DBH 4 HISTORY - THIRD TERM

AN AGE OF CONFLICT WW1 (1914-1919)

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THE BALKANS - WEAKNESS OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE

PAGE 96

ARE WE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND SOMETHING FROM IT?

WHAT DOES THE TEXTBOOK THEORY SAY?

• In 1908, Austria-Hungary invaded Bosnia-Herzegovina and annexes it to their empire.

• This was a big mistake, because the Bosnians were Slavic people, like the neighboring Serbia or Russia.

• Serbia and Russia were therefore very anti-Austrian.

• (One for all, all for one).

• (Russia and Serbia supported Bosnia in their fight.)

• (Russian and Austria-Hungarians have one goal: defeat the Ottoman Empire, so they could gain more power.)

THE TARGET, THE BALKANS

RUSSIANS, AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIANS, OTTOMANS

TENSIONS =

WAR

WW1 (1914-1918) THE GREAT WAR

PAGE 97

JUNE 28, 1914

OUTBREAK OF WAR

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnia.

• He wanted to gain the loyalty of the Bosnian people.

• A Serbian student, who was a member of a nat ional ist group, assass inated the archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• The “spark” for WW1.

THE HATE WAS HIGH

THE SEQUENCE OF THE BEGINNING OF WW1

• July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia.

• Serbia was a “friend” of Russia, so the Triple Entente (Russia, France, England) supported Serbia.

• Rumania & Japan also sided to the Triple Entente.

• The Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria supported the Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy).

• The war was also taken to the African and Asian colonies (apart from Europe).

• From June 28 to August 4, everybody declared the war to everybody taking into account the Triple Entente or Alliance.

FOUR YEARS OF WAR (1914-1918)

CONCLUSION OF PAGE 97

• There will be a change of names for the groups, the teams are going to be larger that three:

• The Triple Entente will be called “Allied Powers”.

• The Triple Alliance will be called “Central Powers”.

• (Check the following map; WW1 was worldwide.)

GREEN = ALLIED POWERS

ORANGE = CENTRAL POWERS

GREY = NEUTRAL NATIONS

THE WAR IS WORLDWIDE

THE FIRST WORLDWIDE WAR IN HISTORY

A GOOD 20TH CENTURY BEGINNING

AND THE HUMAN BEING IS ABLE TO REPEAT ONCE AND AGAIN THE SAME MISTAKES…

DIFIERENT PHASES OF WW1 (1914-1917)

PAGE 98

WHY WAS IT SUCH A LONG WAR?

KEY ASPECTS OF WW1

• A short war, turned into a 4 year-long war (1914-1918).

• It has two very clear phases:

• Movements phase (1914).

• Trench Warfare (1915-1917).

• (The key aspect to be so long.)

1914

MOVEMENTS PHASE

• Key aspect: Germany entered the war August 1914.

• Schlieffen Plan:

• Bi-directional:

• Western front:

• Defeat France.

• Eastern front:

• Fight Russia.

FIRST: WESTERN FRONT

SECOND: EASTERN FRONT

THE FIRST PHASE FAILED FOR SCHLIEFFEN:

THE TRENCH WARFARE BEGINS

THE WESTERN FRONT COLLAPSED FOR THE GERMAN ARMY

THEY COULD NOT PROGRESS ANYMORE

THE LAND TO BE CONQUERED

NO MAN’S LAND

• Aerial view of a real “No Man’s Land” between two opposing trenches.

• No-one could capture it.

• No-one wanted to be caught in it.

• France & Germany reached a s t a l emate ( a l m o s t z e ro progress for three years of war, 1915-1917.)

THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME (1916)SOME TERRIBLE FACTS OF THE BRUTALITY

THE CRUELTY OF THE HUMAN RACE

A BATTLE TO THINK ABOUT

1,250,000

MEN

KILLED

57,000

BRITISH

KILLED

FIRST DAY

THE NUMBERS OF THE GREAT CATASTROPHE

A WAR TO THINK

Country Population Civilian deaths Military deaths

Russia 161,000,000 2,000,000 1,700,000

Serbia 4,500,000 650,000 450,000

France 40,000,000 40,000 1,375,000

British Empire 45,000,000 30,000 908,000

USA 92,000,000 0 126,000

Italy 36,000,000 No data 650,000

Ottoman Empire 20,000,000 2,150,000 325,000

Germany 68,000,000 760,000 1,773,000

Austria-Hungary 51,000,000 300,000 1,200,000

WAR’S NEW SCENARIO

U-BOAT

THE FINAL BATTLES ON DIFFERENT FRONTS

(1917-1918) PAGE 99

SEA & AIR (LAND WAS TOTALLY BLOCKED)

THE NEW WAR SCENARIOS

• At sea - decisive battles:

• To protect ships bringing food and weapons from the USA.

• To blockade the enemy ports (cutting off the supplies) - this worked very well for the British against the Germans.

• The use of U-boats repealed with special bombs, “depth charges” (bombs to sink the submarines).

• In the air - use of aircrafts - at the beginning for reconnaissance; then to carry bombs.

• British to protect the ships (from 36 planes by 1914 to 23,000 by 1918).

• Germans to attack British cities.

IT IS GLOBAL, BUT EUROPE IS STILL THE MAIN SCENARIO

EAST & WEST (EUROPE) WAR THEATERS

• In the East of Europe:

• 1917, the October Revolution brought peace among Germany and Russia.

• In the West of Europe:

• Germany transferred all the troops to the west.

• The USA has joined the war, because the Germans were sinking their supply ships before arriving in Great Britain.

THE LAST STEPS

THE END OF WW1

• March 1918: Germany tried a last big attack to capture Paris.

• It was a total failure.

• The people in Germany were lied, and discovered the war was being a total disaster. People turned against the government.

• Different “Central Powers” surrendered (Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire & Austria-Hungary).

• November 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (left the throne).

• Germany was a republic and it surrendered signing the armistice.

DOUBLE HISTORICAL EVENT

THE FOREST OF COMPIÉGNE

• November 11, 1918: signing the armistice of WW1. The beginning of the German humiliation.

• June 22, 1940: Hitler signed the armistice between Germany and France. France would be under the Nazi control. The perfect revenge by the Germans.

• Finally, Germany got to Paris…

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)

PAGES 103-105

— Gustavo Corni, “Breve historia del Nazismo”

EN AQUELLA REUNIÓN DE PARÍS DE 1919 SOLO QUEDÓ ESTABLECIDO EL CONCEPTO DE

REPARACIÓN, SEGÚN EL CUAL ALEMANIA DEBÍA DEVOLVER A LOS PAÍSES VENCEDORES LO QUE

ESTOS HABÍAN GASTADO EN LA GUERRA

”

“

WINNERS SETTING THE RULES

INTRODUCTION

• When?

• 1919.

• Who?

• Allied Leaders - Britain, the USA, France.

• Where?

• Meeting in Versailles (France).

• Any one missing the meeting?

• Germany was not invited.

WHAT DID THE WINNERS WANT?

THE PARTICIPANTS’ CHECKLIST

• To reorganize Europe.

• The “collapse of the empires” (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian Empires) - the disappearance of the Central European empires.

• To establish the culprit of the war.

• GERMANY! GERMANY! GERMANY!**

• To find a system to maintain the peace.

• The creation of the “League of Nations” (the future UN).

THE COUNTRY TO BE BLAMED

**GERMANY! GERMANY! GERMANY!

• Germany was declared the main culprit.

• Germany had to pay for all the war damage (reparations).

• Germany had to reduce its army (maximum 100,000 soldiers; no airforce; all submarines destroyed; navy limited to 36 ships).

• Germany lost all its overseas colonies.

• Parts of Germany were given to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland (the most industrialized ones, like Alsace & Lorraine).

• The “Rhineland” was also taken from Germany and became a demilitarized zone.

• Germany was not allowed to join the League of Nations (until 1926).

HOW DID EUROPE LOOK LIKE BEFORE AND AFTER

WW1?