DBA 10th Anniversary Conference, University of Bath:Disruptive Change and Innovation in Higher Education

Globalization and higher education:

Taking stock

Simon MarginsonCentre for the Study of Higher Education

University of Melbourne

Taking stock

• Early (c. 1990) expectations of globalization• How it has worked out• New spatiality in higher education• Rise and rise of North East Asia/Singapore• Concluding thoughts

Early (c. 1990) expectations of globalization

Globalization: ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of all forms of world-wide interconnectedness’

- David Held and colleagues, Global Transformations 1999, p. 2

Neo-liberal expectations of globalizationWeakened national sovereignty and national regulation

Integrated world-markets, removal of trade barriers

One Anglo-American political culture

Reduced global poverty, advancing prosperity all-round

In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda in national systems, global market in student places, e-Universities

Arjun Appadurai’s expectations *Globalization as extended and intensified modernization

Globalization manifest in distinctive ‘scapes’—financescapes, ethnoscapes, technoscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes—with uneveness and disjuncture between them

Nation-state in decline and crisis

Deterritorialization of identities

* Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization (1996)

How it has worked out

A strong nation-state survives(but cannot control cultural globalization, and is now more globally referenced than before)

Economic globalization is incoherent, incomplete, WTO-GATS falters

Cultural globalization has exceeded mainstream expectations

Global English, Internet subjectivities, organizational uniformity across the world, ideology of universal capitalism, one-world science system, research university template, rankings, etc

Technologial globalization in higher education: From e-U’s to MOOCS

A new spatiality in higher education

• One (imagined) university world with universal ranking• Spread of capacity in higher education and research to a

growing number of countries• Regionalisation as a response to globalisation• Rise of East Asia and, to an extent, rise of Latin America• Global projects in national systems and institutions:

Partnerships, consortia, hubs, education theme-parks, knowledge cities, cross-border campuses, etc

Countries with 1000+ science papers p.a.US National Science Foundation data for 2009

ANGLO-SPHERE

EUROPE EU NATIONS

EUROPENON-EU

ASIA LATIN AMERICA

Australia Austria Italy Croatia China Argentina

Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil

N. Zealand Czech Rep. Poland Russia Japan ChileUK Denmark Portugal Serbia Malaysia Mexico

USA Finland Rumania Switzerland Pakistan

France Slovakia Turkey Singapore M.EAST /AF

Germany Sweden Ukraine South Korea Egypt

Greece Spain Taiwan Iran

Hungary Sweden Thailand Israel

Ireland Sth. Africa

Tunisia

R&D investment by world region 2009

Region Investment in R&D(US National Science Foundation data)

North America $433 billion (33.9% of world total)

East, SE & South Asia $402 billion (31.5%)

Europe $319 billion (25.0%)

Middle East & Africa $35 billion (2.7%)

South & Central America $32 billion (2.5%)

Australia & Pacific $22 billion (1.8%)

Rise of North East Asia and Singapore

Asian middle class to 2030 (millions)Source: European Union Institute for Strategic Studies

Middle class is defined as persons living on USD $10-100 per day PPP

Gross National Income per head 2010World Bank, CIA Fact Book for Taiwan data only

Country/system Population(millions)

GNI PPP per year(USD $s)

Singapore 5.1 55,790Hong Kong SAR 7.1 47,480Macau SAR (GNI 2009) 0.5 45,220Taiwan (population 2012) 23.2 35,700Japan 127.5 34,640South Korea 48.7 29,010China (mainland only) 1338.3 7640Vietnam 86.2 3070India 1224.6 3550

Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2009 (mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in red)

Reading Mathematics Science

Shanghai China 556 Shanghai China 600 Shanghai China 575

South Korea 539 Singapore 562 Finland 554

Finland 536 Hong Kong 555 Hong Kong 549

Hong Kong 533 South Korea 546 Singapore 542

Singapore 526 Taiwan China 543 Japan 539

Canada 524 Finland 541 South Korea 538

New Zealand 521 Liechtenstein 536 New Zealand 532

Japan 520 Switzerland 534 Canada 529

Australia 515 Japan 529 Estonia 528

Netherlands 508 Canada 527 Australia 527

Australia 15th 514

UK equal 25th 424 UK 28th 492 UK 16th 514

USA equal 15th 500 USA equal 31st 487 USA 23rd 502

Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio, 2010UNESCO Institute for Statistics & Taiwan Ministry of Education

Growth of science papers, 1995-2009(1995 = 1.00)

US National Science Foundation

Research papers per year, 1995-2009China, Japan, India & Korea

US National Science Foundation data

Research papers per year, 1995-2009Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand

US National Science Foundation data

Science papers in global journals, East, SE and South Asia, 2009

US National Science Foundation

Shanghai JTU top 500 universitiesChinese systems 2005 & 2012

2005 2012

China mainland 8 28

Hong Kong SAR 5 5

Taiwan China 5 9

Total 18 42

High citation rate Asia Pacific universitiesUniversity / nation Number of science

papers 2005-2009(Leiden CWTS data)

Proportion (%) of papers in top 10% in field by citation

U Cambridge UK 14,046 16.7

Hong Kong UST HONG KONG SAR 3568 14.9

Pohang U SOUTH KOREA 3264 14.1

National U Singapore SINGAPORE 11,838 13.8

Nankai U CHINA 4211 13.4

U Science & Technology CHINA 6789 13.0

ANU AUSTRALIA 5551 12.9

City U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 3903 12.7

Lanzhou U CHINA 3531 11.9

U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 9724 11.9

U Queensland AUSTRALIA 9088 11.8

U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 6820 11.5

Korea Advanced IS&T SOUTH KOREA 5319 11.4

‘Quantity of quality’ in science papersnumber of papers in top 10% in their field by cite rate, 2005-2009

University / nation Number of top 10% papers 2005-2009 (Leiden)

world rank

U Cambridge UK 2351 12

U Tokyo JAPAN 1873 23

National U Singapore SINGAPORE 1635 31

Kyoto U JAPAN 1424 39

Tsinghua U CHINA 1242 47

Zhejiang U CHINA 1188 50

U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 1159 53

Seoul National U KOREA 1158 54

U Queensland AUSTRALIA 1074 62

U Sydney AUSTRALIA 1026 68

National Taiwan U TAIWAN 1000 72

Osaka U JAPAN 993 73

Peking U CHINA 953 79

Relative research qualityWorld share of research papers/

highly cited papers, 2010 US National Science Foundation

United States

China Japan Asia-8*

Share of world science papers

27.8% 7.5% 7.0% 7.4%

Share of top 1% most highly cited papers

48.9% 3.6% 4.3% 2.7%

* Asia-8 countries are the significant research producers South Korea, India, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand plus Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines

The patterns vary by discipline World share of highly cited papers, 2010

US National Science Foundation

Share of top 1% most highly cited papers

USA China Japan Asia-8

Engineering 38.5% 12.3% 4.7% 8.5%

Chemistry 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%

Mathematics 40.7% 8.7% 2.1% 3.4%

Rapid improvement in China and Asia-8Share of world’s top 1% most cited papers,

Chemistry, 2000 & 2010 US National Science Foundation

share of top 1% papers in Chemistry

USA China Japan Asia-8

2000 48.6% 0.6% 9.3% 1.5%

2010 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%

Science papers per year, 1995-2009five Latin American nations

US National Science Foundation data

Concluding thoughts

Neo-liberal expectations of globalization

Weakened national sovereignty and national regulation

NOT REALLY

Integrated world-markets, removal of trade barriers

INTEGRATION HAS FALTERED: CRISIS

One Anglo-American political culture NO WAY(IN YOUR DREAMS, GWB)

Reduced global poverty, advancing prosperity all-round

STAGNATION, GROWING INEQUALITY

In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda in national systems, global market in student places, e-Universities

WTO-GATS FAILED, BUT GROWTH OF TRADE.

E-U’S FAILED

Arjun Appadurai’s expectations (1992)Globalization as extended and intensified modernization

CORRECT CALL

Globalization manifest in distinctive ‘scapes’—financescapes, ethnoscapes, technoscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes—with uneveness and disjuncture between them

YES, MEDIASCAPES AND TECHNOSCAPES ARE

MORE ADVANCED THAN THE OTHERS

Nation-state in decline and crisis WRONG CALL

Deterritorialization of identities BOTH GLOBAL AND LOCATED IDENTITIES

More than one modernityConvergent capitalist political economies and the growth of global science are not ‘one thing’. They are articulated through several distinctive political-cultural configurations

‘For 300 years, all of humanity has certainly become more closely linked to one another through colonialism, unequal trade and technological development. Yet a common path hardly exists between the colonizer and the colonized, between Africa and the US, or between China and the European powers.’

- Wang Hui, The End of the Revolution: China and the limits of modernity, 2009, p. 85.

Failure to evolve global governance, neglect of global public good

The research university form has never looked stronger than it is right now, but it could become debundled

http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff_pages/Marginson/Marginson.html

Cambridge UP, Cambridge, May 2010

Springer, Dordrecht, September 2011

Routledge, New York, August 2011

Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, September 2011