustreths e oubtckurmhr stefhg lberh. Lcfurh 57,58 cbbustreths
tnh phrldroemjh dl e tnrhh-stefh lberh systho. Hejn stefh eggs cmjrhohmteb hxct erhe. Ztefcmf
ebbdws dphretcdm dl hejn stefh td kh et prhssurhs wnhrh sod`cmf wcbb mdt djjur. Es tnh lbdw
cmjrheshs cm tnh lcrst stefh, tnh systho prhssurh cmjrheshs. Vnhm tnh systho prhssurh rhejnhs
e oexcouo ldr tnh lcrst stefh, tnh shjdmg stefh dphms prdvcgcmf eggctcdmeb jepejcty. Wnh
eggctcdmeb jepejcty ghjrheshs tnh systho prhssurh wncbh oecmtecmcmf tnh seoh lbdw. Wncs
prdjhss tnhm rhphets wctn tnh tncrg stefh. Ghjrhescmf lbdw rhvhrshs tnh stefcmf prdjhss.
Zcmfbh emg oubtc-kurmhr, stefhg lberhs erh lhg lrdo e oemcldbg. Wnh oemcldbg
gcstrckuths tnh lbdw dl lberh fes td cmgcvcgueb kremjnhs jdmtecmcmf dmh dr odrh kurmhr tcps.
DM/DLL \ebvhs gcrhjt tnh lbdw dl lberh fes td hejn kremjn. Wnh dphretcdm cs ghsjrckhg ekdvh.
Lberh systho selhty jdmscghretcdms rhqucrh vebvh kypesshs, hejn dl wncjn oust jdmtecm
e lecb-selh ghvcjh h.f., rupturh gcsj, pcm ejtuethg ghvcjh. Zod`hbhss dr mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs
erh eppbcjekbh td ebb dl tnh ekdvh typhs dl lberhs.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;7 / 595
Lcfurh 57 Oubtc kurmhr stefhg Lberh
Lcfurh 58 5 Oubtc kurmhr lberh stefcmf jurvh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;8 / 595
5.;.8 Zod`hbhss emg Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs
5.;.8.5 Zod`hbhss Lberhs
Zod`hbhss lberhs hbcocmeth emy mdtcjhekbh sod`h dvhr e sphjclchg remfh dl lbdws.
Zod`hbhss jdokustcdm cs ejnchvhg ky utcbczcmf ecr, stheo, prhssurh hmhrfy, dr dtnhr ohems td
jrheth turkubhmjh emg hmtrecm ecr wctncm tnh lberhg fes strheo.
Bdjeb rhfubetcdms emg pbemt sphjclcj rhqucrhohmts fhmhrebby ghlcmh sod`hbhss kurmcmf.
Dpejcty cs ghlcmhg ky [cmfhboemm muokhrcmf sjebh (#5 [cmfhboemm cs ;9 phrjhmt dpejcty0
[cmfhboemm 9 cs jbher). Wypcjebby tnh sod`cmf thmghmjy cs e lumjtcdm dl tnh fes jebdrclcj vebuh
emg dl tnh kdmgcmf strujturh dl tnh nygrdjerkdms. Wnh Yerellcmcj shrchs dl nygrdjerkdms nevh
tnh bdwhst thmghmjy td prdgujh sod`h, wnhrhes dbhlcms, gcdbhllcmcj, emg erdoetcj shrchs dl
nygrdjerkdms nevh e oujn ncfnhr thmghmjy td prdgujh sod`h. Zod`hbhss lberhs jem kh
prdvcghg wctn e stheo-esscst dr ecr-esscst systho td coprdvh jdokustcdm. Em ecr-esscst
systho utcbczhs lems td prdvcgh ocxcmf hmhrfy et tnh tcp (Zhh lcfurh5< ).
5.;.8.; Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs
Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs utcbczh md dutscgh ohtndgs (ecr, stheo, htj.) td coprdvh
jdokustcdm. Wncs sdohtcohs rhsubts cm tnh prhshmjh dl sdoh sod`h et jhrtecm dphretcmf
jdmgctcdms. Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs erh typcjebby, kut mdt hxjbuscvhby, scmfbh-pdcmt lberhs. Mdm-
sod`hbhss lberhs jem kh ushg td suppbhohmt sod`hbhss lberhs wnhm tnh jepejcty dm tnh
sod`hbhss lberh cs hxjhhghg. Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs erh ushg ldr nygrdjerkdm dr vepdr strheos
tnet gd mdt jeush sod`cmf (c.h., ohtnemh, nygrdfhm, jerkdm odmdxcgh, jbhem jd`h dvhm fes,
eoodmce, nygrdfhm sublcgh) dr wnhm sod`h cs mdt e jdmjhrm.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;< / 595
Lcfurh 5< Ecr esscsthg Lberh
5.: Lberhs es e prhssurh vhsshb
Zcmjh Lberh systho cs usuebby jdmscghrhg es e prhssurh vhsshb ct cs mhhghg et lcrst td
cmtrdgujh tnh prhssurh vhsshbs.
5.:.5
Yrhssurh hqucpohmt Wyphs emg jdopdmhmts
5.:.5.5 Vnet cs e Yrhssurh Hqucpohmt
E umemcodusby efrhhg ghl l wn uh „prhurh hqupoh– nr
lcmg. Wnh thros prhssurh hqucpohmt, prhssurh vhsshb emg prhssurh systho, wncbh epphercmf
thjnmcjebby strecfntldrwerg, erh kdumg up es tnh sukahjt oetthr dl gcsjusscdm ky tnh
muohrdus thjnmcjeb jdooctthhs tnet grelt bhfcsbetcdm, rhfubetcdms emg thjnmcjeb stemgergs.
Guh td tnh wey tnet vercdus cmthrmetcdmeb emg metcdmeb gcrhjtcvhs, stemgergs, htj. erhstrujturhg, tnhrh erh dlthm gcllhrhmjhs emg jdmtregcjtcdms cm ohemcmf khtwhhm thjnmcjeb
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;6 / 595
thros. Wnh hmg rhsubt cs tnet ghlcmctcdm oey gcllhr khtwhhm jdumtrchs, cmgustry emg thjnmcjeb
eppbcjetcdm.
Wnem`lubby, lumgeohmteb thjnmcjeb esphjts dl prhssurh hqucpohmt gd mdt jnemfh tnet
qucj`by. Ghscfm emg oemulejturcmf prejtcjhs nevh khhm ghvhbdphg dvhr tnh pest 599 yhers
emg tnh thjnmdbdfy dl prhssurh hqucpohmt cs whbb suppdrthg ky thjnmcjeb stemgergs emg
h l prh lro oy l nh wrb– hvhbph urh
5.:.5.; Yrhssurh Hqucpohmt Jethfdrchs
Wekbh 5 sndws tnh sjdph dl sdoh jdoodm thjnmcjeb jethfdrchs dl prhssurh hqucpohmt
ushg cm tnh oecm strheo hmfcmhhrcmf cmgustrchs. Mdth tnet tnhsh jethfdrchs rhprhshmt
erkctrery thjnmcjeb gcvcscdms dmby emg nevh md gcrhjt rhbhvemjh td tnh cmjbuscdm dl tnh
hqucpohmt umghr emy gcrhjtcvhs dr rhfubetcdms. Lrdo tnh hmfcmhhrcmf pdcmt dl vchw, prhssurh
hqucpohmt typhs emg jdopdmhmts erh ebb surprcscmfby scocber.
Jethfdrchs Cthos
Zcopbh prhssurh vhsshb Zcopbh rhjhcvhrs(umlcrhg) bdw prhssurh
Fes jybcmghrs BYF jybcmghrs
Xmlcrhg prhssurh vhsshb
Jdopbhx ecr rhjhcvhrs, kdcbhr gruos, prhssurczhg
stdrefh jdmtecmhrs, jdmghmshrs, suphr nhethrs nhet
hxjnemfhr, Hjdmdoczhrs, Mujbher vhsshbs
Kdcbhrs Nhetcmf kdcbhr , pej`efh snhbb kdcbhr, jdeb/dcb-lcrhg
pdwhr kdcbhr, fhmhreb wethr tukh kdcbhr
\ebvhs Ztdp vebvhs(Fbdkh, Feth, Kutthrlby), jnhj`
vebvhs ,selhty vebvhs, jdmtrdb vebvhs , ohthrcmf vebvhs
Ycphwdr` Ycphbcmh, pdwhr pcpcmf, shrvcjh pcpcmf , lbemfhs,
lcttcmfs
Ocsjhbbemhdus Wurkcmhs, eutdjbevhs, rdeg tremspdrt vhncjbhs
Feufh prhssurh Hqucpohmt cs sukahjt td e pdsctcvh feufh prhssurh dr
mhfetcvh feufh ( vejjuo) prhssurh
Wekbh 5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt jethfdrchs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;> / 595
5.:.5.: Cmtrdgujtcdm td Yrhssurh \hsshb
\hsshb, tem`s emg pcph bcmhs tnet jerry, stdrh dr rhjhcvh lbucgs erh jebbhg prhssurh
vhsshb. E prhssurh vhsshb cs ghlcmhg es e jdmtecmhr wctn e prhssurh gcllhrhmtceb khtwhhm cmscgh
emg dutscgh. Wnh cmscgh prhssurh cs usuebby ncfnhr tnem dutscgh, hxjhpt ldr sdoh csdbethg
sctuetcdms. Wnh lbucg cmscgh tnh vhsshb oey umghrfd e jnemfh cm steth es cm tnh jesh dl stheo
kdcbhr dr oey jdokcmh wctn dtnhr rhefhmts es cm tnh jesh dl e jnhocjeb rhejtdr. Yrhssurh
vhsshbs dlthm nevh e jdokcmetcdm dl ncfn prhssurhs tdfhtnhr wctn ncfn thophreturhs emg cm
sdoh jeshs lbeooekbh lbucgs dr ncfnby regcdejtcvh oethrcebs. Khjeush dl sujn e nezerg ct cs
cophretcvh tnet tnh ghscfm kh sujn tnet md bhe`efh jem djjur. Cm eggctcdm tnhsh vhsshbs nevh td
kh ghscfmhg jerhlubby td jdph wctn tnh dphretcmf thophreturh emg prhssurh. Ct sndubg kh
kdrmh cm ocmg tnet tnh rupturh dl e prhssurh vhsshb nes e pdthmtceb td jeush hxthmscvh pnyscjeb
cmaury emg prdphrty geoefh. Ybemt selhty emg cmthfrcty erh dl lumgeohmteb jdmjhrm cm
prhssurh vhsshb ghscfm emg tnhsh dl jdursh ghphmg dm tnh eghquejy dl ghscfm jdghs.
Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh ushg cm e muokhr dl cmgustrchs, ldr hxeopbh tnh pdwhr
fhmhretcdm, tnh phtrdjnhocjeb cmgustry ldr stdrcmf prdjhsscmf jrugh phtrdbhuo dcb es whbb es
stdrcmf fesdbcmh cm shrvcjh stetcdm emg jnhocjeb cmgustry.
Wnh sczh emg fhdohtrcj ldro dl prhssurh vhsshbs very frhetby lrdo tnh berfh jybcmgrcjeb
vhsshbs ushg ldr ncfn-prhssurh td tnh soebb sczh ushg es nygreubcj umcts ldr ecrjrelt.
Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh usuebby spnhrcjeb dr jybcmgrcjeb wctn gdohg hmgs. Wnh jybcmgrcjeb
vhsshbs erh fhmhrebby prhlhrrhg scmjh tnhy prhshmt scopbhr oemulejturcmf prdkbhos emg oe`h
khtthr ush dl evecbekbh spejh. Zpnhrcjeb vhsshbs nevh tnh egvemtefh dl rhqucrcmf tncmmhr webb
ldr e fcvhm prhssurh emg gceohthr tnet tnh hqucvebhmt jybcmghr.
5.:.5.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb jbessclcjetcdm
Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh oegh cm ebb snephs emg sczhs, wctn vercdus prhssurhs. Wnh
Eohrcjem sdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb hmfcmhhrs (EZOH) kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshb jdgh, shjtcdm
\CCC, Gcvcscdm 5, sphjclchs e remfh dl cmthrmeb prhssurh lrdo 58 psc td :999 psc. tnh stetcj
hqucpohmt wncjn erh hxpdshg td tncs remfh erh es ldbbdw1
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;3 / 595
Gruo ndrczdmteb, vhrtcjeb)
Lcfurh 56 cbbustreths e typcjeb ndrczdmteb gruo. Ndrczdmteb gruos nevh jybcmgrcjeb
snhbbs emg erh lekrcjethg cm e wcgh remfh dl gceohthrs emg bhmftns tnhy erh mdroebby bdjethg
dm seggbh suppdrt.
Lcfurh 56 Ndrczdmteb gruo
Lcfurh 5> cbbustreths e soebb vhrtcjeb gruo. \hrtcjeb gruos erh mdroebby bdjethg et
fregh dm suppdrt (Z`crt, bhf , buf). Wnh oexcouo snhbb bhmftn td gceohthr retcd ldr e soebb
vhrtcjeb gruo cs ekdut 815
Lcfurh 5> \hrtcjeb gruo
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :9 / 595
Wdwhr
Lcfurh 53 cbbustreths e typcjeb tebb , vhrtcjeb tdwhr. Webb vhrtcjeb tdwhrs erh jdmstrujthg
cm e wcgh remfh dl snhbb gceohthrs emg nhcfnts. Wdwhrs jem kh rhbetcvhby soebb cm gceohthr emg
vhry tebb ( h.f. e 7 lt. gceohthr emg ;99 lt. tebb gcstcbbetcdm jdbuom) dr vhry berfh gceohthr emg
odghrethby tebb (h.f. :9 lt. gceohthr emg 589 lt. tebb ) tnh snhbb shjtcdm dl e tebb tdwhr oey kh
jdmstrujthg dl gcllhrhmt oethrcebs , tncj`mhss emg gceohthrs. Wncs cs khjeush thophreturh emg
pnesh jnemfhs dl tnh prdjhss lbucg wncjn erh tnh lejtdrs tnet ellhjt tnh jdrrdscvhmhss dl tnh
prdjhss lbucgs.
Lcfurh 53 Wdwhr
[hejtdr
Lcfurh ;9 cbbustreths e typcjeb rhejtdr vhsshb wctn e jybcmgrcjeb snhbb. Wnh prdjhss lbucg
umghrfdhs e jnhocjeb rhejtcdm cmscgh e rhejtdr. Wncs rhejtcdm cs mdroebby lejcbctethg ky tnh
prhshmjh dl jetebyst wncjn cs nhbg cm dmh dr odrh jetebyst khgs.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :5 / 595
Lcfurh ;9 rhejtdr
Zpnhrcjeb tem`
Lcfurh ;5cbbustreths e prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshb wctn e spnhrcjeb snhbb. Zpnhrcjeb tem`s
erh usuebby ushg ldr fes stdrefh umghr ncfn prhssurh
Lcfurh ;5 Zpnhrcjeb tem`
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :; / 595
5.:.5.8 Jdopdmhmt dl Yrhssurh \hsshb
Wnh oecm prhssurh vhsshb jdopdmhmts erh es ldbbdw1
Znhbb
Wnh snhbb cs tnh prcoery jdopdmhmt tnet jdmtecms tnh prhssurh. Yrhssurh vhsshb snhbbs
erh whbghg tdfhtnhr td ldro e strujturh tnet nes e jdoodm rdtetcdmeb excs. Odst prhssurh
vhsshb snhbbs erh jybcmgrcjeb, spnhrcjeb emg jdmcjeb cm sneph.
Nheg
Ebb prhssurh vhsshb snhbbs jem kh jbdshg et tnh hmgs ky nhegs. Nhegs erh typcjebby
jurvhg retnhr tnem lbet. Jurvhg jdmlcfuretcdms erh strdmfhr emg ebbdw tnh nhegs td kh tncmmhr,
, bcfnthr emg bhss hxphmscvh tnem lbet nhegs. Nhegs jem ebsd kh ushg cmscgh e vhsshb. Wnhsh
„hrohh nh– hprh h l nh prhurh vhhb phro llhrh hf
jdmgctcdm cm hejn shjtcdm. Nhegs erh usuebby jethfdrczhg ky tnhcr snephs. Hbbcpsdcgeb,
nhocspnhrcjeb, tdrcspnhrcjeb, jdmcjeb, tdrcjdmcjeb emg lbet erh tnh jdoodm typhs dl nhegs
Lcfurh ;; sndws vercdus typhs dl nheg. Hbbcpsdcgeb(;15) wdubg kh tnh odst jdoodm
typh dl nhegs wncjn cs ushg gurcmf tnh ghscfmcmf dl prhssurh vhsshb.
Lcfurh ;; Nhegs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :: / 595
Mdzzbh
E mdzzbh cs e jybcmgrcjeb jdopdmhmt tnet phmhtreths tnh snhbb dr nhegs dl e prhssurh
vhsshb. Wnh mdzzbh hmgs erh usuebby lbemfhg td ebbdw ldr mhjhssery jdmmhjtcdms emg td phroct
hesy gcsesshokby ldr oecmthmemjh dr ejjhss. Mdzzbhs erh ushg ldr tnh ldbbdwcmf eppbcjetcdms1
Ettejn pcpcmf ldr lbdw cmtd dr dut dl vhsshb
Ettejn cmstruohmt jdmmhjtcdm (bhvhb feufh tnhrodwhbbs, prhssurh feufh)
Yrdvcgh ejjhss td tnh vhsshb cmthrcdr et oemweys Yrdvcgh ldr gcrhjt ettejnohmt dl tnh dtnhr hqucpohmt cthos (h.f. e nhet hxjnemfhr dr
ocxhr)
Mdzzbhs erh ebsd sdohtcohs hxthmghg cmtd tnh vhsshb cmthrcdr ldr sdoh eppbcjetcdms,
sujn es ldr cmbht lbdw gcstrckutcdm dr phroct tnh hmrty dl tnhrodwhbbs.
Zuppdrt
Wnh typh dl suppdrt tnet cs ushg ghphmgs prcoercby cm tnh sczh emg drchmtetcdm dl tnh
prhssurh vhsshb. Cm ebb jeshs, tnh prhssurh vhsshb suppdrt oust kh eghqueth ldr tnh eppbchg
whcfnts, wcmg, hertnque`h bdegs.
Jebjubethg kesh bdegs erh ushg ldr ghscfm dl emjndrefh emg ldumgetcdm ldr tnh
prhssurh vhsshbs.
d Z`crt
Webb, vhrtcjeb, jybcmgrcjeb prhssurh vhsshbs (h.f. tnh Lberh, tdwhr) erh typcjebby
suppdrthg ky s`crts. E s`crt cs e jybcmgrcjeb snhbb shjtcdm tnet cs whbghg hctnhr td tnh bdwhr
pdrtcdm dl tnh vhsshb snhbb dr tnh kdttdo dl tnh nheg (ldr jybcmgrcjeb vhsshbs) s`crts ldr
spnhrcjeb vhsshbs erh whbghg td tnh vhsshb mher tnh ocg-pbemh ldr tnh snhbb. Wnh s`crt cs
mdroebby bdmf hmdufn td prdvcgh hmdufn lbhxckcbcty sd tnet regceb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh
snhbb gdhs mdt jeush ncfn tnhroeb strhsshs et cts aumjtcdm wctn tnh s`crt.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :7 / 595
d Bhf
Zoebb vhrtcjeb gruos erh typcjebby suppdrthg dm bhfs tnet erh whbghg td tnh bdwhr
pdrtcdm dl tnh snhbb. Wnh oexcouo retcd dl tnh suppdrt bhf tc gruo gceohthr cs typcjebby ;15.
Wnh muokhr dl bhfs mhhghg ghphmgs dm tnh gruo sczh emg tnh bdegs td kh jerrchg. Zuppdrt
bhfs erh ebsd typcjebby ushg ldr spnhrcjeb prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshbs. Wnh suppdrt bhfs ldr
soebb vhrtcjeb gruos emg spnhrcjeb prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshbs oey kh oegh lrdo strujturh
sthhb jdbuoms dr pcph shjtcdms, wncjnhvhr prdvcghs e odrh hllcjchmt ghscfm. Jrdss krejcmf
khtwhhm tnh bhfs cs typcjebby ushg td nhbp eksdrk wcmg dr hertnque`h bdegs.
d Zeggbh
Ndrczdmteb gruos erh typcjebby suppdrthg et twd bdjetcdms ky seggbh suppdrts. E
seggbh suppdrt sprhegs tnh whcfnt bdeg dvhr e berfh erhe dl tnh snhbb td prhvhmt em hxjhsscvh
bdjeb strhss cm tnh snhbb et tnh suppdrt pdcmts. Wnh wcgtn dl tnh seggbh, eodmf dtnhr ghscfm
ghtecbs cs ghthrocmhg ky tnh sphjclcj sczh emg ghscfm jdmgctcdms dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb. Dmh
seggbh suppdrt cs mdroebby lcxhg dr emjndrhg td cts ldumgetcdm. Wnh dtnhr suppdrt cs mdroebby
lrhh td phroct umrhstrecmhg bdmfctugcmeb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh gruo. E typcjeb sjnhoh dlseggbh suppdrt cs sndwm cm lcfurh ;:
Lcfurh ;: Zeggbh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :8 / 595
d Buf
Bufs tnet erh whbghg td tnh prhssurh vhsshb snhbb, wncjn erh sndwm dm Lcfurh ;7, oey
ebsd kh ushg td suppdrt vhrtcjeb prhssurh vhsshbs. Wnh ush dl bufs cs typcjebby bcocthg td vhsshbs
dl soebb td ohgcuo gceohthr 5td59 lt.) emg odghreth nhcfnt-td-gceohthr retcds cm tnh remfh
dl ;15 td 815. Buf suppdrts erh dlthm ushg ldr vhsshbs dl tncs sczh tnet erh bdjethg ekdvh fregh
wctncm strujtureb sthhb. Wnh bufs erh typcjebby kdbthg td ndrczdmteb strujtureb ohokhrs td
prdvcgh stekcbcty efecmst dvhrturmcmf bdegs, ndwhvhr, tnh kdbt ndbhs erh dlthm sbdtthg td
phroct lrhh regceb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh gruo.
Lcfurh ;7 Buf
5.:.5.< Hxthrmeb Ettejnohmts
Jdoodm hxthrmeb ettejnohmts wncjn erh jdmmhjthg td prhssurh vhsshbs erh es ldbbdws1
Bcltcmf emg tremspdrtetcdm ettejnohmts (h.f. bufs, trummcdm)
Oemwey emg nemgwey gevcts
Ejjhssdrchs (h.f. begghr, pbetldro)
Zuppdrts (h.f. jbcp ldr pcpcmf , cmsubetcdm suppdrt, hertncmf , pcph gevct)
Cmsubetcdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :< / 595
Wnh rhqucrhohmts dl hxthrmeb ettejnohmts erh usuebby sphjclchg ky stemgerg grewcmfs
cm bchu dl gcrhjt ghscfm jebjubetcdms.
5.:.5.6 Cmthrmeb Ettejnohmts
Wypcjeb cmthrmeb ettejnohmts wncjn erh ettejnhg td prhssurh vhsshbs erh es ldbbdw1
Cmthrmeb pcpcmf
Wreys
Cmthrmeb suppdrt
\drthx krhe`hr
Copcmfhohmt pbeth
Cmthrmeb begghr
[umfs
Dtnhr cmthrmeb perts erh sphjclchg keshg dm prhssurh vhsshb shrvcjh. Wnh rhqucrhohmts
dl cmthrmeb ettejnohmts erh sphjclchg ky uscmf stemgerg grewcmfs dr gcrhjt ghscfm
jebjubetcdms.
5.:.; Lberh jdopdmhmt
Wnhrh erh gcllhrhmt ettejnohmts ebdmf tnh lberh systho tnet sndubg kh jdmscghrhg ldr
strujtureb ghscfm. Wnh odst jdoodm jdopdmhmts erh tnh ldbbdwcmf.
5.:.;.5 Ycpcmf
Wypcjeb pcpcmf rhqucrhohmts dm tnh suppdrt strujturh cmjbugh pcpcmf ldr stheo, pcbdt
fes, esscst fes, kudyemjy sheb grecm, pcbdt cfmctcdm, hbhjtrcjeb jdmguct, emg cmstruohmtetcdm
jdmguct. Wnhrh erh cmthrohgceth suppdrts et gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdm ebdmf tnh lberh rcsh td suppdrt
tnh pcpcmf. Ebb pcpcmf oust kh jdmscghrhg cm tnh strujtureb emebyscs dl tnh wcmg emg
hertnque`h bdegs, cmjbugcmf emy cmsubetcdm tnet cs cmstebbhg dm tnh pcph dr oey kh cmstebbhg cm
tnh lchbg.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :6 / 595
5.:.;.; Ecrjrelt Vermcmf Bcfnt
Bcfntcmf dl tnh suppdrt strujturh snebb kh cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh bethst hgctcdm dl tnh
epprdprceth jdgh es ghlcmhg ky tnh bdjeb evcetcdm eutndrcty. Vermcmf bcfnts suppdrthg ky tnh
strujturh oey kh lcxhg dr rhtrejtekbh, emg snchbghg lrdo regcetcdm es mhjhssery.
5.:.;.: Ybetldros emg Begghrs
Em hbhvethg lberh jem ohht cts purpdsh wctndut khcmf hqucpphg wctn pbetldros dr
begghrs.
Ndwhvhr, ct cs rhjdoohmghg tnet, es e ocmcouo, e :<9¹ pbetldro kh prdvcghg mher tnh
tdp dl hbhvethg lberhs odrh tnem 58 o (89 lt.) nhcfnt. Wncs hbhvetcdm oey kh cmjrheshg
ghphmgcmf dm scth sphjclcj jepekcbctchs emg oecmthmemjh prejtcjhs. Wncs pbetldro sndubg kh
bdjethg khbdw tnh lberh kurmhr odumtcmf lbemfh dr jdmmhjtcmf whbg emg kh pdsctcdmhg sd tnet
ct jem kh ushg gurcmf cmsphjtcdms, oecmthmemjh emg lberh kurmhr rhpbejhohmt.
Em ejjhss begghr cs prhlhrrhg kut mdt oemgetdry. Ebthrmetcvh ejjhss jem kh ejnchvhg
vce e jremh kes`ht dr nhbcjdpthr.
Em ejjhss pbetldro oey kh ghscrekbh ldr cmsphjtcdm emg oecmthmemjh dl ecrjreltwermcmf bcfnts dl tnh typh bdjethg ekdvh fregh emg ettejnhg dr suppdrthg ky tnh lberh stej`.
Wnh bdjetcdm emg sczh dl sujn pbetldros wcbb ghphmg dm tnh ecrjrelt wermcmf bcfnt ghscfm emg
bdjetcdm. Ejjhss td wermcmf bcfnt oecmthmemjh pbetldros cs mdroebby vce e begghr.
Eggctcdmeb ejjhss pbetldros oey kh bdjethg et dtnhr bdjetcdms es mhjhssery. Ldr
hxeopbh, tnh hrhjtcdm pbem ldr tnh lberh stej` oey oe`h e lubb :<9-ghfrhh dr pertceb pbetldro
ghscrekbh et hejn stej` esshokby adcmt.
Cl emy pbetldros erh et em hbhvetcdm frhethr tnem ekdut 3 o (:9 lt.) dr cl begghr ejjhss cs
ushg, cmthrohgceth bemgcmf pbetldros oey kh rhqucrhg ky rhfubetcdm, h.f. DZNE, dr jdopemy
pdbcjy. Mdroebby, pbetldros emg begghrs snebb kh lekrcjethg lrdo jerkdm sthhb emg prdthjthg
lrdo jdrrdscdm ky ndt gcp febvemczcmf.
Wnhrh erh gcllhrhmt ettejnohmts ebdmf tnh lberh systho tnet sndubg kh jdmscghrhg ldr
strujtureb ghscfm. Wnh odst jdoodm jdopdmhmts erh tnh ldbbdwcmf1
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :> / 595
5.:.: EZOH Jdgh
5.:.:.5 EZOH Kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshb jdgh
Ncstdry
Dm oerjn ;9, 5398 ,e gcsestrdus kdcbhr hxpbdscdm djjurrhg cm e sndh lejtdry cm
Krdj`tdm, Oessejnushtts, `cbbcmf 8> phrsdms, cmaurcmf 556 dtnhrs emg jeuscmf e querthr dl e
ocbbcdm gdbbers cm prdphrty geoefh. Ldr yhers prcdr td 5398, kdcbhr hxpbdscdms neg khhm
rhferghg es hnhr hvkbh hvb „em ejt dl F „(shh lcfurh ;8)
Lcfurh ;8 Zndh lejtdry khldrh emg elthr kdcbhr hxpbdscdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :3 / 595
Kut tncs jetestrdpncj ejjcghmt neg tnh hllhjt dl oe`cmf tnh phdpbh dl Oessejnushtts shh
tnh mhjhsscty emg ghscrekcbcty dl bhfcsbetcmf rubhs emg rhfubetcdms ldr tnh jdmstrujtcdm dl
stheo kdcbhrs cm drghr td shjurh tnhcr oexcouo selhty. Elthr oujn ghketh emg gcsjusscdm, tnh
steth hmejthg tnh lcrst bhfeb jdgh dl rubhs ldr tnh jdmstrujtcdm dl stheo kdcbhrs cm 5396. Cm
539>, tnh steth dl Dncd pesshg scocber bhfcsbetcdm, tnh Dncd kderg dl kdcbhr [ubhs egdptcmf,
wctn e lhw jnemfhs, tnh rubhs dl tnh Oessejnushtts Kderg. Wnhrhldrh, dtnhr steths emg jctchs cm
wncjn hxpbdscdms neg te`hm pbejh khfem td rhebczh tnet ejjcghmts jdubg kh prhvhmthg ky tnh
prdphr ghscfm, jdmstrujtcdm emg cmsphjtcdm dl kdcbhrs emg prhssurh vhsshbs emg khfem td
ldroubeth rubhs emg rhfubetcdms ldr tncs purpdsh. Es rhfubetcdms gcllhrhg lrdo steth td steth
emg dlthm jdmlbcjthg wctn dmh emdtnhr, oemulejturhrs khfem td lcmg ct gcllcjubt td jdmstrujt
vhsshbs ldr ush cm dmh steth tnet wdubg kh ejjhpthg cm emdtnhr. Khjeush dl tncs bej` dl
umcldrocty, kdtn oemulejturhs emg ushrs oegh em eppheb cm 5355 td Jdumjcb dl tnh Eohrcjem
Zdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhrs td jdrrhjt tnh sctuetcdm. Wnh Jdumjcb emswhrhg tnh eppheb ky
ppf oohh „ lroubh r phl lr ru l ho
kbhr nhr prhurh vhhb lr nhr rh hrvh– Wnh lr oohh
jdmscsthg dl shvhm ohokhrs, ebb hxphrts cm tnhcr rhsphjtcvh lchbgs1 dmh kdcbhr cmsuremjh
hmfcmhhr, dmh oethrceb oemulejturhr, twd kdcbhr oemulejturhrs, twd prdlhssdrs dl
hmfcmhhrcmf emg dmh jdmsubtcmf hmfcmhhr. Wnh jdooctthh wes esscsthg ky em egvcsdry
jdooctthh dl 5> hmfcmhhrs rhprhshmtcmf vercdus pneshs dl ghscfm, jdmstrujtcdm, cmstebbetcdm
emg dphretcdm dl kdcbhrs.
Ldbbdwcmf e tndrdufn stugy dl tnh Oessejnushtts emg Dncd rubhs emg dtnhr ushlub gete,
tnh jdooctthh oegh cts prhbcocmery rhpdrt cm 535: emg shmt ;999 jdpchs dl ct td prdlhssdrs dl
ohjnemcjeb hmfcmhhrcmf, hmfcmhhrcmf ghpertohmts dl kdcbhr cmsuremjh jdopemchs, jnchl
cmsphjtdrs dl kdcbhr cmsphjtcdm ghpertohmts dl steths emg jctchs, oemulejturhrs dl stheo
kdcbhrs, hgctdrs dl hmfcmhhrcmf adurmebs emg dtnhrs cmthrhsthg cm tnh jdmstrujtcdm emg
dphretcdm dl stheo kdcbhrs, wctn e rhquhst ldr suffhstcdms dl jnemfhs dr eggctcdms td tnh
prdpdshg rhfubetcdms. Elthr tnrhh yhers dl jdumtbhss ohhtcmfs emg pukbcj nhercmfs, e lcmeb
grelt dl tnh lcrst EZOH [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Ztetcdmery Kdcbhrs emg ldr ebbdwekbh Vdr`cmf
Yrhssurh, `mdwm es tnh 5357 hgctcdm, wes egdpthg cm sprcmf dl 5358.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 79 / 595
Zcmjh 5357, oemy jnemfhs nevh khhm oegh emg mhw shjtcdms egghg td tnh jdgh es tnh
mhhg erdsh.
EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdooctthh
Wnh cmjrhesh cm tnh sczh tnh jdgh rhlbhjts tnh prdfrhss dl cmgustry cm tncs jdumtry. Wd
`hhp up wctn tncs spdmtemhdus frdwtn, jdmstemt rhvcscdms nevh khhm rhqucrhg. Wnh EZOH
Jdgh nes khhm `hpt up td geth ky tnh Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdooctthh (jurrhmtby
jdmscstcmf dl odrh tnem >99 vdbumthhr hmfcmhhrs emg dtnhr thjnmcjeb prdlhsscdmebs) wncjn
jdmscghrs tnh mhhgs dl tnh ushrs, oemulejturhrs emg cmsphjtdrs dl kdcbhrs emg prhssurh
vhsshbs. Cm tnh ldroubetcdm dl cts rubhs ldr tnh hstekbcsnohmt dl ghscfm emg dphretcmf
prhssurhs, tnh Jdooctthh jdmscghrs oethrcebs, jdmstrujtcdm, ohtndgs dl lekrcjetcdm,
cmsphjtcdm, jhrtclcjetcdm emg selhty ghvcjhs. Wnh EZOH wdr`s jbdshby wctn tnh Eohrcjem
Metcdmeb gdjuohmts ohht tnh EMZC jrcthrce ldr pukbcjetcdm es Eohrcjem Metcdmeb Ztemgergs.
Wnh ohokhrs dl tnh jdooctthh gd mdt rhprhshmt pertcjuber drfemczetcdms dr
jdopemchs kut nevh rhjdfmczhg kej`frdumg emg hxphrchmjh ky wncjn tnhy erh pbejhg cm
jethfdrchs, wncjn cmjbugh oemulejturhrs, ushrs dl tnh prdgujts ldr wncjn tnh jdghs erh
wrctthm , cmsuremjh cmsphjtcdm, rhfubetdry emg fhmhreb. Wnh jdooctthh ohhts dm e rhfuber
kescs td jdmscghr rhquhst ldr cmthrprhtetcdms emg rhvcscdms emg eggctcdms td Jdgh [ubhs es
gcjtethg ky egvemjhs cm thjnmdbdfy. Epprdvhg rhvcscdms emg eggctcdms erh pukbcsnhg
shocemmuebby es egghmge td tnh Jdgh.
Hejn mhw oethrceb, ghscfm, lekrcjetcdm ohtndg emg prdthjtcvh ghvcjh krdufnt mhw
prdkbhos td tnh Kdcbhr Jdgh Jdooctthh , rhqucrcmf tnh hxphrt thjnmcjeb egvcjh dl oemy
sukjdooctthhs cm drghr td hxphgcth prdphr eggctcdms td emg rhvcscdms dl tnh Jdgh. Es e rhsubtdl tnh spbhmgcg wdr` gdmh ky tnhsh jdooctthhs, tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh
nes khhm ghvhbdphg 0 ct cs e sht dl stemgergs tnet essurhs hvhry steth dl tnh selh ghscfm emg
jdmstrujtcdm dl ebb kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshbs ushg wctncm cts kdrghrs emg cs ushg erdumg tnh
wdrbg es e kescs ldr hmnemjcmf pukbcj nhebtn, selhty emg whblerh. Oemy ldrhcfm oemulejturhrs
erh ejjrhgcthg umghr tnh prdvcscdms dl tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 75 / 595
Dutbcmh dl tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh
Wnh strujturh dl EZOH jdgh cs bcsthg cm tnh ldbbdwcmf drghr, cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh
EZOH Jdgh ;996.
d Zhjtcdm C. [ubhs ldr jdmstrujtcdm dl pdwhr kdcbhrs
d Zhjtcdm CC. Oethrcebs
Yert E1 Lhrrdus Oethrceb Zphjclcjetcdms
Yert K1 Mdmlhrrdus Oethrceb Zphjclcjetcdms
Yert J1 Zphjclcjetcdms ldr Vhbgcmf, [dgs, Hbhjtrdghs emg lcbbhr Ohtebs
Yert G1 Yrdphrtchs (justdoery)
d Zhjtcdm CCC1 [ubhs ldr jdmstrujtcdm dl Mujbher Lejcbcty Jdopdmhmt
Gcvcscdm 5.
Zukshjtcdm MJE1 Fhmhreb [hqucrhohmts ldr Gcvcscdm 5 emg Gcvcscdm ;
Zukshjtcdm MK1 Jbess5 Jdopdmhmts
Zukshjtcdm MJ1 Jbess ; Jdopdmhmts
Zukshjtcdm MG1 Jbess : Jdopdmhmts
Zukshjtcdm MH1 Jbess OJ Jdopdmhmts
Zukshjtcdm ML1 Zuppdrts
Zukshjtcdm MF1 Jdrh Zuppdrt Ztrujturhs
Zukshjtcdm MN1 Jbess 5 Jdopdmhmts cm Hbhvethg Whophreturh Zhrcvjh
Epphmgcjhs
Gcvcscdm ;. Jdgh ldr jdmjrhth jdmtecmohmts
Gcvcscdm:. jdmtecmohmt ldr Wremspdrtetcdm emg Ztdrefh dl Zphmt Mujbher Luhb emg Ncfn
Bhvhb [egcdejtcvh Oethrcebs emg Vesth
d Zhjtcdm C\. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Nhetcmf Kdcbhrs
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7; / 595
d Zhjtcdm \. Mdmghstrujtcvh Hxeocmetcdm
d Zhjtcdm \C. [hjdoohmghg [ubhs ldr tnh Jerh emg Dphretcdm dl Nhetcmf Kdcbhrs
d
Zhjtcdm \CC. [hjdoohmghg Fucghbcmhs ldr tnh Jerh dl Ydwhr Kdcbhrsd Zhjtcdm \CCC. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Yrhssurh \hsshbs
Gcvcscdm 5.
Gcvcscdm;. Ebthrmetcvh [ubhs
Gcvcscdm:.
Ebthrmetcvh [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Ncfn Yrhssurh \hsshbs
d Zhjtcdm C^. Vhbgcmf emg Krezcmf Uuebclcjetcdms
d Zhjtcdm ^. Lckhr-[hcmldrjhg Ybestcj Yrhssurh \hsshbsd Zhjtcdm ^C. [ubhs ldr Cmshrvcjh Cmsphjtcdm dl Mujbher Ydwhr Ybemt Jdopdmhmts.
d Zhjtcdm ^CC. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm emg Jdmtcmuhg Zhrvcjh dl Wremspdrt Wem`s.
EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh Zhj. \CCC
Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh typcjebby ghscfmhg cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh EZOH Jdgh Zhjtcdm \CCC.
Wnh shjtcdm cs gcvcghg cmtd tnrhh gcvcscdms. Eodmf tnhsh, Gcvcscdm 5 cs ushg vhry dlthm scmjh ctjdmtecms sullcjchmt rhqucrhohmts ldr tnh oeadrcty dl prhssurh vhsshb eppbcjetcdms.
Wnh oecm dkahjtcvh dl EZOH Jdgh rubhs cs td hstekbcsn tnh ocmcouo rhqucrhohmts tnet
erh mhjhssery ldr selh jdmstrujtcdm emg dphretcdm. Wnh EZOH jdgh prdthjts tnh pukbcj ky
ghlcmcmf tnh oethrceb ghscfm, lekrcjetcdm, cmsphjtcdm emg thstcmf rhqucrhohmts tnet erh mhhghg
td ejnchvh e selh ghscfm. Hxphrchmjh nes sndwm tnet tnh prdkekcbcty dl e jetestrdpncj prhssurh
vhsshb lecburh cs rhgujhg td em ejjhptekbh bhvhb ky ush dl tnh EZOH Jdgh.
Wnh EZOH jdgh cs wrctthm td eppby oemy cmgustrchs. Ejjdrgcmfby, ct jemmdt emtcjcpeth
emg eggrhss hvhry pdssckbh ghscfm rhqucrhohmt dr shrvcjh eppbcjetcdm. Wnhrhldrh, ushr oust
suppbhohmt tnh EZOH jdgh ky sphjclycmf eggctcdmeb rhqucrhohmts tnet erh epprdprceth ldr
tnhcr pertcjuber cmgustry emg eppbcjetcdms
Wnh EZOH Jdgh Zhjtcdm \CCC, Gcvcscdm 5 eppbchs ldr prhssurh tnet hxjhhg 58psc
(599`ps) emg tnrdufn :999 psc (;9OYe). Et prhssurhs khbdw 58 psc (599@pe), tnh EZOH
Jdgh cs mdt eppbcjekbh. Et prhssurh ekdvh :999 psc (;9Ope), eggctcdmeb ghscfm rubhs erh
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7: / 595
rhqucrhg td jdvhr tnh ghscfm emg jdmstrujtcdm rhqucrhohmts tnet erh mhhghg et sujn ncfn
prhssurhs.
Ct cs gcvcghg cm td tnrhh sukshjtcdms1
Zukshjtcdm E1 Wncs pert jdmscsts dl Yert XF, wncjn cs tnh fhmhreb rhqucrhohmts ldr ebb
ohtndgs dl jdmstrujtcdm emg oethrcebs tnet eppby td ebb prhssurh vhsshbs cm cts sjdph
Zukshjtcdm K
1 ct jdvhrs rhqucrhohmts phrtecmcmf tc vercdus lekrcjetcdm ohtndgs dl
prhssurh vhsshbs.
Zukshjtcdm J1 tncs pert jdvhrs rhqucrhohmts phrtecmcmf td shvhreb jbesshs dl oethrcebs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 77 / 595
5.:.:.; Ghscfm bdegs
Wnh ghscfm dl e suppdrt strujturh ldr e vhrtcjeb hbhvethg lberh snebb jdmscghr, es e
ocmcouo, tnh ghscfm bdegs fcvhm khbdw. Wnh ghscfmhr snebb rhvchw tnh cmthmghg eppbcjetcdm
emg hbcocmeth tndsh bdegs tnet erh mdt eppbcjekbh
Gheg Bdeg
Wnh gheg bdeg snebb jdmscst dl tnh whcfnt dl sthhb stej`, jdetcmfs, cmthrmeb bcmhr,
cmsubetcdm, jbeggcmf, emg ebb phroemhmt ejjhssdrchs sujn es begghrs, pbetldros. Ldr gheg bdeg,
tnh lubb pbeth tncj`mhss snebb kh ushg. Wnh jdrrdghg pbeth erhe snebb kh ushg ldr strhss
jebjubetcdms. Ldr stej`s pdsshsscmf rhlrejtdry bcmcmf, tnh eppbchg whcfnt dl tnh rhlrejtdry
oethrceb snebb kh ushg td jebjubeth gheg bdeg strhsshs.
Vcmg Bdeg
Vcmg bdegcmfs snebb te`h cmtd ejjdumt tnh rcshr emg ebb dl cts eppurthmemjhs sujn es kut
mdt bcocthg td pcpcmf (cmjbugcmf cmsubetcdm, cl emy), ejjhss pbetldros, emg begghrs. Vnhm
epprdprceth tnh wcmg bdegcmf dm suppdrtcmf ghrrcj` strujturhs oust kh cmjbughg.
Zhcsocj Bdeg
Hertnque`h cmgujhg bdegs snebb kh keshg dm cmthrmetcdmeb jdghs (h.f. XKJ Xmcldro
Kucbgcmf Jdgh dr EZJH 6 Ocmcouo Ghscfm Bdegs) ldr Kucbgcmfs emg dtnhr Ztrujturhs.
Ztrujtureb ghscfm snebb kh keshg dm wcmg bdegs emg hertnque`h bdegs djjurrcmf shperethby.
Vcmg-cmgujhg \ckretcdm Bdeg
Wnh strujtureb ghscfm snebb cmjbugh em emebyscs dl tnh bdegs copdshg ky wcmg cmgujhg
vckretcdm emg e ghthrocmetcdm dl tnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty ldr tnh lcrst emg shjdmg odghs dl
vckretcdm ldr tnh mhw emg jdrrdghg jdmgctcdms. Wnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty dl tnh lcrst emg/dr
shjdmg vckretcdm odgh snebb lebb wctncm em ejjhptekbh remfh es sht ldrtn cm hctnhr EZOH/ EMZC
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 78 / 595
ZWZ- Zhhb Z` r EYC Zr , Lrh Yrh Nhhr lr Fhhrb [hsthry Zhrvh
Cl tnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty dl tnh lcrst emg/dr shjdmg odgh lebbs dutscgh tnh ejjhptekbh remfh
tnh ghscfm dl tnh strujturh oust kh odgclchg cm drghr td jnemfh tnh metureb lrhquhmjy dl tnhstrujturh. Ohems td odgcly tnh metureb lrhquhmjy cmjbugh, kut erh mdt bcocthg td1
- Jnemfhs cm rcshr gceohthr dr bhmftn
- Xsh dl oubtcpbh gceohthrs
- Jnemfhs td tnh webb tncj`mhss
- Jnemfhs cm tnh oess dl tnh rcshr
- Xsh dl e tumhg oess geophr
- Xsh dl stre`hs dr tnh bc`h
- Jnemfhs cm ldumgetcdm ghscfm
Vcmg bdegs dl odgclchg strujturhs sndubg kh rhvchwhg emg rhvcshg cl mhjhssery.
Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh
Lberh stej`s erh fhmhrebby dphrethg et mher etodspnhrcj prhssurh emg erh mdtsphjclcjebby ghscfmhg es e prhssurh vhsshb. Cm sdoh jeshs tnh kdttdo pdrtcdm dl tnh stej`
cmjdrpdreths e @mdj`dut gruo dr bcqucg sheb dr kdtn. Vnhm sphjclchg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts
tnh stej` pdrtcdm jdmtecmcmf tnh @mdj`-dut gruo dr bcqucg sheb oey kh ghscfmhg es e prhssurh
vhsshb cmjbugcmf, cl sphjclchg, nygrdstetcj thstcmf emg jdgh steopcmf. Cm sujn jeshs, tnh ghscfm
dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb pdrtcdm snebb kh cm ejjdrgemjh wctn EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb
Jdgh, Zhjtcdm \CCC, Gcvcscdm C emg snebb kh keshg dm tnh ghscfm prhssurh emg thophreturh
stethg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts dr e ocmcouo dl 598 `Ye (58 pscf). Ct cs jdoodm prejtcjh ldrtnh rcshr pdrtcdm dl tnh stej` td kh ghscfmhg ldr strujtureb bdegs emg tnh emtcjcpethg
oexcouo dphretcmf prhssurh wnhm tnh kesh shjtcdm dl tnh stej` cs ghscfmhg es e prhssurh
vhsshb. Ldr ghscfm purpdshs tnh rcshr shjtcdm cs ghhohg td stert et tnh prhssurh vhsshb dutbht.
Wnh ghscfm dl e stej` kesh shjtcdm, tnet cs e prhssurh vhsshb, snebb
cmjbugh prdvcscdm ldr cmthrmeb prhssurh bdegs emg ldr scoubtemhdus wcmg bdegs keshg
dm 69 phrjhmt dl tnh ghscfm wcmg vhbdjcty. Wnh ghscfm prhssurh (Oexcouo Ebbdwekbh
Vdr`cmf Yrhssurh) dl e stej` kesh shjtcdm tnet cs e prhssurh vhsshb snebb mdt kh cmjrheshg guh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7< / 595
td emy oethrceb tncj`mhss tnet cs cm hxjhss dl tnet tncj`mhss rhqucrhg td ohht tnh ghscfm
prhssurh.
Bcvh Bdeg
Bcvh bdegs erh prdgujhg gurcmf oecmthmemjh ky wdr`hrs, hqucpohmt emg oethrcebs,
tnh bcvh bdeg snebb kh cmjbughg ldr pbetldros emg web`weys.
Mdzzbh Bdeg
Wnh mdzzbh bdegs copdshg updm tnh stej` ky tnh lberh nheghr td stej` jdmmhjtcdm jem
nevh e oeadr cmlbuhmjh dm tnh ghscfm emg jdst dl tnh lberh stej`. Wncs cmlbuhmjh khjdohs
frhethr es tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh lberh nheghr cmjrheshs. Cm fhmhreb tnh lberh stej` ctshbl sndubg
mdt kh ushg es e oeadr lcxhg pdcmt ldr tnh lberh nheghr pcpcmf. Cl pdssckbh, tnh purjneshr snebb
mdth tnh prhbcocmery lberh nheghr copdshg mdzzbh bdegs dm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts lurmcsnhg td
tnh vhmgdr wctn tnh rhquhst ldr qudtetcdm. Wnh purjneshr snebb prdvcgh lcmeb lberh nheghr
copdshg mdzzbh bdegs gurcmf tnh ghscfm pnesh. Wnh purjneshr sndubg ocmcoczh tnh mdzzbh
bdegs copdshg dm tnh stej` ky dtnhr shrvcjh jdmmhjtcdms. Cl tnh purjneshr gdhs mdt lurmcsn
mdzzbh bdeg cmldroetcdm hctnhr et tnh qudtetcdm stefh dr tnh drghr stefh, tnh lberh suppbchr
snebb kesh tnh mdzzbh ghscfm dm Zhjtcdm 8 dl EYC Ztemgerg 8<9, Lcrhg Nhethrs ldr Fhmhreb
[hstmhry Zhrvcjhs (Zhh Lcfurh ;<).
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 76 / 595
Lcfurh ;< Ebbdwekbh Mdzzbh Bdegs
Wnhroeb Bdegs
Zdoh dl tnh rhbchl fes jeshs ghsjrckhg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts oey nevh e fes
thophreturh tnet cs gcllhrhmt tnem eokchmt. Wnh lberh stej` ghscfmhr snebb prdvcgh ldr tnhroeb
hxpemscdm (+ dr -) tnet jem kh jeushg ky sphjclchg fes thophreturh dr thophreturh
gcllhrhmjhs jeushg ky wcmg dr recm. Wnhroeb bdegs erh dl frhethst jdmjhrm dm fuyhg stej`s
emg ghrrcj`s. Wnh lrhhgdo dl odvhohmt dl e shbl-suppdrthg stej` rhgujhs tnh tnhroeb bdeg
jdmjhrms prdvcgcmf tnet tnh tnhroebby cmgujhg ghlbhjtcdm gdhs mdt hxjhhg 789 oo phr :9 o
(5> cm. phr 599 lt.). Wnh ghscfmhr snebb ebsd prdvcgh ldr tnhroebby cmgujhg gcllhrhmtceb jnemfhs
cm bhmftn khtwhhm tnh stej` emg tnh pcpcmf ettejnhg td tnh stej`.
Wnh ldbbdwcmf ghscfm ghtecbs snebb kh cmjdrpdrethg cmtd tnh suppdrt strujturh ghscfm.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7> / 595
- stej` ghlbhjtcdm snebb mdt hxjhhg tnh ldbbdwcmf fucghbcmhs1
Wekbh ; ;Oex. ebbdwekbh ghlbhjtcdm
- E ocmcouo jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh dl 5.< oo (9.9<;8 cm.) cs rhjdoohmghg emg snebb kh
egghg td tnh ocmcouo ohteb tncj`mhss. Md jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh cs rhqucrhg dm ebbdy
sthhb pdrtcdms dl tnh stej` umbhss sphjclcjebby mdthg dm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts. Mdm-ebbdy
sthhb cmthrmeb perts dl bcqucg sheb dr `mdj`dut gruos tnet erh mdroebby whtthg snebb
nevh tnh 5.< oo (9.9<;8 cm.) jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh eppbchg td hejn scgh. Md jdrrdscdm
ebbdwemjh cs rhqucrhg ldr ghrrcj` strujturhs emg dtnhr ohteb dkahjts tnet gd mdt
mdroebby jdoh cmtd jdmtejt wctn tnh rhbchl fes strheo.
5.:.:.: Z`crt Ghscfm
Webb vhrtcjeb vhsshbs erh usuebby suppdrthg ky s`crts. Khjeush jybcmgrcjeb snhbbs nevh ebb
tnh ohteb erhe bdjethg et tnh oexcouo gcstemjh (ldr e fcvhm gceohthr) lrdo tnh mhutreb excs,
tnh shjtcdm odgubus Q, cs oexcouo, emg tnh cmgujhg strhss ocmcouo ldr tnh ohteb cmvdbvhg.
Wnus tnh jybcmgrcjeb s`crt cs em hjdmdocjeb ghscfm ldr e suppdrt ldr e tebb vhrtcjeb vhsshb. Wnh
s`crt cs usuebby whbghg gcrhjtby td tnh vhsshb. Khjeush tnh s`crt cs mdt rhqucrhg td wctnstemg
tnh prhssurh cm tnh vhsshb, tnh shbhjtcdm dl oethrceb cs mdt bcocthg td tnh sthhbs phroctthg ky
tnh Yrhssurh \hsshb jdghs, emg strujtureb sthhbs wctn jdrrhspdmgcmf ebbdwekbh strhsshs oey
kh ushg wctn sdoh hjdmdoy.
Wnh s`crt oey kh whbghg gcrhjtby td tnh kdttdo gcsnhg nheg, lbusn wctn tnh snhbb, dr td
tnh dutscgh dl tnh snhbb. Cl tnh s`crt cs whbghg lbusn wctn tnh snhbb, tnh whcfnt dl tnh vhsshb cm
ZXYYD[W WSYH OE^. EBBDVEKBH GHLBHJWCDM
Ghrrcj`-Zuppdrthg 589oo phr :9o
Fuyhg-Zuppdrthg :99o phr :9o
Zhbl-Zuppdrthg ;;8oo phr :9o
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 73 / 595
tnh ekshmjh dl wcmg emg shcsocj bdegs pbejhs tnh whbg cm jdoprhsscdm. Dm tnh dtnhr nemg, cl
tnh s`crt cs whbghg td tnh dutscgh dl tnh vhsshb, tnh whbg adcmt cs cm snher0 tnhrhldrh tncs
ohtndg cs mdt sd setcslejtdry, kut ct cs em hesy ohtndg dl hrhjtcdm emg cs dlthm ushg ldr soebbvhsshbs.
Wnhrh wcbb kh md strhss lrdo cmthrmeb dr hxthrmeb prhssurh ldr tnh s`crt, umbc`h ldr tnh
snhbb dl tnh vhsshb, Kut ghscfm dl tnh s`crt jdmscsts dl lcrst ghthrocmcmf tnh gheg whcfnt dl tnh
vhsshb (V) emg khmgcmf odohmt (O) guh td wcmg emg hertnque`h ldrjhs. Wnh strhss cm tnh
s`crt cs tnhm ghthrocmhg lrdo
Cm odst prejtcjeb eppbcjetcdms, tnh retcdm [/t =59. Nhmjh, tnh erhe (E) emg tnh odohmt
dl cmhrtceb (C) cs hxprhsshg es
Emg tnh hquetcdm ldr tnh strhss cm e s`crt khjdohs
[
Vnhrh
Khjeush tnh jdoprhsscvh strhss cs berfhr tnem thmscbh strhss, ct usuebby jdmtrdbs tnh
`r hf `hp khbw nh `r– bbwkbh rh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 89 / 595
Lcfurh ;6 Z`crt wctn emjndr kdbts
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 85 / 595
5.:.:.7 Emjndr Kdbts Ghscfm
Wnh kdttdo dl tnh s`crt dl tnh vhsshb oust kh shjurhby emjndrhg td tnh jdmjrhth
ldumgetcdm ky ohems dl emjndr kdbts hokhgghg cm tnh jdmjrhth ldumgetcdm td prhvhmt
dvhrturmcmf lrdo khmgcmf odohmts cmgujhg ky wcmg dr shcsocj bdegs.
Wnh jdmjrhth ldumgetcdm cs pdurhg wctn eghqueth rhcmldrjcmf sthhb td jerry thmscbh
bdegs. Wnh emjndr kdbts oey kh ldrohg lrdo sthhb rdumgs tnrheghg et dmh hmg emg usuebby
wctn e jurvhg dr ndd`hg hmg hokhgghg cm tnh jdmjrhth. Wnh kdbtcmf oethrceb sndubg kh jbhem
emg lrhh dl dcb sd tnet tnh jhohmt cm tnh jdmjrhth wcbb kdmg td tnh hokhgghg surlejh dl tnh
sthhb.
Vnhm hctnhr e jdoprhsscvh dr thmscbh bdeg cs eppbchg td tnh emjndr kdbts, tnh bdeg cs
tremslhrrhg lrdo tnh sthhb tnrdufn tnh kdmg td tnh jdmjrhth. Zurlejh crrhfuberctchs, khmgs, emg
ndd`s ecg cm tremslhrrcmf bdegs lrdo sthhb td jdmjrhth.
Elthr tnh tncj`mhss dl tnh s`crt cs ghthrocmhg, tnh mhxt sthp cs ghscfmcmf tnh emjndr
kdbts. Ldr e fcvhm muokhr dl kdbts (M) tnh tdteb kdbt erhe jem kh hxprhsshg es ME wnhrh E cs
tnh erhe dl dmh kdbt. Wnh odohmt dl cmhrtce dl kdbts ku vhhb– hutreb excs cs C E[ ,
tnus
[
Vnhrh
Ct sndubg kh `hpt cm ocmg tnet muokhr dl kdbts sndubg ebweys kh e oubtcpbh dl 7.
Wnh oexcouo bdeg/kdbt cs keshg dm tnh ebbdwekbh strhss emg jdrrhspdmgcmf erhe.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8; / 595
Zk
Vnhrh
Ek ? rhqucrhg kdbt erhe
Z k.e ? Ebbdwekbh kdbt strhss
5.:.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb Ghscfmcmf Zdltwerh pej`efhs
Wnhrh erh oemy sdltwerh pej`efhs wncjn esscst tnh ghscfmhrs td ghscfm prhssurh
vhsshbs emg tnhcr jdopdmhmts ldr phtrdjnhocjeb pbemts. Lcfurh5-55 cbbustreths tnh odst
pdpuber sdltwerh pej`efhs ldr ghscfmcmf, odghbcmf emg grewcmfs prhperetcdm dl prhssurczhg
hqucpohmt emg tnhcrs jdopdmhmts cm ejjdrgemjh wctn gcllhrhmt jdghs/stemgergs. Wnhrh oey
kh dtnhr sdltwerh pej`efhs wncjn erh mdt ohmtcdmhg cm tnh ldbbdwcmf tekbh.
sdltwerh Ghsjrcptcdm
Y\-Hbcth
Y\ hbcth cs e jdoprhnhmscvh prdfreo ldr tnh jdopbhth ohjnemcjeb emg
strujtureb ghscfm dr emebyscs dl tebb tdwhrs emg ndrczdmteb vhsshbs ejjdrgcmf
td bethst stemgergs lrdo EZOH, YG 8899 (Krctcsn jdgh), HM-5:778, ebsd
cmjbugcmf XKJ, EYC-863 emg tnh whbgcmf [hsherjn Jdumjcb ldr cts
jebjubetcdm cm gcllhrhmt perts dl sdltwerh
Jdghwerh jdoprhss
Wnh stemgerg lumjtcdmebcty dl JDY[HZZ cmjbughs hvhrytncmf ydu rhqucrh td
phrldro EZOH \CCC gcv. 5 emg ; prhssurh vhsshb jebjubetcdms. Wncs cmjbughs
tnh kdtn X.Z. justdoery emg Ohtrcj hgctcdms dl shjtcdm CC, Yert G(oethrcebs) emg e shbhjtcdm dl Kucbgcmf Jdghs emg rhbethg hmfcmhhrcmf
stemgergs, sujn es V[J-596. Wd lurtnhr esscst JDY[HZZ ushrs, lcmcth
hbhohmt emebyscs dl mdzzbhs jepekcbctchs erh mdw cmjbughg wctn mhw
JDY[HZZ bcjhmsh purjneshs.
Jdghjebj
Jdghjebj cs tnh bhegcmf cmgustry sdltwerh pej`efh ldr ghscfm emg emebyscs
dl prhssurh vhsshb emg nhet hxjnemfhr jdopdmhmts. Ct cmjbughs hxthmscvh
kuct-cm oethrcebs emg jdopdmhmts getekeshs emg tnh bethst EZOH, WHOE,
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8: / 595
YG 8899, XKJ emg tnh V[J. Ldr oemy yhers JdghJebj wes evecbekbh
shperethby es whbb es wctncm Y\-Hbcth. Lrdo 5 Aemuery ;959 JdghJebj cs dmby
evecbekbh es pert dl Y\-Hbcth
Y\ Lekrcjetdr
Cmthrfrepn Y\ Lekrcjetdr prdvcghs egvemjhg tddbs ldr tnh ejjureth emg
sphhgy prdgujtcdm dl lekrcjetcdm grewcmfs rhqucrhohmts ldr prhssurh
vhsshbs emg nhet hxjnemfhrs. Y\ Lekrcjetdr–s truh pdwhr cs rhebczhg wnhm
ct cs bcm`hg td Y\-Hbcth, es :G odghbs jem kh jrhethg jdopbhth wctn tnh
emebyscs gete
JEGVdrx
hqucpohmt
JEGVdrx hqucpohmt cs e pereohtrcj hqucpohmt odghbhr wctn ebb tnh
lheturhs mhhghg td hescby odghb :G hqucpohmt ldr pbemt ghscfm. Wnh
pej`efh bhts ydu ejjurethby kucbg umcts sujn es vhsshbs, hxjnemfhrs, tem`s,
puops, htj.
OW-jdop/\hss
Wnh prdfreo OW-JDOY ebbdws ohjnemcjeb ghscfm dl prhssurh vhsshb
jdopdmhmts emg retcmf dl hxcstcmf dmhs. Ct suppdrts tnh ldbbdwcmf jdghs1
EZOH \CCC gcv5, OH[@KBEWWH[ (Fhroemy), CZYZHB-\Z[ (Cteby) emg KG 8899.
OW-\HZZ cs tnh sdltwerh prdfreo ebbdws tnh ohjnemcjeb ghscfm emg
stekcbcty jnhj` dl prhssurh vhsshbs.
Egvemjhg Yrhssurh
vhsshb
Ldr qucj` emg bhest jdst ghscfm dl prhssurh vhsshbs emg nhet hxjnemfhrs cm
ejjdrgemjh wctn Zhjtcdm \CCC Gcv.5 dl tnh EZOH Jdgh
Esphm K-Aej
Esphm K-Aej sdltwerh cmjbughs e muokhr dl prdfreos ldr tnh tnhroeb
ghscfm, ohjnemcjeb ghscfm, jdst hstcoetcdm emg grewcmfs ldr nhet
hxjnemfhrs emg prhssurh vhsshbs
Mdzzbh Yrd
Mdzzbh Yrd cs e thopbeth-grcvhm lcmcth hbhohmt sdltwerh pej`efh,
sphjclcjebby ghscfmhg td qucj`by emg hescby hvebueth mdzzbhs, seggbhs, pcph
sndhs emg jbcps.
LH/YCYH
LH/YCYH cs e thopbeth-grcvhm lcmcth hbhohmt sdltwerh pej`efh, sphjclcjebby
ghscfmhg ldr tnh mhhgs dl tnh pcpcmf emg prhssurh vhsshbs cmgustrchs. Ct
fhmhreths eutdoetcj jdgh jdopbcemjh rhpdrts jdopercsdms td EZOH \CCC
Gcv.;, Epphmgcx 7 emg 8 rubhs emg strhss jethfdrchs.
Wekbh : Yrhssurh vhsshb sdltwerh pej`efhs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 87 / 595
Wekbh 7 jdoperhs tnh lheturhs evecbekbh cm tnh twd odst jdoodm ushg sdltwerh
pej`efhs, Y\-Hbcth emg JDOY[HZZ ldr ghscfmcmf Yrhssurh vhsshbs emg tnhcr jdopdmhmts.
Lheturhs Y\-Hbcth JDOY[HZZ
Ghscfm Jdghs
EZOH \CCC Gcv.5 Shs Shs
EZOH \CCC Gcv.; Shs Shs
YG8899 Shs Md
HM5:778
Shs Md
Ztekcbcty jnhj`- Vcmg Jdghs
EZJH 6 -38 Shs Shs
XKJ 5336
Shs Shs
CZ >68 Shs Md
MKJ Shs Shs
CKJ Shs Shs
XZH[
Shs Shs
Ztekcbcty jnhj`- Zhcsocj Jdghs
EZJH 6- 38 Shs Shs
XKJ 5336
Shs Shs
MKJ Shs Shs
CKJ ;999 Shs Shs
XZH[ yhs Shs
Bdjeb Bdegs Emebyscs Jdghs
V[J 596 Shs Shs
V[J ;36 Shs Md
KZ8899
Shs Md
Oethrcebs
EZWO XZE) Shs Shs
HX[D yhs Md
Oethrceb jbesshs
Shs Shs
Cmthrmeb jdrrdscdm Shs yhs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 88 / 595
Hxthrmeb jdrrdscdm Shs Shs
Cmthrmeb bcmcmf
Shs yhs
Hxthrmeb bcmcmf yhs Shs
Jdopdmhmts ebbdwhg
Hbhohmt typhs
Gcsnhg nhegs
Shs Shs
Jybcmgrcjeb snhbb Shs Shs
Jdmcjeb shjtcdm Shs Shs
Lbet nhegs
Shs Shs
Lbemfhg lbet nhegs Md Shs
Mdzzbhs
[egceb Shs Shs
Dllsht, cmjbcmhg
Shs Shs
Vhbgcmf mhj` Shs Shs
ggctcdmeb jdopdmhmts
Ztcllmhss rcmfs Shs Shs
Ybetldros, begghrs Shs Shs
Zuppdrts
Z`crt Shs Shs
Bhf
Shs Shs
Zeggbh Shs Shs
Buf yhs Shs
Cmthrmeb prhssurh Shs ShsZthhb stej` jebjubetcdm
Shs Shs
Wekbh 7 jdopercsdm khtwhhm Y\-Hbcth emg Jdoprhss
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8< / 595
;
Wnh Eco dl tnh tnhscs
Xmtcb mdw tnrhh gcllhrhmt typhs dl tnh lberh erh cmtrdgujhg wncjn jem kh
Zhbl-suppdrthg
Ghrrcj`-suppdrthg
Fuyhg-suppdrthg
Wnh eco dl tncs tnhscs cs td stugy emg odghb twd hbhvethg lberhs cm tnh Mcfhrce wncjn
erh jdupbhg tdfhtnhr. Wnh jdghs emg stemgerg gdhs mdt ohmtcdmhg emy ohtndgs ldr
jebjubetcdm dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg lberh wncbh tnhy erh jdmmhjthg td hejn dtnhr.
Ct cs rhqucrhg td lcmg tnh khst sdbutcdm td lcmg tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl kdtn
lberhs emg ebsd td ghscfm emg jebjubeth tnh sczh dl emjndr kdbts ldr kdtn lberhs.
Wnh evecbekbh sdltwerh td odghb emg emebyscs erh Y\-hbcth emg ebsd tnh strujtureb LHO
sdltwerh jebbhg Ocges-FHM.
tnh prdkbho dl tnh Y\-Hbcth cs tnet ct cs mdt pdssckbh td odghb kdtn rcshrs et tnh seoh
tcoh emg bcm`hg tnho tdfhtnhr. Zdltwerh cs jepekbh dl odghbcmf dmh shbl-suppdrthg stej` et e
tcoh.
Wnh gcllcjubty dl tnh OCGEZ-FHM cs tnet scmjh tncs cs e fhmhreb LHO sdltwerh , tnh
sdltwerh cs mdt ekbh td phrldro tnh jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td EZOH \CCC scmjh tnh jbchmt cs es`hg td
jdmscghr tnh lberhs es prhssurh vhsshb emg rhsphjt tnh EZOH \CCC jdgh.
Wnh jebjubetcdm pncbdsdpny cs td odghb kdtn lberh systho cm OCGEZ-FHM wctn kheo
hbhohmt emg eppby ebb hxthrmeb bdegs. Emg lcmg tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et hejn kesh wctn rhsphjt td
tnh eppbchg bdeg jdokcmetcdms.
Kut wh sndubg te`h td ejjdumt tnet tncs ohtndg cs eppbcjekbh ldr suppdrt ghscfm, kut
ldr odghbcmf tnh prhssurh vhsshb wh mhhg td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh eppbchg cmthrmeb prhssurh
tdd. Kut scmjh wh erh uscmf kheo hbhohmt, ct cs mdt pdssckbh td eppby cmthrmeb prhssurh. Wd
stugy emg jnhj`s tnh vhsshb webb tncj`mhss sukahjthg td cmthrmeb prhssurh emg dtnhr hxthrmeb
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 86 / 595
bdegs wh wcbb odghb hejn lberh shperethby cm Y\-Hbcth emg wh wcbb hstcoeth rhqucrhg webb
tncj`mhss ldr tnh prhssurh perts.
Wnhm wh erh fdcmf td odghb tnh berfhr emg stcllhr lberh cm Y\-Hbcth emg odghb ebb
begghrs, pbetldros, shrvcjh pcpcmf emg wcmg, ebsd wh wcbb odghb tnh soebbhr lberh es tnh
shrvcjh pcph .
Wncs essuoptcdm oust kh rhesdmekbh emg rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl berfhr lberh
sndubg kh odrh dr bhss scocber td tnh dmh dktecmhg lrdo OCGEZ-FHM. khjeush tnh soebbhr
lberh cs suppdrthg emg jdupbhg wctn tnh berfhr dmh et twd gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdm, wncjn ohems
odst dl tnh bdegs wcbb kh tremslhrrhg td tnh berfhr emg ky odghbcmf tnh soebbhr es shrvcjh
pcph, wh erh surh tnet snher emg khmgcmf bdegs guh td wcmg wcbb kh tremslhrrhg td tnh kesh dl
berfhr stej`. Cm tncs wey tnh soebbhr lberh n kh wh – l y rh lr
Y\-Hbcth, kut scmjh wh `mdw tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs oust kh soebb vebuhs, wh wcbb ejjhpt tnh
dktecmhg rhsubt lrdo OCGEZ FHM. lcmebby es ohmtcdmhg khldrh wh wcbb odghb tnh soebbhr lberh
cm Y\-hbcth emg dmby cmthrmeb prhssurh wcbb kh eppbchg wctndut wcmg bdeg emg tnh rhqucrhg webb
tncj`mhss ldr prhssurh pert wcbb kh hstcoethg
Cm tnh mhxt jnepthr ct wcbb kh ghodmstrethg cm ghtecbs tnet lberhs wcbb kh odghbhg cm
kdtn sdltwerh emg tnh rhsubts dl tnh kdtn sdltwerh wcbb kh jdoperhg td hejn dtnhr td oe`h
surh tnet tnh rhsubt erh eppbcjekbh emg rhbcekbh.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8> / 595
:
Lberh Zystho Ghscfm
:.5 Odghbcmf
:.5.5 Fhdohtry
Wnh tdteb nhcfnt dl tnh systho cs ;8 o emg tnh ndrczdmteb gcstemjh khtwhhm tnh keshs
erh 5o. Fhmhreb cmldroetcdm emg ghscfm jdmgctcdms erh ghodmstrethg cm ldbbdwcmf tekbh.
Zoebbhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:95)
Zhjtcdm Oethrceb Gceohthr
(cm.)
Wncj`mhss
(oo)
Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6
[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6
Wcp ECZC :59 59 <
Berfhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:9;)Zhjtcdm Oethrceb Gceohthr
(cm.)
Wncj`mhss
(oo)
Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6
[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6
[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :9 5;.6
Wcp ECZC :59 > <
Ghscfm Jdmgctcdm
Ghscfm Yrhssurh (kerf) :.8
Ghscfm Whoprhturh ( J) ;89
Ebbdwekbh strhss ldr EYC 8B et ghscfm Whop. (Ope) 556
Ebbdwekbh strhss ldr ECZC:59 et ghscfm Whop. (Ope) 5;6
Wekbh 8 Fhmhreb ghscfm cmldroetcdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 83 / 595
Lcfurh ;> :G odghb dl tnh prdahjt
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <9 / 595
Lcfurh ;3 Odghb cm Y\-Hbcth / OCGEZ
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <5 / 595
Cm rhebcty tnh soebbhr rcshr cs fucgh suppdrthg ky berfhr rcshr, wncjn tnh suppdrt erh odghbhg cm
OCGEZ es rcfcg bcm`s et ldur gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdms.
Lcfurh :9 Jdupbhg systho
:.5.; Bdegcmf Gete
:.5.;.5 Gheg Bdeg
Zhbl-whcfnt
Wnh shbl-whcfnt dl tnh strujturh cs eutdoetcjebby hvebuethg ky kdtn sdltwerh pej`efhs,
jdmscghrcmf tnh oethrceb jnerejthrcstcjs dl sthhb.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <; / 595
Zhrvcjh pcpcmf
Wnhrh rh bh l ––, bh l ¿ „– bh l ½ „– bf nh brfhr ` Wnh
hstcoethg whcfnt dl 899 `f wcbb kh eppbchg et hbhvetcdm dl 5>o wnhrh tnh shrvcjh pcpcmf cs
lcxhg es e mdgeb bdeg cm OCGEZ-FHM.
Lcfurh :5 Zhrvcjh pcpcmf drchmtetcdm
Lcfurh :; Zhrvcjh pcpcmf gheg bdeg
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <: / 595
Cm tnh Y\-Hbcth tnh pcphs wcbb kh odghb emg tnh whcfnt wcbb kh eutdoetcjebby eppbchg ky
sdltwerh.
Begghrs
Vh nevh tnrhh begghrs et tnrhh gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdms suppdrthg ebdmf berfhr stej` ( et
6o , 57o emg ;5o) tnh whcfnt dl begghr phr umct bhmftn cs jdmscghrhg es :8 @f/o. tnhsh
bdegs wcbb kh eppbchg et tnh ohmtcdmhg hbhvetcdm es Mdgeb bdegs cm OCGEZ-FHM , wncbh cm Y\-
Hbcth wh aust scopby odghb tnh begghrs et tnh prdphr hbhvetcdm emg ct wcbb eutdoetcjebby
hstcoeth tnh whcfnt.
Lcfurh :: Begghr gheg bdeg
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <7 / 595
Ybetldros
Vh nevh twd cmthrohgceth pbetldro emg dmh ejjhss pbetldro et tnh tdp. 568 @f phr
umct erhe cs jdmscghrhg es td jebjubeth tnh whcfnt dl pbetldros emg ct wcbb kh eppbchg es mdgeb
bdeg cm OCGEZ-FHM sdltwerh emg ldr scopbcjcty tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh eppbchg bdeg ldr tnh
pbetldro wcbb kh seoh es tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh rhsphjtcvh begghr emg wh wcbb mhfbhjt tnh soebb
gcllhrhmjh cm tnh hbhvetcdm.
Lcfurh :7 Ybetldros gheg bdeg
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <8 / 595
Wncs sthp cm Y\-Hbcth cs aust td hmthr tnh gcohmscdm ldr tnh pbetldro emg tnh sdltwerh
wcbb eutdoetcjebby jebjubeth tnh whcfnt.
Lcfurh :8 Begghr/Ybetldro ghtecbs cm Y\-hbcth
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 << / 595
:.5.;.; Bcvh Bdeg
Wnh bcvh bdegs dm tnh pbetldros nevh khhm hmthrhg cm tnh kdtn odghbs es jdmjhmtrethg
mdgeb ldrjhs. Wd dktecm tnh vebuh wh jdmscghrhg e whcfnt dl 8 `M/o; dm tnh hllhjtcvh erhe dl
tnh ejjhss pbetldro emg ;.8 `M/o; dm tnh hllhjtcvh erhe dl tnh cmthrohgceth pbetldros.
Lcfurh :< Bcvh bdeg
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <6 / 595
:.5.;.: Mdzzbh Bdeg
Wnhrh cs dmh cmbht mdzzbh jdmmhjthg td hejn lberh, tnh jbchmt egvcshg tnh mdzzbh bdeg ldr
hejn mdzzbh ejjdrgcmf td tnhcr dwm stugy. Wnh bdegs erh eppbchg et tnh hmg dl mdzzbh es sndwm
cm tnh lcfurh.
Lcfurh :6 Mdzzbh bdeg
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <> / 595
:.5.;.7 Vcmg Bdeg
Wnh EZOH Jdgh gdhs mdt fcvh sphjclcj prdjhgurh ldr ghscfmcmf vhsshbs ldr wcmg. Bdjeb ,
steth dr fdvhrmohmt eb aurcsgcjtcdms wcbb rhqucrh sdoh ldro dl emebyscs td ejjdumt ldr wcmg
bdegcmfs. Jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm emg stemgergs ebsd lrhquhmtby rhqucrh jdmscghretcdm dl wcmg.
Jbchmt rhqucrhohmt cs td jebjubeth tnh wcmg prhssurh ejjdrgcmf td Hurdjdgh HM-5335-5.7-
;998 jdgh.
Vcmg ghscfm cs ushg td ghthrocmh tnh ldrjhs emg odohmts et hejn hbhvetcdm td jnhj` cl
tnh jebjubethg snhbb tncj`mhsshs erh eghqueth. Wnh dvhrturmcmf odohmt et tnh kesh cs ushg td
ghthrocmh ebb dl tnh emjndrefh emg suppdrt ghtecbs. Wnhsh ghtecbs cmjbugh tnh muokhr emg sczh
dl emjndr kdbts, tncj`mhss dl s`crt.
Es e bdegcmf, wcmg gcllhrs lrdo shcsocj cm tnet ct cs odrh dr bhss jdmstemt0 wnhrhes,
shcsocj cs cl rhbetcvhby sndrt guretcdm. Cm eggctcdm wcmg prhssurh verchs wctn tnh nhcfnt dl
vhsshb. E vhsshb oust kh ghscfmhg ldr tnh wdrst jesh dl wcmg dr shcsocj, kut mhhg mdt td kh
ghscfmhg ldr kdtn scoubtemhdusby. Vncbh typcjebby tnh wdrst ghscfm jesh ldr shcsocj cs wctn
tnh vhsshb lubb (oexcouo whcfnt), tnh wdrst ghscfm jesh ldr wcmg cs wctn tnh vhsshb hopty.
Wncs wcbb prdgujh tnh oexcouo upbclt guh td ocmcouo rhstrecmcmf whcfnt.
Vcmg bdeg es jebjubethg ejjdrgcmf td tnh Hurdjdgh HM-5335-5.7-;998 jdmscghrcmf tnh
ldbbdwcmf sphjclcjetcdms ky tnh Jbchmt.Emebyscs wes phrldrohg ldr ebb wcmg rdsh gcrhjtcdms
erdumg tnh twd jdupbhg rcshr. Ky tncs copbcjctby tnh tdrscdmeb hllhjts whrh jdmscghrhg. Wnh
wdrst jdmgctcdms ldr tnh wcmg ejtcdm erh tnh dmhs rhpdrthg cm tnh jebjubetcdm rhpdrts.
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Lcfurh 77 wcmg bdeg gcstrckutcdm
:.5.;.8 Wnhroeb Bdeg
Zcmjh kdtn lberhs erh lrhh et tnh hmg emg tnhy jem kh hbdmfethg, tnhroeb bdeg cs mdt
eppbcjekbh.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 68 / 595
:.5.;.< Zhcsocj Bdeg
Erf nh bh– nhh, nh ho b ppbkbh kh hrhg
ldr tnh rhfcdm tnet tnh lberh systho wcbb kh cmstebbhg. Ebsd es e rubh dl tnuok ldr lberh systho
erh rhbetcvhby bcfnt wctn rhsphjt td tnh nhcfnt emg fhdohtry, wcmg bdeg cs usuebby tnh
prhgdocmemt bdeg.
:.5.;.6 Bdeg jdokcmetcdms
Bdeg jdokcmetcdm cs gcvcghg cm td twd oecm jethfdrchs
5. Zhrvcjhekcbcty1 cm tncs bdeg jdokcmetcdm tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt dl tnh lberh
systho cs copdrtemt. Wnh lejtdr ldr ebb bdeg jesh wcbb kh hqueb td 5 emg wh wcbb
jdoperh tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt wctn tnh ebbdwekbh gcspbejhohmt tnet cs
ghlcmhg cm EYC-8:6 es ebrhegy hxpbecmhg.
;. Xbtcoeth steth1 cm tnhsh jethfdrchs shvhreb bdeg jdokcmetcdm wcbb kh ghlcmhg emg tnh
oexcouo strhss tnet cs prdgujhg cm tnh systho wcbb kh stugchg emg ct sndubg kh
bdwhr tnem tnh ebbdwekbh strhss ghlcmhg ky tnh jdgh.
Wnh bdeg jdokcmetcdms erh ghlcmhg cm jdopbcemjh wctn Hurd jdgh.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 6< / 595
Lcfurh 78 bdeg jdokcmetcdms
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 66 / 595
7
Jdmjbuscdm
7.5 [hsubt
7.5.5 Jdopetckcbcty
Es ghsjrckhg khldrh, td kh surh tnet kdtn odghbs erh jdopetckbh emg odghbhg wctn tnh
seoh fhdohtry emg cmput gete, scocber rhsubt ldr tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt ebsd oexcouo
snher emg ebsd tnh whcfnt dl tnh systho erh hxphjthg. Wnh rhsubts erh sndwm khbdw.
Lcfurh 7< Bethreb ghlbhjtcdm jdopercsdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 6> / 595
Lcfurh 76 Znher Ldrjh jdopercsdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 63 / 595
Lcfurh 7> tdteb whcfnt jdopercsdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >9 / 595
Es ct nes khhm sndwm, tnhrh cs e vhry soebb gcllhrhmjh khtwhhm tnh dutput quemtctchs dl
OCGEZ jdopercmf td dutput dl Y\-Hbcth emg ebodst tnh seoh rhsubt erh dktecmhg lrdo kdtn
sdltwerh.
Ct jem kh jdmjbughg tnet dur vhrclcjetcdm cs jdrrhjt emg dktecmhg rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh
kesh dl tnh hejn lberh erh rhesdmekbh. Es ct wes hxphjthg tnh snher bdeg et tnh kesh dl soebbhr
lberh cs vhry bdw (ekdut 5@M), khjeush tnh bdegs erh ebrhegy tremslhrrhg td tnh kcffhr lberh ky
ohems dl tnh fucgh suppdrt.
Wnh mhxt sthp cs td jnhj` tnh strhss ebdmf tnh rcshrs td shh cl tnh shbhjthg tncj`mhss cs
eghqueth.
Cl tnh strhsshs cmgujhg guh td tnh bdeg jdokcmetcdm erh bdwhr tnem tnh ebbdwekbh
strhss, tnh essuohg tncj`mhsshs erh eppbcjekbh.
Elthr lcmgcmf tnh jdrrhjt vebuh ldr tnh tncj`mhss, tnh rhejtcdm ldrjh et tnh kesh jem kh
jdbbhjthg (vhrtcjeb bdeg, snher, dvhrturmcmf odohmt) emg emjndr kdbt jem kh ghscfmhg.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >5 / 595
7.5.; Ztrhss jnhj`
Wnh strhsshs guh td tnh dtnhr tnrhh bdeg jeshs prdvcghg cm OCGEZ sdltwerh snebb kh
bdwhr tnem ebbdwekbh strhss. Wnh ebbdwekbh strhss ejjdrgcmf td EZOH Jdgh ldr tnh shbhjthg
oethrceb et ghscfmhg thophreturh cs 556 Ope. Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurhs ghpcjt tnh oexcouo
hmvhbdph kheo gcefreos emg tnh oexcouo hmvhbdphg kheo strhss
Lcfurh 73 kheo gcefreo
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >; / 595
Lcfurh 89 strhss gcstrckutcdm
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >: / 595
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >7 / 595
Lcfurh 85 Zthhb jnhj`s
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >8 / 595
Es ohmtcdmhg khldrh td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh cmthrmeb prhssurh emg ebsd td phrldro
tnh jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td EZOH \CCC Gcv.5. ct cs copdrtemt td rhvchw tnh rhsubt dl tnh Y\-Hbcth
sdltwerh tdd.
Ldr kdtn lberh systhos es e seopbh tnh rhsubt ldr em hbhohmt wctn tnh berfhr rhqucrhg
tncj`mhss guh td cmthrmeb prhssurh erh ghodmstrethg.
Lcfurh 8; Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh L-7:9;)
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >< / 595
Lcfurh :-> Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr soebbhr lberh L-7:95)
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >6 / 595
Zcmjh tnh kcffhr Lberh systho wdr`s es tnh suppdrt ldr tnh soebbhr dmh, tnh best
copdrtemt jnhj` ldr tncs lberh cs td stugy tnh rhsubt dl bdeg jdokcmetcdms fhmhrethg ky Y\-
Hbcth sdltwerh emg td jnhj` cl tnh strhss retcd cs bdwhr tnem 5 ldr hejn bdeg jdokcmetcdm. Nhrhdmby twd bdeg jdokcmetcdm erh ghodmstrethg es e seopbh, wncjn dmh dl tnho cs tnh odst
jrctcjeb bdeg jdokcmetcdm wctn tnh strhss retcd dl 9.68., tnus ct jem kh jdmjbughg tnet ebb
shbhjthg tncj`mhss erh eghqueth
Lcfurh 8: strhss jdokcmetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh L-7:9;)
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >> / 595
7.5.: \drthx Znhggcmf
Lcfurh 87 vdrthx snhggcmf jnhj`
Oethrceb Gete
Zphjclcj Vhcfnt f? 6>89 ̀ f/o:
Sdumf Odgubus H? ;59999 Ope
Geopcmf retcd x? 9.95
Zhjtcdm Gete
Hxthrmeb Gceohthr Gh? 6<; oo
tcj`mhss t? >.55 oo
Cmthrmeb gceohthr Gc? 678.6> oo
Erhe E? 53;9> oo;
Lbhxureb cmhrtce odohmt C? 5:<76886>7 oo7
Bcmher oess ghmscty f? 589.6> ̀ f/o
Fbdkeb Gete
Wdteb bhmfnt B? ;5.; o
[hstrecmt td tnh 9 bhmfnt lcxhg
[hstrecmt td tnh B bhmfnt lrhh
Gymeocjs jnerejthrcstcjs
Muokhr dl odgh (aust ldr scopby suppdrthg kheo) m? 5
Metureb Lrhquhmjy l 5? 5.6: Nz
Odgeb bcmher oess o5? 3<.89 ̀ f/o
\drthx sneggcmf Jnerejthrcstcj pereohthrs
[hlhrhmjh wcmg vhbdjc ty et tnh cmsphjthg nhcfnt vo? 7; o/s
Ztrduneb muokhr Zt? 9.;
Jrc tc jeb vhbdjc ty ldr rhsdmemjh vdrthx sneggcmf vjr? <.86< o/s
Zjrdutdm Muokhr Zj? 5<.6
[hymdbg muokhr [h? :.:H+98
Jebjubetcdm dl jrdss wcmg gcspbejhohmt eopbctugh (Zphjtreb Ohtndg)
Jdstemt rhbethg td tnh jrdss shjtcdm Jj? 9.95
JC jdstemt JC? 9.3987;553
Ehrdgymeoc j geopc mf pereohthr oexc ouo @e,oex? ;
Ehrdgymeocj geopcmf pereohthr `e? 5.>59>7;:>
Meroebcshg bcoctcmf eopbctugh eB? 9.7
Jdmstemt j5 j5? 9.9;5;<;537
Jdmstemt J; j;? 5.73;3H-9<
Eopbctugh stemgerg ghvcetcdm sy? 586.;9 oo
Yhe` Lejtdr Hvebuetcdm @p? 7.5>Oexcouo gcspbejhohmt yp? <8<.63 oo
\D[WH^ ZNHGGCMF H\EBXEWCDM EZ HX[DJDGH LD[ JC[JXBE[ ZHJWCDM
MHJHZZE[S GHWECBHG EMEBSZCZ
\D[WH^ ZNEGGCMF EJWCDM ZNEBB KH H\EBXEWHG
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >3 / 595
Wnh emebyscs sndws tnet tnh eopbctugh dl gcspbejhohmt cs umejjhptekbh. Ldr tncs
rhesdm em Ehrdgymeocj
Ohtndgs cs ushg td octcfeth tnh vdrthx snhggcmf cs ushg.
Yrhvhmtcdm dl hxjhsscvh vckretcdm es phr EZOH ZWZ-5-;999
Wd octcfeth tnh vckretcdm hllhjt em Ehrdgymeocj ohtndg wes ushg cm e wey td gcsrupt
tnh ldroetcdm dl \drtcjhs dm tnh scghs dl tnh stej` emg bcoct tnh sdurjh dl vckretcdm.
Vh ush nhbcjeb stre`hs es cs stethg cm EZOH ZWZ-5-;99< wncjn fcvhs tnh mhhghg
fhdohtrcjeb cmldroetcdm ldr tnh nhbcjeb stre`hs ghscfm.
E tnrhh-stert sht dl jurvhg-pbeth nhbcjeb stre`hs 5;9 ghfrhh epert dm tnh stej`
jcrjuolhrhmjh cs ettejnhg td tnh duthr surlejh dl tnh stej` wctn tnh stre`h pbeth
epprdxcoethby phrphmgcjuber td tnh stej` surlejh et ebb pdcmts.
Wnh pctjn dl tnh nhbcx cs lcvh tcohs tnh ehrdgymeocj gceohthr emg tnh stre`h sndubg
prah ⁇ o lro nh
ehrdgymeocj gceohthr. Ztre`hs dl eghqueth strujtureb tncj`mhss cs prdvcghg dm tnh tdp
⁇: l nh ` nhfn
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 39 / 595
Lcfurh 88 Nhbcjeb ste`hs
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 35 / 595
7.; Kdbt ghscfm
Wnh ldumgetcdm bdegs erh ghodmstrethg khbdw
Lcfurh 8< rhejtcdm ldrjhs guh td scmfbh bdeg jeshs
Wnh jebjubetcdm dl tnh emjndr kdbts cs gdmh uscmf tnh ebbdwekbh bdegs cmgcjethg cm jbchmt
Zphjclcjetcdm.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3; / 595
Lcfurh 86 Ebbdwekbh bdegs ldr emjndr kdbts
Lcfurh 8> emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm
Lrdo ebb rhejtcdms, tnh wdrst dmhs erh shbhjthg (ncfnbcfnthg cm tnh lcfurh khbdw), emg
ushg cm drghr td ghscfm tnh emjndr kdbts.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3: / 595
Lcfurh 83 hmvhbdph dl rhejtcdm ldrjhs ushg ldr kdbt ghscfm
Wnh sczh emg muokhr dl tnh kdbts erh essuohg es tnh ldbbdwcmf tekbh.
Ctho Muokhr Kdbt Zczh (oo) Md. dl emjndr Kdbts
L-7:95 O5< >
L-7:9; O:< 5;
Wekbh 6 Zuooery dl rhqucrhg kdbts
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 37 / 595
Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurhs cbbustreth tnh bdeg jebjubetcdm emg strhss jnhj` ldr e scmfbh kdbt dl
kcffhr lberh, ejjdrgcmf tnh ohmtcdmhg sczh emg muokhr dl tnh kdbts.
Lcfurh <9Kesh pbeth ghtecbs ldr kcffhr lberh
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 38 / 595
Lcfurh <5 Emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr kcffhr lberh
Es ct cs ncfnbcfnthg cm tnh ekdvh, tnh kdbt sczh dr muokhrs erh mdt sullcjchmt emg ct tnh
emjndr kdbts lecb guh td thmscdm bdeg ejjdrgcmf td tnh ldroube..
Ybhesh mdth tnet tnh ekdvh jebjubetcdm jdmscghrs tnh mhutreb excs dl khmgcmf odohmt cm
tnh jhmthr dl keshpbeth , wncjn cs odrh jdmshrvetcvh. Ct ohems dmby nebl dl tnh kdbts erh cm
thmscdm, wncjn cm rhebcty cs mdt truh.
Ejjdrgcmf tnh khbdw jebjubetcdm, ky sherjncmf ldr tnh pdsctcdm dl tnh mhutreb excs, tnh
hxejt muokhr dl tnh kdbts cmvdbvhg ldr tnh thmscdm erh ghodmstrethg.
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3< / 595
Es ct jem kh shhm,> emjndr kdbts erh cmvdbvhg ldr rhscstemjh dl thmscdm,, tnus tnh sczh
emg muokhr dl emjndr kdbts erh eghqueth.
:.Exceb Ldrjh Khmgcmf cmthrejtcdm gcefreo
7.Emjndr kdbts jnhj`
Wdteb snher ejtcdm dm tnh kesh \? <8 ̀ M
Znher rhscstemjh dl tnh emjndr kdbt ( lrdo tnh tekbh) Lv,rg? 557.; ̀ M
Wdteb muokhr dl kdbts m? 5;Ghscfm snher dm tnh wdrst emjndr kdbt Lv,Hg? 8.7; ̀ M
Znher Vdr` retcd r? 9.98
OCMD[ WNEM :9% YEZZHG!
Oexcouo
thmscdm lrdo
pbeth emg frdut
Emjndr kdbt l:<
thmscbh strhmfnt P`M_
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6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 36 / 595
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce
Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3> / 595
Lcfurh <: emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr soebbhr lberh
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 33 / 595
Lcmebby tnh ghscfmhg gete erh rhpdrthg es1
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(cm.)
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Ctho Muokhr Kdbt Zczh (oo) Md. dl emjndr Kdbts
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L-7:9; O:< 5;
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 599 / 595
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…
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Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.
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