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CATALOGUE OFEGYPTIAN ANTIOUITIES--

IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM

VII

TOOLS AND WEAPONS I

AXES

BYW. V. DAVIES

WITH CONTRIBUTIONS

BYR. ~UCHAEL COWELL. JAt~ET R. S. LANG.

RICHARD BURLEIGH, ROWENAGALE.ANDMAVIS BIMSON

DRAWINGS BYMARION COX

BliP..:::::..1111111

PUBUSHED FORTIfETRUSTEES OFTIfE BRITISH MUSEUM

BYBRITISH IvnJSEUM PUBUC\TIONS

The British Museum collection ofancient Egyptian axes. in its range ofdate and type. lackslittle to make it complete in the truest sense. This catalogue. therefore. prepared by Mr. W.V. Davies. Deputy Keeper in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities. amounts in fact to ageneral survey of the whole fieldof Egyptian axes. and represents a comprehensive treat­ment of the subject on the levels of archaeology. technology and scientific examination.

Mr. Davies has greatly refined existing typologies of the Egyptian axe. basing his resultson a very wide examination ofsurviving material in museums throughout the world. Hiscorpus ofaxes. ifnot complete. is far more wide-ranging than any previously attempted. Insecuring information about axes elsewhere he has relied on the help and co-operation ofan army of Egyptologists and museum curators. the magnitude of which is to beappreciated from his list of acknowledgements.

A notable aspect of the studies embodied in this catalogue is the amount of scientificinformation obtained. chiefly through the work of colleagues in the Research Laboratoryof the British Museum. some of whom have provided written contributions to the volume.The metallurgical findings are of very special importance for the history of Egyptianindustrial technology.

By his exhaustive study of epigraphic evidence. some of it in the British Museum. Mr.Davies has also provided a useful contribution to Egyptian lexicography. clearing awaymany misconceptions concerning the ancient words for axes and related material.

In the preparation of this catalogue for publication much help was given by Mrs.Christine Barratt. Graphics Officer in this Department. Most ofthe drawings were preparedby Mrs. Marion Cox. and photography was carried out by Mr. Peter Hayman.

For technical and organizational reasons flint and other stone hand-axes. of whichmany examples mostly ofpredynastic date are to be found in the departmental collections.are not included here. They will be published in future volumes of the Catalogue oJEgyptianAntiquities in the British Museum.

British MuseumDecember. 1986

T. G. H. JAMES

Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities

T VI tco ~lI\6 t-i 0 VI

The British Museum's collection of an cient Egyptian axes is the lar gest outside Cairo.Including a small group ofaxe-components (nos. 170-2) and one modern cast (no. t 6S ).it consists of 200 individual items. the majority never before illus tra ted and nearly halfwith no previous bibliograph y. All are fully published in the 172 entries of this cat alogue .The bulk of the material is native Egyptian or of Egyptian type. but there is also a smallnumber of axes of Asiatic form. which hav e an Egyptian provenan ce (nos. 167-8). All thepieces are held in the Departm en t ofEgyptian Antiquities. save one (no . 162 ). an Egyptiantype from outside Egypt. which belongs to the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities.The collection is not only lar ge but comprehensive. Every major type of axe is represented .as well as many uncomm on forms. Such gaps as do exist are not particular to thiscollection but reflect the general state of the extan t mate rial. I

The first Egyptian axes to ente r the Museum were obtained from old private sources:Salt (in 1835). Lan e (in 184 2). Athan asi (in 184 5). The majority of the present holdingshad already been acquired before the First World War. mainly by purc hase between theyears 1870 and 191 2 from dealers in th is coun try and in Egypt. From the 1880s on. withthe growth of scientific arc haeo logy. provenan ced pieces were also gradually acquiredthrough the work of the Egypt Exploration Fund /Society and the British School ofArchaeology in Egypt. the sites in question being Khatarana (1885). Naucratis (1885).Kahun (1890). Abydos (1901-3. 191 3. 1926). Deir el-Bahri (1907). and <Amarna(19 24). Other sourc es ofexcavated material have been the University of Oxford expeditionto Faras in Nubia (19 12 ). the Boston Museum /Harvard University expedition to El-Kurruand Nurt in the Sudan (19 22 ). the British Museum expedition to Mostagedda (1929- 3° ).and the Wellcome excava tions at Jebel Moya (1946).

Abydos has been the most fruitful of the sites. yielding a wide range of importantcontexted specimens for the collection: four Early Dynastic axes (nos. 3-6 and II ).including two from the tomb of King Khasekhernwy: a group of models of the late FifthDynasty (no. 12): a full-size carpe nter's axe (no. 15). which may be among the earliestexampl es of its type: a battl e-axe of the early New Kingdom (no. 15 7): and a foundation­deposit model of Tuthmosis ill (no. 120 ): additionally from Abydos is a curious ironimplement (no. 92) of uncertain date and function but interpreted by its finder as a'halberd' . Mostagedda is also well represented. with a series of model axes. of differenttypes. from graves of the First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom (nos. 29 -3 1and 89 ). and an important gro up of four full-size axes from 'parr-graves of the SecondIntermedi ate Period (nos. 102 ,104-5. and 106). one inscribed with a king 's name . Thematerial from E1-Kurru an d Nuri isscarcely less extensive and is also well dat ed (nos. 137­46 ) but it is not so informati ve typologically. as it consists en tirely of models and these ofavery schematic form. The same may be said of the models from Naucra tis (nos . 147-8 ). Ofthe specimens from other sites. the axe from Faras. from an A-grou p context. is worthnoting (no. 2). as are the workm en 's stone tools from Kahun, probably of the late MiddleKingdom (nos. 27- 8 ). and the closely-dated axe from <Arnarn a (no. 123 ) of the lateEighteenth Dynasty. The socketed battle -axe from Khata rana (no . 167). for so long theonly provenanced example of its type known from Egypt. has recentl y gained in interestfrom the discovery of severa l well-con texted parallels from the same area: The potenti alimport an ce of the pieces from Naucratis (no. 130 ). JebelMoya (no. 149 ). and Deirel-Bahri(no. IS 0). is vitiated by the ir lack of mean ingful context.

To tum to the unprovenanced material , particular interest attaches to nos . 101. 1I 7­18. 12 1, lSI and 156. all of which are inscribed with royal names (Djedan khre.Tuthmosis ill. Kamose and Amenophis II) . The inscriptions on nos. II 7-I8 allow theirorigina l location to be identified as Deir el-Bahri. The text on no. 156 identifies it as anactu al 'gift of the king ' to the owner. who is also named . Other pieces worthy of specialatt ention are: no. I . a stone imitation of an early metal type: no. 90 . a rare varia nt of thetanged battle-axe; no. 95, a fine tanged battle-axe with a hafting tub e made of silver: nos.49 -50 and 163 -5. all of which bear openw ork decoration, the motif in the case of no.163 being particularly rare and important. Mention should also be made of theconsidera ble number bearing 'owners' mar ks' and other signs (nos. 3. 13. 18-23. 43. 4 5,

,VrJ{fll)\ ~(~I'J()I\

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The axe occupied a prominent, if not pre-eminent, position among the tools andweapons of ancient Egypt. It was a stock woodworking and carpenter's tool throughoutEgyptian history and was the main hand-weapon of the Egyptian soldier up to the NewKingdom and through the Eighteenth Dynasty (after which it appears to have beengradually supplanted by the scimitar or hps-sword), If the study of ancient implementsis concerned 'to regard the purpose of each form, the mode of its use, the reasons for itschanges ... '.' the axe offers a particularly interesting and potentially very rewardingsubject of research. No other comparable implement has survived in such quantity (overI soo specimens are known)' and because of its dual role as tool and weapon no otherimplement exhibits such a variety of forms. several susceptible to unusually close dating.

The first comprehensive treatment of the Egyptian axe was that of Petrie in hispioneering Tools awl Weapons (London. 1917), pp. S-11, an account that is still of valuefor its publication of the fine collection of axes in University College London, whichprovided a sound basis for the author's many shrewd typological observations. Most of thesubsequent surveys of the subject have been superficial to a greater or lesser extent. beinglargely derivative and usually rather limited in scope.! A notable exception is EvaKuhnert-Eggebrecht. Die Axt als Walle und Werkzeug il11 alten Agyptell (Berlin, 19(9). animpressive detailed study in which earlier typologies arc extended and refined. Nine majortypes of axe (Types A. B. A-B,C. D,E, E-F,F. G) and numerous sub-types are identified anddated in this work, with the evidence systematically organized in concise catalogue form.This present catalogue owes much to Kuhnert-Eggebrecht's study, but inevitably therearc areas of disagreement between the two works-some of them, it should be said,arising out of evidence that has only recently become available. The various points ofdifference. many concerning matters of small import. will emerge from a reading of themain text below and need not be considered in detail in this introduction. It is appropriate,however. that some of the more significant points should be briefly noted here.

I, Modification is possible of several of Kuhnert-Eggebrecht's datings. Most importantly,her suggestion that the lugged splayed axe (her type G) was introduced by the 'pan'-gravepeople during the Seventeenth Dynasty is untenable (see pp. 48-9 below). It is alsoseriously to be doubted that the lugged round axe (her type D) survived as a functionalform into the New Kingdom (see p.p below).2. lIer typological scheme docs not reflect the full range of surviving axe forms. Animportant early splayed type (see no. I) is omitted, as is a variant of the ranged battle-axe(sec nos. 90-1). Conversely. two quite distinct types, one with a hafting device, and theother without (sec nos. sand 6-10) are subsumed under one (her type A-B)..3, lIer subdivision of types is, in my view. excessive. Too many 'variants' of dubioustypological validity are identified. Thus. for example. six Valiants of the tanged battle-axe(her Type C) are distinguished. and no fewer than [1 of the lugged splayed axe (her TypeG). My experience in attempting to accommodate the British Museum material to theseschemes has been that several of these sub-classes (for example. Types C-II and III, TypesC-IV and V, Types G-I and Il, and Types G-IV and V) are in practice indistinguishable.Questionable on other grounds are the sub-types E-IJI (see no. 67) and D-II (notrepresented in this catalogue).' all the full-sizeexamples of which known to me are non­functional and bear signs of modern working. Note also that there is no extantrepresentative of her Type E-I!. a shallow, straight-edged battle-axe. The axe cited as suchin her catalogue has been misidentified and is actually a conventional tanged battle-axe. h

In the following catalogue the axes have been arranged into broad typological groups,descriptively labelled along simple practicable lines, with a minimal subdivision of type.The organization of the corpus of extant material at the end of the volume (see AppendixIII) follows the same pattern. The axes in anyone major group share distinctcharacteristics. whether of hafting-method, function, or form (often two of these, andsometimes all three. in combination). that serve to distinguish them from those in othergroups. The variants within a group differ from each other normally only in form. Metalaxes in general fall on good technological grounds into two main categories: flat axes andshaft-hole axes. In the first. the axe is attached to. or mounted into, the haft: in the second,the haft is mounted into the axe. The former is made by casting in a one-piece open mould:the latter requires a two-piece closed mould. All Egyptian axes belong to the first category.Axes with cast sockets have been found in Egypt (see nos. 167-8) but they are of foreignorigin or inspiration. There is no evidence that a purely native shaft-hole form was everdeveloped in Pharaonic times.

The earliest metal axes from Egypt are simple plain blades like nos. 1-5, dating to thelate I'redynastic and Early Dynastic Periods. They take three main shapes: splayed.rcctangular and round. Not all arc purely Egyptian, the splayed and the narrowrectangular forms being widely attested elsewhere in the Near East. The centralcharacteristic of the group is the lack of any device to facilitate attachment to a haft. Such

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a device was not long in being developed, however. By the late Second Dyn asty, a form l "rK"llll("n,)~

incorporating a hole for bindin g the blade to a haft was well esta blished (see nos. 6-10and the models 11-14) and ap pears to have been continued in use throughout the OldKingdom. In th is form the sides of the blade tend to be more or less convex, though there isconsiderable variation in the degree of roundness: some blades are almost rectangular andthere is a suggestion that towards the end of the period a fully angular form was developed(see the mode l no. 14 ). There is never more than one hole, its distance from the bullindicating that the blade was set deeply into the haft. In earlier specimen s the hole wascast into the blade at the time of initial fabrication: later , the hole was drilled . By the FirstIntermediat e Period, the sing le hole had given way as a hafting -device to rear projectionsor lugs, which similarly served as poin ts of binding. At the same time there was a changein the shape of the blade , from a slightly convex to a deeply rounded form (nos. I S- 34 ).Like all the types a lready mentioned, this form functioned primaril y as a tool. as theth ickness and weight of the vast majority of specimens clearl y indicate, but slighter.thinner examples were also produced (see nos. ;q - 61 and these ar e pro bably to beregarded as weapons. The form surv ived throughout the Middle Kingdom but probablynot mu ch beyond.

Axes designed specifically to function as weapons are known from representat ions tohave been in use already by the latt er ha lf of the Old Kingdom, ' but the earliest extantbattl e-axes date from the First Intermediate Period, a warlike lime which saw thedevelopment of a number of different varieties. There arc four major ca tegories. The firsthas a fully roun ded form with lugs at the rear like the ca rpent er 's axe prev iouslymen tioned but its blade is always relatively light and it has perforations as well as lugs(nos. 3S-48). The lugs are sometimes hooked. Three is the favoured number ofperforations. The second category is superficia lly similar to the first but in rea lity is quitedistinct. The blade is segment-shaped, the arc of its curva ture being alw ays less than asemi-circle, and it can be very shallow (nos. SJ -67). It is thick for its size. and the cullingedge, thou gh sha ped and hard ened, is rarel y very sharp. The lugs are usua lly hooked.Again , three is the most popu lar number of perforati ons, the number tending to incre asewith the width of the blade. The third category is made up of slashing axes , somesymmetrical. others asymmetrical. all with shallow blades and very wide cult ing edges(nos. 68 - 78 ).The butt is alwa ys concave and the blade is usually strengthened by a ra isedrib running centrally from tip to tip. Only the symmetrica l form (no. 68) has lugs. Thenumber of perforati ons varies with the width of the blade. The final ca tegory is that of theranged axe, so designated because it was attached to a haft by means of tangs at the rear,usually th ree in number. each of the tangs being perforat ed with one hole or more (nos.79-1 0 0). The type was foreign in origin , the simple crescen tic form being indistingu isha­ble from the Asiatic epsilon-axe, but the other varietie s-the crescentic form with the longcentra l tang (nos. 90-1 l, the wide-edged crescentic form with large tang s expandingtoward s the butt (nos. 93 -S), and the shallow form with a virtually stra ight CUll ing edge(nos. 9(,-1 00)- are nati ve developmen ts. The simple and wide-edged crescentic var ietiesalways have flanges on the rear edges. The stra ight-edge d variety usually has a centralrib. Their hafts were often heavily armo ured and the blades were somet imes atta ched byrivets. Lugs are consistently present only on the wide-edged crescen tic form , and thenonly when the meth od of hafting was lashing. The crescentic form s of the tanged axeappear to hav e supplanted almo st all the other battle-axe varieties by the end of the MiddleKingdom .

By the beginning of the Second Intermed iate Period, a major typological change hadtaken place. The 'ro und' forms of axe, whic h had predominated since the end of the EarlyDynastic Period, were replaced both as tool and weapon by a splayed type with straigh t orlncurved sides (nos. 101- 66) . This new type has lugs at the rear but is never perforated.The reason for the change is a matter ofspeculation. though one feasible suggestion is thatthe new form, its shape being more suited for penetr ation , was initially developed inreaction to more effective body-armour. ' There arc two main divisions to the splayed axewith lugs: symmet rical and asymm etrical. The symmetrica l family consists almostenti rely, though not wholly, of tools: the asymm etr ical of weapon s. The earliest variet y ofthe former, functionin g as both tool and weapon, has relatively short lugs (the width of thebutt as a whole being less than that of the cutting end )and the narrowest part of thc bladeis alw ays nearer to the butt than the cutt ing end (nos. 101-8). These cha rac teristicsdistinguish it from a part ly contemporary form (almost certainly a batt le-axe ) with adistinctive waist in the centre of the blade and longer lugs (nos. 109-16). Neither typeseems to have survived much beyond the Second In termediate Period. The subsequentevolution of the symmetrical axe was towards an increasing ly more robu st form. Durin gthe course of the Eightee n th Dynast y, it developed a broad wa ist and strong lugs (thecutting end by now always noti ceably narrower than the butt ) (nos . 117-30). fly the latcrNew Kingdom the cen tral waist had disappeared and the narrowest part of the blade had

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rcvcrled t(l beillg vrrv ncnr the butt (uos, I) 1-(,). In this lorm the lugs arc vcryprominr-nt. and somelimcs hooked, and the central section 01the butt is heavily flanged'1I,d ",panded.

Thc asvmmctrtcal lamllv mos. 1 'i I-()(,) emerged towards the end of the SCClllldIlltermediate Period. possibly as a result 01 the warlike conditions of the period and thecomequcnt impetus lor the development of more effirienr weapon limns. The skew in theb"'dc 01such 'Ixes seems to have been designed to compensate for curvature in their hafts.though why it should have been thought so advantageous to have a haft with a curve isunrlrur. The asymmetrical group was short-lived in rompnrison with its symmetricalrelative. there being no evidence for its continued use after the New Kingdom. The earliestvurlcttcs have central waists. like one of the contemporary symmetrical axes (nos. 109­

1(,). but c'lIllw distinguished from the latter by their sloping butts mos. 151-55); in one.rather bizarre. form the slope is exaggerated and the wuist very narrow (nos. 154-<;). Outor these waisted tormx there soon developed il more markedly asymmetrtral axe (nos.15(,-(,2). This retains the sloping butt but combines it with" skewed cutting end. There is<I distinct disparity in length between the two sides and the waist has all but disappeared.Its curting end is milch narrower than the butt. This skewed axe had become the prevalentbattle-axe form by the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The lines of its developmentthereafter remain to be clearly determined.

In the catalogue below. each major axe-grouping is followed by an extended comment.ill which I have attempted to gather together the available evidence bearing on the datlngof the axe-types in question. Where appropriate. other points of interest. concerningtypology. composition. hafting. and decoration are also discussed. Unprovcnnnced orundatable parallels are not as a rule individually cited in the text. unless they exhibit somefC<lture of unusual significance or arc in some way of particular relevance to the flritishMuscum matcriul. Considerable refining of many of the dates given below will certainly bepossible in dill' course. not only with the unearthing of new evidence. as this may occur.but also from the closer study of older excavated material. some of it relatively wellrecorded even by modern standards but much of it still unpublished or badly publishedand yet to be properly exploited. To name one or two obvious sources. mucb of value couldbe expected to emerge from a detailed treatment of the excavations of Fisher <It Dcndcru(I') 1')- LK) and of Reisner at Naga cd-Dcr/Shclkb Farag (I ')() 1- '). 1') I 0- [2 and 1')2}­

41.11 is also to be hoped that something might still be made of the extensive material. nowall in Cairo, from the work of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization at K6m el-llisn(I ')4 ,-7)·

While this ratalogu« W<lS in preparation, the opportunity was taken to submit the axesto a series of scientific examinations. mostly carried out in the Research Laborutory oftheBritish Museum. As was expected. a great deal of information was obtained, pertainingnot only to the axes but to Egyptian materials and technology in general. The results arcincorporated in the individual catalogue entries and arc also published at the end of thevolume in Appendices written by the scientists who carried out the work. The nature oftbis work and the main findings may be summarized here.I. Every metal piece that was not too heavily corroded was analysed to determine itschemical composition; for comparison. other metal objects. from the British Museum. theAshmolean Museum, Oxford. and the Petrie Museum. University College London. werealso analysed (see Scientific Appendix I). This large series of analyses has shown beyondreasonable doubt that arsenical copper was employed by the Egyptians as a deliberatealloy' from an early date. Arsenical copper is attested already in the late PrcdyuasticPeriod or very early First Dynasty (see axe no. 2, and the harpoon from Mabasna. BM4')()07) and was widely employed thereafter, from the Early Dynastic Period up to theNew Kingdom. II has also been shown tbat bronze (as well as leaded bronze) was in usefrom <I much earlier date than bas hitherto been realized. '" Tin is present, at a significantlevel. in a number of Early Dynastic tools. including a model axe (llC .)OoKo). and in bighquantity in two vessels dating from the Second Dynasty (BM,S')71-2). both ofwbicbalso contain a significant level of lead. The usc of bronze was on <I limited scale. however.until the Middle Kingdom. when it began to supplant arsenical copper. a process virtuallycomplete by the beginning of the New Kingdom. That an impressive degree of control overalloy content was exercised by the smiths is evident from a comparison of the cbemicalcomposition of the different axe-types. fn particular. there is a discernible relationshipbetween composition and function. which clearly reflects the differing hardnessrequirements of tool and weapon. Thus the typical carpenter's axe of the FirstIntermediate Period-Middle Kingdom (the lugged round form. see 1 <;-2») is invariablymade of unalloyed copper or low-arsenic copper. whereas the contemporary battle-axes(24-6 and 35-100) are almost all made oJ'high-arsenic copper or of bronze. sometimes ofleaded bronze. A similar distinction is noticeable in tbe later splayed axe. Compare, forexample. the difference in composition between nos. 1°4 and lOS: both are from the same

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gra ve. but one is a battl e-axe (made of a high-tin bronze ). the other a tool (mad e of a very " THlIlllll' IWN

low-ar sen ic copper). Note also ho w th e slightly later asymmetrical batt le-axes (nos. 151-

(1) have a consistently higher tin content (usually over 10 per cent) tha n thecontemporary symmetrical tools (nos. 117-35 ).2 . A representative selection of the British Museum axes. 2 1 in n umber (nos. ot. 6 . 15.51 .55 . 57.58.60. 6ot. 70 . 80. 93. 97. roq, lOS. 123. 13ot. 135 . 136. 152 . 159). wasexa mined metallu rgically in order to invest igate th e techn ical processes involved in theirman ufacture (see Scientific Appen dix 11). All the specimen s were mad e of copper or acopper-base alloy, except for on e made of a ferrous mat er ial. The results are consistentwith the accepted view, based on ea rlier examinations, th at copper implemen ts were castin open moulds ." The kind of mou ld employed by the Egyptia ns is shown in plate ~ 5, figs..3- ot. " It cons ists of a crude rectan gular block mad e of baked day. which had beenimpress ed. evidently when th e day was wet. with th e shape of the requi site type of axe. inthis case a New Kingdom battl e-axe. Severa l other such mou lds have been found . somemade of baked clay like th is one ,I I others of stone.14 An axe made by such a meth od, eventho ugh correctly sha ped in face-view. wou ld. of course . have ha d a !lat upper sur face onleaving the mould an d would have required fur ther wor k to effect its finished form . Theexa mina tions have shown that after casting the axes were usuall y cold-forged andannea led (or occasionally hot-forged ). often with a final cold workin g. especia lly at thecut ting end in order to increase its hardness. Where measurement was possible.rema rka bly high hardness valu es were recorded for some of the battl e-axe edges. There isa sug gestion th at the ca rpenters' axes were not worked to the same exten t. Following thehammer-work. grin ding was often resorted to, both to sharpen the cu tt ing edge and toproduce a polished finish in oth er are as. When decoration was required, it was ac hievedby th e tech nique of chasing. As it hap pens. all the know n exta nt axe-mou lds are designedfor the product ion of the lugged splayed type. but th ere is no reason to believe tha t a morecomplicated form of mould would hav e been needed for any of th e othe r types. A pegincorporated into the mould at th e appropriate place would ha ve sufficed to produ ce th ehole 'cas t in ' to the Secon d Dyn asty axes (nos. 6-10). The ho les in the subsequen t form swere invariably produced by drilling after the final shapi ng . The ferro us axe (no. 136 ).unfortunately undated. is more adva nced tech nologically th an the copper-base axes. Itwas shaped by hot-forging from bloomery iron . The iron was carburized (in effect . being amild steel) and th e cutt ing edge had been ha rdened by quenching.3. Seven wooden objects. allunprovenan ced, con sisting of six axe-ha fts. each associatedwith a metal head (nos . 45. 63. 97. 108. 121 and 122 ), and one weapon -box decoratedwith an axe-r epresentation (EM .w 64S). were submitted for radiocarbon da ting (seeScient ific Append ix Ill), In four cases. the radiocarbon dates obtained were consistent withthose proposed on other gro unds (nos . 45. 63 . 9 7 an d BM 20(48). and usefully confirmedthe original association of th e hafts with thei r blades. In the th ree ot her cases. the woodwas shown to be an cien t but ofan age incompa tible with that of the blade-types. In at leastone of the se latter cases (no. ro8) and perha ps in all. it is very likely th at the ha ft and bladewere joined in modern times.4 . All the wooden compo nents (nos . 45. 63 . 9ot. 9 7. 108 . 11 7. 118. 12 I . 122. 163 . 166.170. 172 ) togeth er with the woode n weapo n-box WM 20(48) were sampled in order toiden tify thei r wood (see Scienti fic Appendix [V). Pigment ana lysis was also carried outwhere appropriate (nos. 163. 166 . 170. 171 : see Scientific Appendix VI. Most of thewoods turned out to be well-kn own native species (acacia. tam ar isk. sldder). but the box ismade of fig. on e of the hafts of cedar (no , 121) , two oth ers (nos . 97 and 170 )of plum. andone of the term inal plaques (no . 172 ) pro bably of ebony." Among the pigments lheprese nce of huntite (no. 166) and orpiment (no. 170) are particularly worth not ing.'"

The museum's record of the Egyptian axe is completed by a series of represen ta tionsfrom various sources- tomb- and temple-walls, tomb-stelae, coftin-sides. a weapo n-box. a'Book of the Dead ', and a bovine skull. These are cited in the appropria te places ill theCata logue and are published. some for the first time. in plates ~6 -ot l . •Most arc no moreth an gener ally infor mative but a few. in par ticular the tomb an d coffi n scenes from Bcrshaand Thebes (pl. 38 , fig. 3 and pl. 39. figs. 1- 6 ), are import ant for th eir clari ty ofdeta il. Theinscriptio nal labels writte n above the represent a tion s in some of these scencs arc takeninto acco un t in a study of the lexicograph y of th e Egyptia n a xe, which forms Append ix IIto th is Cata logue.

rl.Al t I

Plain Forms (1-5 )

I SHill It) huve come from (kbd clu ,L 11 Is impossible 10 S<lYwhether the on'a k is ancteut or

mode rn.

~ 7

I'I ,AI LI

I' I.ATI :.') I a nd 3I3100l>S

rJaIf': First hal f of the First Dyn ast yPn)\'I'''~ f1Ct': Posslbly AbytlClSI

M et/5flr rmm ts: Len gth , r j .z cm : width <It bu tt . lJ . '-jnn ; atcut ting edge. I I .CH'1ll

W t'i!lht : I l. -\. \ i:

Mdterial: Copper

AnalySIS: ClI: '-j"}. t) ; Pb: < O. H l. ; Sn : < 0 . 1 11; l \ g : 0 .0 1 11;

I-'c: o .ol o : Sb: < O.I) I: Ni: < O.I) I; I\ U: < 11.III: t' U:<o.c u a s. c. zz»: < o.o z

Vatl' of A(qll ; ~jf io,, : 1l:l"}S

Hiblio1!'aplJu: Ellrly l)y 1l. Ohjs., t$4 , fl O. SY~) , pis. h~ - 9,

Broad rect a ngula r a xe-head with con ca ve bun

and gently convex sides. which tu rn out sligh tly

a t the corners of the cu tti n g edge, As one of the

sides is more co nvex a nd sho rte r th an the other.

the cu tti ng end . wh ich is moderat ely co n ve x. is a

lilli e lcp-stdcd. The blade ha s been cleaned sinceirs acqu isit ion : previou sly H wa s thic kly co rrod edon one face, wh ere the su rface b now pitte d. The

sa me face ha s it n um ber of fine cracks. which ar cpro ba bly th e resu lt o f the process o f ma nu factu re .

Except for sma ll su r face Im pcrfccuo ns und .1 ga shon one side, the other face is in excellen t co nd t­

lion , ~1 itrks of the or igin i.ll hammering a re plai n ly

visible on the C: lI lt i n ~ edge . wh ich is quil l' sha rp

an d shows d istinct signs of wcur . Til l' bet ter­preserved face of th e a xe bears u motif or inscr ip­tion, executed in a punched poin ti llc technique.

cOllsisting of thr ee sepa rate clemen ts. two of them

beari ng so me resemblance 1o th e hk l'oglyp hs \1utul<C> l

4

I . The plt't·e W,. ~ pu rc'hu ......·J a ...t11W uf iI ~r"U I) t ll . lll jn i, ...ud 10h a ve cnrne (m Ol th e 'prch b tlll il' hUrl, l1 ~1"' 1Il1 '" IW.IIJ\ hyd' l:\.' SIK h In(urmdlioll dS III pnl\'t·II.lIln' b u nrd i .lh l l ' ,

b UI is VI'o'I'1I ..." mt' sur r " n in th is l-.I M· l'lr Ih.' d ••II' " I".I('lju bi lion, which '>lIg~e:\ls Amd illl' i1u·...(· I(( ·'U·;It ItHh ;.1Aby Jr1S I I X'J4 - )(101.. i t rt",sJhJl' ;,UI l rn'

z . II Is. ;,u~~nh'lj 1I1/ :.lfly H.IJII. Pbj:>.. H~ . lit ' . 'i ' , ..,. I II ,' l l hl·m otif m 'IY n 'prt.'S!·lIl .1111'1"'>01111111 "i1ml'

372 76J)lllr: Middle of th u Fir~ ( Dynas tyPnWfWWCt': Abyd os . 't'cmcuo-, of Osiris Temple,''.It'IIS11l't'1IIt'111 .'' : Len gth . I l l . j cm: width , II bun. q.rrcm: ill

cUlti n g edge , ~) . I nn

Wl!i!ll l/ : 5.l6 ..l g,\l tlln jid: Coppe r

.-t""l!l...j~ : ( ' II: 'JI) ."}: Ph: I I......H I; S ll : < CI. .l II : 1\ l!: t l .t ' 5 1' ; Ft·:

t "'tOCI; Sh: l ).elll ); Ni: 11.1110; , \ 11: < 11.111; t 'l l: .... t U I I :

As: o .z : Zn: < . I.ll .!I) tl/I' tlf i \ I'I/ II ;;,'i lirlll: I IJtl! (( :ih " f l ile E~YI'I 1·:"p llll",,111I1I

Fund )

Rib/iI"Yfllp lly : .-1h!I,Jtl~ . i. .l \ . pl. I. :; i : 1\. 1-:.1/" 1 l. I) X, II·J /h .pI. v , l ; EddU 11!1/f. ON·..·. S4 . lin. hOI . pI. Mol.

Ref la ngu lar , a lmo st squa re, i1 X t.' ~ hl';:U t with sligh t­ly convex si(lcs, ro ugh ly made. The hUll is U IIL' \ 't.'1l

a nti o ne or th e sidt:s is lon ger [han l h l.' o l hL'r. The

blade is th ickly co rroded , especi a lly a t Ihe c liit ingedge, which ap pc ilrs or igilla lly 10 huvc hccn vcry

slightly convex wilh rounded COrfll'f S , Ml'l it I!o­

gra ph ic <.lIwlysls Iws indica ted tha t Ihe a xe is <I

simple ca sting on which m ini llwl work WtlS s tl h~

scq ucn tly dOlle .

l ' I...\ n :r2

The Catalogue

32° 92Dr.tlt ' ; Prob ably Late Pred yn astlc PeriodI'nH'etllJtlce: Unc erta in I

M t' llSUU Hlt'111S: Lengt h. I r . z crn: width ut buu . 3.7 l:m: at

cutt ing edge . 7.s cmWelgll t: I tJb . 5 g

,U .lla iul: Slone. red brecctuDuft of :k quis/rio,,: 1899BiblioyrapllY: 8 M Gllille(1 9 04 1. ..j. g. no . 8 5: HAr Guide

(J Cj .u.). lS ~, 110 . 8 5; Cuit urrs. u. .15. n . I .

Hard-stone axe-head, carefully ground into shapeand polished. It has a nar row, very slightly conv exbu tt. a nd sp layed sides th at turn ou twa rds s light lytowards the cu tting edge, whic h is modera telyco nve x. The sides an d th e bu tt arc sq ua red . At (he

rear end arc two perfora tions. ru rrespoudiug lyposition ed in a line pa ra llel tu the butt. Th e

cull ing end is da maged at several poin ts a long itswidth , tho ugh th e ch ipping is confined alm ost

en tirely to one face. Thi s same fHCC lUI S a wea th­

ered a ppearance at its bun end. On the other facesma ll inclusio ns ha ve been displace.-d from thema trix, lea ving ho les in the su r face. The bla de hibro ken in two urross its cent re " a nd ha s been

repa ired in modern tune s.

SI I HSThIll ' : l.ale Predynu snc Pcn od/carl y H rst Uynusr yI'rovrnnncr : Furus. A-{;wup cemeteryAkll!) lI rl'1l l f1lt .'~ : Length . 12.. Jem : widt h LIt bUH . go cm: at

cutting edge. S,7emlVI'It/I,t: S..JI . I K

/I.' .ll t·,jjJ l: A rsl' l lit' .. l n 'pper..11ld/y."is: Cu: 11K 7: Pb: 1I,o l'Co ; Sn : -: 0.20; l\ ~: /1.0 4 0 ; 1-'1..':

< ( ) .I) I ; Sb: I I .OO ~ ; Ni : c).cl ll ); :\ u : < 0 .0 1; e n : < (1.11I :

As: I , i : Zu : < 0 .0 2

[hUt" of Acquis i t ion: 191 2 ((; jf! ofthe Oxford Unive rsityExpedi tion ill Nubial

Htblio!/mphy: Griffith. lAA A 8 I I 'Jll ), 9. I ~, pis, il undtv . 1 1; K~ t'g. , l~, 97, Hj I I , pl. v, 1; N mill A-Gro llI'

Sires. I .q; 1~'{j rJy l)yrl. Ob}s.• S-\., 110. 607 , pI. 70.

Rcc.:w ng u la r a xc-head with na rrow . elongat ed

hlade a nd sligh tly co nvex sides an d bu ll, The sides(u rn o ut sharply a t th e t't)rnc rs o r th e c litt ingcJ gc, wh ich is co nve x a lld a litt le lop-s i de~ . Thet'Jgc <J ppca rs !O ha ve been hammered more fwmo ne face tha n th e othe-f . T he piece is th icklyl'o rrodc d . Pr eservcd in t he co rros ion prod tlrt o no nc fare a re the remlJins of a \\,o \,(.'n fibro llsmater iiil, prnbably mat - or hasket-work.

•

..

35574Dale: LuteSecondDynastyProvellanct': Abydos. Tomb of King KhasekhcOlwyMeasurellll'n/s: Length, 1O.2cm; width at butt, 1.2.7cm

W('i9M: 546.1 gMalrrfa/: Arsenical copper

Arwlusls:Cu: 97.S: Ph: n.o)o; Sn: <0.20: Ag: 0,020; Pc:0.280: Sb: 0.°5°: Nl: 0.010: Au: < 0.0 T;Co: < 0.01;

As: I.); Zn: < 0.02

Dall' of Acquisillol1: '9°1 (Girt of the Egypt Exploration

Fund)Bibliography: RT. Ii. J 2, 16. 19. pI. xlv. 7n: Early DUll

ObIs.. 84. no. 606. pI. 70.

Broad, squat axe-head with slightly concave buttand rounded sides converging to form a convexcutting end, In the centre ncar the butt is a largeround hole, which was cast into the blade duringthe original manufacture. The cutting end, whichwas hammered to a sharp edge, is cracked on bothfael'S and shows other signs of heavy wear. Theaxe was once covered by corrosion product buthas now been completely cleaned. There is con­siderable surface pitting. Metallographlc analysishas Indicated that after casting the blade wasworked and annealed and then subjected to fur­ther working.

N, 11II.f A.(;rtlIIJlSitrs. 124. pis. 73. 'J, and 1':l'3, I. nowPppsala. V~t SJE l.'pil. J:9.

t \. N. allli A-{;roujI SlIrs. 1,;'-4.. pls. I 17 and I 't 1, I. nowllppsula. VM. SJE .!77/'i8:1.

14 See For. Rrk. 41.. nos. 2.and 4. pl. xxxv. 1.4. ':I find 12I') An·I,. Slfn·. '910-'9' r. vt. 11'1.2\4. pl. 22, b. I and ar6 Mdl,Sun', r 908 ~, 909. 1'14, pl. 38. c, 7. possibly broken17. ('em. Arm .. L 1 17, ! 19. pis. xWI. I, xlvt, r . 1. One orthese

models Is Carro. IE <;7<;R4. another Oxford. Ash .. QI. r 212IfL /Jr, 2.5. pls. tv. vll, bottom rtght. now Cairo. JE 11719.19 As well RSour no. 4, Abydo.{.l. 17- I B, and 2 J. pl. I. M. r 3.

and rr". 4. ';. pis, Ill, 6. v. 7 and I 1. The lust two are tle.16174. and Manchester. (1M, h7H4. resrecuvety.

20 Tarkh. I. R. z J. pis. tv. r I. q. vl. 1. h2 I (;/"_ Tombs. I. S I ~ 7. fig. 27, pI. 9, B: at least 41 now In Cairo.

SR I (,()'}I -731See. for example. Early DI/Il, Obis.. pis. 4'1 end s;1-4. nos.4SQ and 4hl

1 J. Examples include London, (Ie.nv. pls. lll. 10.1-4. xvt.;'0-1: Oxford. PRM. 1952.R.o 3 tunpubttshed): Swansea.WM, W. 121.- J (unpublished): and. from Palestine. Hestonand Tadmor. lEI I 3 (IqfH), 271, 27"1, and 277. fig. 9. Theearliest example of the technique known to me Is on <InadzeIn the Ashmolean Muse-lim. no. I895.9hq (P!\F:, SUN,I.. II.tomb ~9. where It Is wrongly called an 'axe'}, which Isdatable to middle Naqoda II. The mollf on this adze closelyresembles the 1I·lIke-dement In the motif on our no. 1

),4 Mal .. lh,21,2.1,pl.xv\'47.nowCalro.JE'i911h.2-'j. Mood, J 9 FJ-_L'i. tig. 16, a, left: MIlf.. ],1: Cullllrrs. II. I 1.l.h An-h_Sun". 1907~' r 908. l, '; L pl. h<;.b. 9: cr. I'rehist. Eg..

20; Smith. Kush 14 119(6), 8h, nn. 8R-q. This axe is nuwCarro. JE41502.

27. MaadI191o-,U. fig. 16, a. right; CuJturrs.ll. I J, n. J211. Arth. Mast.. :1.3, (21 71). now Cairo, JE 46t '; 3,29 N/). I. 4Rff. 115. pl. 40. d. now Berkeley. 11.M 6-8BIn. ,\iF. il. 264. pl. xvlil. 6.11 Cairo, IE 89397. excavated by the Egyptian AnllquHies

Organtratfon in 194':1.t z , See Sw,ll:'1ll1f/ls!uudr. 34- <;.pl. 9. I ~'4.11. Sec. for example. 1m. All. Fnihzrll .. lil, pis. 144-"1: ftJrly Dyn

On/s.. pl. 'i4, no. 461.H. Sup r.W" 124-'i. fig. 1L 1 I -I \: Pyr. Ii /kg .. I, 232: II, pl.

xcvt. 4, All three are now In the Carro Museum. JE 6yflR8­<)0.

35. In peruculer. MHK. 18. pl. xxIII. 2<;and 26. which are now.I believe, Oxford, Ash., E. 8'::11.and Philadelphia, UM, E9'19h< The other axes from this site. not 811 of which areaccounted for In MRK. I If, pls<xv and xvt. 21-2. arc morecertainly moods. They <Iredlstrlbuted among a number ofmuseums (Oxford. Ash.. R (,7.L E. 67R, E. h79. E. 6lfo. E';114: Cairo, JE ~4H 77. a. and HR 78, a; Brussels, MR. E.':114: Leldcn. RMOF 193/(1.7<): Oxford. PRM. CHI. III. 'iii).

i,,i•,,•

I

PI.AIN HJR\fS

28

PLATE I

(l;r.;R ~

/)11/1': Early Dynustk- l'crtodI'rO\'I'/Il/1ru": Abydos

AfI'll,mu'lIJotfs: Length. I ).6clI1: wtdth at butt. I )<)cm

t'r'l'iq/rl: q )6~

r\fllfrrial: Copper/\11111.11-\1-": Cu: yq,..\.: Ph: (),(J:;'O; Sri: < 0 ..2; A~: o.ooo: Fe:

0.(\40: Sh: IUqO; Nl: n. I 10; Au: < o.o t : Co: < 0.0 I:

As: n.): Zn: < o.oznail' 01 AO/Ilisitillll: 11)0) rCift of the Egypt Exploration

FUlld11

Bib/loamJllty: r:arl.'lI>IJIL 0/1(\" H4, no. hoo. pl. hH.

Broad axe-head with slightly concave butt androunded sides converging 10 form a moderatelyconvex cutling end. Signs of the original workingarc disrernlhlc on the cutting edge, which hasbeen badly chipped. The damaged sections havehe-en infected by corrosion, which has also spreadwidely over- one of the faces. On the other face,one corner of the butt has been gashed and turnedover by a blow from a sharp implement.

From Pt'lrk's excavations at Abydos. season 1902-1, TIlt'rlcn'ls nntruenttoncd In I'ctrtc's publication or the s1"flsoll':<;work In A/>.I/,los, II

COl1lment (1-5)No, I is closely paralleled by a specimen of thesame material found in an undisturbed grave ofthe late Prcdynastk- Period at EIJ Amrah andnow in the Cairo Museum.' A third example isknown. also made of red breccia and similarlyshaped. though lacking the pcrforaucns.' Theform Is nil imitation in stone of a metal typerepresented by a specimen of the laic PrcdynasttcPeriod excavated in H settlement at EIJAdaima l

and by three olhers from A-Croup graves in Nubiadating to the late Predynastic Period and earlyFirst Dynasty." The type is also well known fromearlier and contemporary contexts in Palestineand further afield in the Ncar East ~ Since none ofthe known metal prototypes contains holes ncarthe bUlt for the purpose of binding, the perfora­tions in the breccia copies arc probably best ex­plained as suspension-holes to enable the blade tohe worn as etn amulet. h

Narrow r{'rt~Ulg\llar axes, like 2, first appear inI\gypt lowards the very end of the PrcdynusticPeflod and secm to have continued in usc up toabout the middle of the First Dynasty. The l'vi­dellce of our Fams example is supplcmented bysevern I othef excavated specimens from Abusir cl­Mcll'q.7 Abydos,~ Klibftnich.<J and TarklHin 1u inEgypt. and by thrce other A-grollp axes fromAdelldan,l\ IJebeira 11 and l,Ialfa Dcghcim 1 I inNubia, the latter representing a somewhat sqll{]tvariant showing sOlDe affinities in shape to thesplayed forlll excmplified by I. The narrow typehas a long history in the Near East hefore itsappearance In Egypt. being attested already in themid~follrth millennium In sOllthern Persia. as wellas lalcr in the same millennium in Palestine. '"

More or less contemporary with this narrowtype was a rectangular axe with a much broaderblade, which can probably be viewed as a nativedevelopment. as it docs not seem to have had anyHntccedcnts in the Near East at large. There weretwo basic varieties, one with sharp corners to thecutling edge like ]. the other with rounded cor­nas like 4. The earliest examples are two, orpossibly three. from A-Group cemeteries at Naga\"'adj!~ and Kostamnch 1 h in Nubia. Followingthese, within Egypt. are four models from Aml­anI. 17 seven full-si7-C specimens from Abadieh, II'

Ahydos,I'J and Tarkhan,lu and a very large num­her (over 70, nHmy unfinished) from a single tombat Saqqara. l1 All these Egyptian examples aredated within the range early to middle First Dyn­asty. The form is also represented In hleroglyphlewriting of the same dynasty." Tbe terhntque of

decoration on ] is readily paralleled on otherImplements. including axes, of the late Prcdynas­tic and Protodynusrtc Periods. 1 T

Plain axes with rounded blades arc not so wellattested as the rectangular forms. though theyappear to have outlived them by some way, Againtwo main varieties may he distinguished. The firsthas a deeply rounded form with a relativelynarrow butt. known from two specimens, one ofthe late Prcdynastic Period from Matmar, Handthe other of the Early Dynastic Period fromMa"adi. H The second is broader and shorter. Inaddition to S. there are five known provenanccdspecimens of the latter. The earliest comes fromShcllal in Nubia. from an A-group grave which isprobably contemporary with the late PredynastlcPeriod and Is certainly no later than the first halfof the First Dynasty." The other datable examplesarc an Early Dynastic axe from Maadt" amodel. probably -of the Second Dynasty. fromSuqqara. HI and two axe." of the late Second Dyn­asty from Naga ed-Dcr " and Abydos" respec­tively. The remaining provenanccd piece, fromKorn Finn, is unfortunately without context. Jl Tothose metal examples may be added four flint axesfrom Giza, 12 which are possibly to be dated as lateas the Fourth Dynasty. though they could beearlier. It should be noted that. like the previousrectangular axe. this round form appears inhieroglyphic writing of the First Dynasty."

The last-mentioned axe from Abydos is from thetomb of King Khasckhemwy. which also yielded alarge number of the more advanced round formcontaining a hole for the purpose of binding (see6-[0 below). This Improved type must have ren­dered the plain fonn quickly obsolete, as there isno hard evidence for its use In metal after theSecond Dynasty. A number of Third Dynasty axesfrom Saqqfira 14 and Helt KhallaP~ may representthe plain type. but they are much smaller than theaxes noted in the last paragraph and their func­tional vallie Is questionable. They are probablybest understood as models of the form with thehole but lacking the hole. as models of this fonnoften do.

JE3S157:seeEl.Am,d/u{Ab.. 19. ~7,40~41.pls.v,h.vfl.

I: SL Imp's.. 2]8. CG 64(,4H. pI.xlii.2. UverpooLMCM, 197'. 2,2ql:seeMacGre!J(lr(1922).147,

lot 1115.J. New York. Hr. M.. 07. 447.3: See Pm/Yll. alit! .1rch, f'1/.. fl'j

and .2 lO. pI.44. no. I Ro, Pronably purchased In Egypl Is aspt'dmen once contained In the Rustaijaell Collectlon; set'

Rllst. (19 f ~), 1<:1, lot 440. pl. xxxlH. middle row, centre It·ft.A model of tht' type was dlscovcred loose In rf'dim ntRr theflucheum: see BU(/'('llItl. I. 18): lll. pl. lxxxlv. I. nowManchester. UM. 91 ~7.

4 ArrIl.Surv.19o;,-r90R. L l l h. no· 10 7. Pt. h <;. b. o: Arch.Sur\'. 11)10~ 19' I, 207. l. no. R (called ·chl~rl. pl.l2. b.11: Car51an~. ASAF,R (19°7). '40. pI. xi. now I..i\"crpo,ol.MCM, 49. 47.t 018. A broader. ht'flvlcr splayed lype, .....hlchIs probably contemporary, Is represented by threeunprovenanced axes in the Petrie Museum. Uc. TW. pI. HI.104-';. lind one without a number. to which add a po'%lblceXilmple from IIle'rakonpolls (:Ur. SI/WL 801. 'ntis latterform may also be represented In a Nubian rock drawing(Rnfk Drsq 1.,2. 376 a 9, pI. 67. 5, Corpus W 23).

'; This Is the lriiln~ular Axe wllh Flaring Curved ~:d~e' of ForRrls.. 42. pl. XXXV. 5 and I 3. Add tu the latter's examplesthe axes found al Kfar Monash (Hestrln and Tadmor, IE! 11(1961). 266-8. fig. 2. I ~ 6. pI. 24). though the date of thehoard has been disputed (Ben-Tor, lEf 21 (/971),101-0).

h. CII/tl/rrs. II, 3 '). It Is not untl! much later - on presentcddem·e. the end oftlle Second Dynasty - that a binding·hole becomes a regular feature In Egyptian axes (see below,6-10). An isolated example of the device possibly dRUng tothe First Dynasty ts to be found on an axe"h1"ad discoveredby 7~ Y. S<lad In the Early Dynastic cemetery at Helwan(Cairo. IF. 87492, unpublished but menli-on·ed In' Cltltllre.~, H,14, wHh n. 9, and K-Eg.. 1J and 98. A--IIJ2/. This axe hasbe-en assIgned to the First Dynasty on the basIs of Itssimilarity In shEipeto Ill'. 16177 (re. ')-h, pIs>Ill. 8. v. 21),which Is dated to the reign of DJer. but this latter does notcontain a hole.

7· A. rJ-M.. 45.14';. pl. 18. 2';6. now West Berlin AM, 19270.R. Leklen. RMO. F 193R/R. 87. unpubHshed. from Petrie's

excavations at Abydos. via the Von Ri'>slngCollection9, Kufr-SM .. J 16. pI. xxxIx. now Vienna. KM. 7187.10. Tarkh., i, R, 23, pIs. v. 23-4. 27, vI. 8. The full·size example

Is now Manchesler. UM. 10804.Chicago, or. 2387I, unpublished (InforrnailoL as to datekindly suppllffi by Dr. Bruce Williams).

Single-hole Forms (6-14)

6 PLATE I

30 075I.AJ,,,: Late Seco nd Dyn astyProvenance: Probably Abydcs.\ 1rilS/ln' 1IIi'n ts: Le ngth. 9 .9 s cm; width at but t. t j . f cmWtlyhr: 4 7 2g,\ I/ll a iIlJ; Arsc ruca l copper" ,,"1ysis: Cu: Q7.b: Pb : 0.11 0 ; Sn: < 0 .20; Ag: 0 .4 0 0; Fe:

0.4-00 ; Sb: 0 ,1 ju: NI: 0. 0 50 ; Au : < 0.0 I; Co; < (l .l ) 1;

As: 1.3: Zn : < 0 .02

lh, 11' of ';((lulsltl otl: 18y8Hibl io!Jrupll y : Earl y Dy ll. Objs.• S4 . no . 6° 1, pis. hY- i o .

Axe- head alm ost iden tica l 10 7. It is thickly cor­roded al ong th e ed ges and aro und a nd in th e ho le.

T he r u tting edge is inde nt ed th ro ug h usc .

~ t }() 78

lhUt' : Late Second Dynas tyI' ruw'mUla: Proba hly /\bydos,\fr ll!wn'mmls : LCIlt"h . K (H m : w idlh ill butt . 1 \ .Ol'1II

Wriylll: .pq.SgI\ fll ll ·r ld (; Al'"sen k al ('upper,111111ys i.o; : ClI; yO.4: Pb: U .U }O; Sn: < 0. 20 ; Ag : o .u }O ; Fe:

11..1. i O; Sb: O.OSI I; Ni : 0 ,04 (1: .\ u : <lUl l ; Co; < O.t l l :

:h : 1.7: Zn : < O.O.l..I JI1I/' vJ:k tl" isllim.: I SyXWll/i /'HrIIl ,I,!! : 1~"ly /Jyll. Oll;s.. H.f , nil. (10 5 , pb . ll ') - 7 0 .

Axc-hc i:l d similLJr to 6-9, but less ro u nded, moresqu at in fom L It has been cleaned of corrosionprod uct and bea rs surface pitting a t the corners oflhe butt a nd illon g fh~ sides. Th e CUll ing edge hasheen hlllnkd .IIHl lt lrneJ lh rough usc.

30 (q o/) a /(': Lale Second Dyn astyPrOV(/ UHla: Prohubly AbydlY,:;M I'ww,.t'lII t'lIl s: l ..cn ~t h . I I .s cm: widlh a l bUH, I ~ . th:m

Wt'ighl : .'i s....l:)K," ,Il ,., /al: ArscniciJl copper:\ lI ll lusis: e ll : yK .(I : Ph: 0 .0 5(1;Sn : < 0 . 1(I ; Ag; 0 .0 16 ; Fc:

t ) .5 1 0:Sb ; 11.l1 19;N I ;0 . o~n;A lI : < .U ) I: CU: < 0. 0 1;

As: 2. ~ : Zn: < 0 .0 2

I>dlt" oj An,.,isilimr: I t{y 8

Ri"'iogrll l l/ly : K· l:,g., I iI, n . 6: '.lS. A-U/ I ; ' ;ar l.'lIJUII . Ollis.•

H-1- . no. 61q . pis . Olj-70 .

Axe-hea d very similar to 6- 8, but with an un evenbutt a nd a n unusua lly large und ir rcgulCir hole, Itwas ollee quit e Lhlck ly corroded bu t has now heencompletely cleaned. There is cOllsiderable pUlingun one f(;l ce. part icularly at th e CUll in g end a nd

alon g on e sld~. One sec tion of th e cu tti ng edgerCla ins tra ces of th e origina l grinding.

SI]'o.; t ;r.E·! IOLf;

HHU.1S

I. Said \0 ha ve come from Abyd os

Well-fashioned model axe-head made of sh eetmetal. It has a straight butt. sligh tly splayed side s.and a mod era tely con vex cull ing end wirh roun­ded co rne rs. The sides a nd bUH hav e bee n gro undto a smoo th tinish a nd th e cu ll ing en d gently

ham mered to a Ihin edge. whlch has a n umber of

small crac ks. The blude is comp letely cleaned ofcorros ion product . Th e line of the origina l ha fl is

visible.

Comment (6- 14)Nos, 6 a nti 11 belon g to a group of Lwo fu ll-sizea nd 15 model a xes disco vere d by Petrie in 19 0 I illthe tom b of King Khasckh emwy HI Abydcs.' Theseco nd fun clional speci men from th e gr oup is 1I0W

in Chica go - and the o ther mo dels a rc widel ydistnbu ted among va rious museums, I A largequ an tity of the sam e type 118 full-size and at lea st17 model s) was previously (J 896- 7 ) found byAme lineau in the sa me tom b. ' In view of theirdisti nctiv e shape, their da le of acqu is itio n andth eir repu ted place of o rigin , it is likely that 7- 1()com e from th e sa me genera l sou rce. if not nccc s­sartly fro m th e tom b of Kha sekh cm wy itself. Petriediscovered (I model like l I in th e nearby tom b orKing Peribscn , ~ whi ch indi cates th at it 100 mu sto nce ha ve con tai ned sim ila r deposits und shou ld .th er efore. be consi dered as a possible alt ernativesou rce for these and other purchased specimens.

Three full-size exa m ples of the type ar e knownfrom sites other tha n Abydos. One wa s exca va tedat Es·Siba 'i ya ll from a context tim I is thought 10

be more ur less co n tem po ra ry wn h the Abydo saxe s. •Hld one a t Adend an 1 in Nu bia from a gra vedated to the end of the Earl y Dyna stic Per iod orbeginning of th e Old Kingdom . T he th ird wasfound in the Leban on" and G ill be dat ed 0 11

insniptional grou llds to the Fourth or Fifth I>yll­asty . Th e tw o form er ar c ver y sim ila r Lo th eKhasckhcmwy a xes a lld like the m huv e a largebinding-h ole. The la tter is lllorC deepl y ro u ndcJa nd hilS .1~ma ll pcrfnrali oll ma de by a drill.

The bu lk of th e evidence on Lhe duratioll of thc(ype comes from IJuklc:ls . wh idl IliJVC been IC lUlH1in great q ua n tity in Old Kiugdnfl} tOlllhs. m <.UlY 0 1"

Lhem . Iih. C II -J 4. ollliu ing Lhe bind ing-hole oftheir excmpla rs in the sa me wa y us modt.'1s of th elaler luggett lyp e somelimes lad. th e lugs." Th escmod els in dktlle 1I1t11 Ihe squaller furm or ~ i nglc­

ho le a xe l'()existc tl throu gh ou t th e Olt.! Kingdomwi t h Lhe deepe r , m o re fully-m unded variety . Inaddition to 12 fmm Abydos, daled lIlodels of th eformer a rc kno wn frulll Ahu Sir (Fifth DyJlilsty ),11lEdfu (Fifth Dynllsty )." E1 -Kab WOllrth Ilynasty )."Gebc lcin (Fiflh J)yniJ s l yJ ,1 1 Cizcl (Fourlll , Fih h alltJ

Sixlh Uyn asti cs ).It a nd Sa qqa ra (Fiflh an d SixlhDynasti es ). I ' The lau er . of \\-'hich l 1 is i.1ll cxmu ·pie. is t1ttc slcJ , in cq ua lly lar ge Ilumbers. fromAbu Sir Wifth Ilyn astr )." Ik'it Khali M ITh in lDyna~I YI , " DCIHJt.Ttl (Sixlh J)YlliISly ). 1M ( ~i7"1

(Fourth Dylli.Jsty ), I " I.<' hilll (Third I)Yllilsly). l<IMeydulIl (Fifth Dynasty l." Naga ed-Ilcr {ThirdDyna sty),JJ <-l o ti S<lqq iJra (Th ird an d Six th Dynas­ties and Old Kingdom ),ll The lat es t cer la in c xa lll ~

pic is from 1.:iIHin and is dated 10 the l' lld of tht.'Olt) Kingdom or First In tcrllled ia le I'criod .14 Bolhfoml s ca n a lso be iuclllil icJ in h ieroglyphic \\' rit ­ing of the Old Kingdtllll H {:ice pI. In. lig. I )1" an din tomb -scenes of Lhe sa me fJ\:r iod at l;i w l1 (see pI.l h , tig. l) ,lM Sa qqa ra .1'f tln d dscwha e. ' ''l hc l't m ­

(ext in the v.lsl ma jori ty of cases hdllg one ofwoodworking a nd ca rpe n try . \I

Duri ng Lhe co urse of lh l' Sixth Dynasly, the redev eloped a dislinclly ilngu lar vari an !, SOIll CUIll CS

wit h sp illycd sides. known so far only fro l1l1l1Odeblike 14 <.1JI0possibly frolll tomh-.sccncs. No. 1-1- 11<15no ardltJc.....logit'L1I (·oll te>.:l htll G il l he HlIrih lltt'u 10th e Sixth Dynilsty. prohtlh ly lO lh e Iilll l'r pa rI. on

PLAn·; .2

I'I .ATES 1. <lnd 11135 10 27

J)ut~: Pro ba bly Old Kingd.omPmvmantf: tJnre cordt.:t1M elJsur rmmls: Length , s cm: width at bu tt . -1- .4cmWt';,ylll: l J .4-g

MaUri/II : Coppe r.i l liJIusis; Cu: 9Y.o; Pb: < 11.50 ; So; < I .U; Au: < 0 .0 1:

As: 0 .9 ; Zn: < 0 .02Vult' vf AI'I/uisilitm: 19 1 2

Rihl i..ll /ra" hy : Nunc

Model axe-head mtltle o f sheel mel al. II has slighl ·Iy convex sides and bull a nd a deep ly-roundedcutting en d. Tr aced in the surface of one face is arepresent ation of a sca ra b-beetle holdin g sun-discsbel we en its front <..lI1d rea r legs. possibly· a modernaddition, Both r<.KCS lire light ly cormdcJ .

12 PLAl'E l

585 49Vuft : Late Flfth Dynasty trelgu of King Una s]Provenance: Abydo sMrasur t'fIl t.'t1LS: Leng ths. l . .2- .l...&cm; wid ths. 2.7 - 2 .9 c01Wr iB"t : -1- - 7gMaI« jal: Coppe rA,wlyo;is:

(' U:':t 'j .II: l'b : U l ; s,,; <." UOj ; f C: (Ll ; As; IL.l

Cu : '01'01 .<1; Pb: O . ./;: $ 11: < U. II ') : Fe : 0 . .1; As: 0 ."eu: '::I LJ .O; Ph: 0.1 : xn: < 0 0 <;: : Fe: o.z : As: 0-4Cu: "1':1.0; Pb: 0 .4 : Sn : < 0 .0 <;: ; Fe: 0 ..1: As : u-4Cu : l,J/}.fl ; Pb: O,..!; Sn: < o.o c: Fe: O..i ; As: 0.,)

Cu: ':ly ,o : Ph: 0 ..2; Sn: « 1.0 : Au : -: 0 .0 I : As: o. '\: Z n: -: lU ll

e u : 'oI'j, U; Ph: o.S : Sn : < 1 0; Ao: < O,HI ; As: II. }: Zn: < O,H2t 'U: yq ,l l; 1'b :I I. '/;: Sn 0:: I .U: Au: « 1.111; /\ S: l ). , : ZI'l: < l ... . l

e ll :"",U; l'b : u .a . SII: < 1.<1; Au : < n. n l : i\ s:n.~ ; 7J I: < n. lI ..!

V.,r.e (lJ..\cqll lsiLioll ; I q 2h (Gift of the Egyp t Explorat ion

Sockly )Hibli09rupJiy: Fra nk for t. JEA 10 (J 91 0 ). I I6-' 17, pl.

xxxiii. I ; K-Hg.. 115, M A -B/ .l.o .

(;roup of nin e iden tical mod el axe~heads made ofshee t me ta l. They arc rou gh ly recLungu lur in fon 11with rou nded corner s to the cutt in g ends. As th e

profiles sho w, some ca re W<l S taken to slmulaLe th efin ished form of a fnll-size a xe, th on gh the bindin ghole is lacki ng . All a rc Iighlly co rrode d and a fewh ave damag ed edg es.

II PLATE J.

1557 5IlJ u : LUIe Second DynastyProvenance: Abydos. Tomb of Kin g KhasckhernwyM rI.lSUff l1h'm s: Length. 7.1 ern: width at butt. q.b cm

WI'i£lJrI: 1 7 ./ g

.\ LHf r j" l ; Arsenical copperAlllllysis: Cu: 90 .0 : Pb: < 0 .0 7: So : < 0 , 10 : Ag: < 0 .0 7;

Fe: 0 .J90; Sb : 1,7J; Ni : 0 , I jo: Au : < 0 .0 1: Co:< U.OI ; As: 6. 7: Z1l: < 0 .0 2 ; 81: o . J 0

Date (if Acqllisilion: 1 l.)( l 1 {(; ift of th e Egypt Explora tion

FundiRiblhJlIrar1hy: RT. it J 2, 28, pl. ix. A: K·Eg. , 14 . MA ·U/ I ;

Early Dy" . Ob;s., 85 , no. 608, pl. 70 .

Model axe-h ead of rounded form with s trai ght

bu tt. ro ughly r ut out of thin shee t metal. Thecutting end is dam ag ed and there is a minute silt

in th e blade ncar th e butt. Bot h faces arc lightl ycorrod ed.

1460S Jl>au : Shelh IlynaslyP" O\'ft W,, ':C: tJllccrlalll l

MI 'a Sllf t'mell/s; Leng th . h .yc m ; widlh <II but! . ):. }(m

Wi' ifl/l! : J4·2 g"'fataia/: Arsc n lcal CllppcrAl lil IY ~' ls : eu : 9S .o ; Fc: l r ; As: l .2

/)ull' of Acqu i...ili", ,: r H \ ') It·'tlrmcr ly Sa il Culh."t'tlnn)Hihli .lflml )hy: S" II CIII . ( I ~ J ~ ) . <J, lo l I q .

PLATE I

PLATE 2

l'I. An: 2

I' I.ATE .l

7

8

10

9

I0072Uu r: La te SenJ IlJ Dyna styr r-ovefltIIlt,(; Probubly Abydos,\ Jm surr ll/r'u lS; Uriginul lcngth. abo u t lj .7c m; width ill

hu tt . I\ .2l'm\Vt i!j ',f : -tb 1 g.t Idier/Ill: Arsem cal co ppe rA lIlllu.';i.~ : Cu: lJ7. 1; Pb: 0.0 lO; Sn: -c0 .10; Ag: 0 .0 10: Fe:

0. \ j o : Sb: o.nzo: Ni: 0.0 1O: Au: < 0.0 I: Co: 0 .0 I 0 ;

As: 1.0; Zn: < 0 .0 2

D/l lt' of Al'quisilloll: 1898HiMiagraphy: edrly lhJn. Objs., ~.; . no. 60 2. pis. 68 - '1.

Axe-head almost Identical to 6 . wit h th e hole

nea re r to the middle of the bla de. A sizeab le chipha s been lost from the middle of the cutt ing enda nd one face bea rs a n umb er of light incisions.

made. perhaps. wit h the corn er of a chisel. Theblade is qui te th ickly corroded in parts. pa rticu­la rly a t ih e cutting en d and a long the side s.

•

•

SIO]]

Date:Sixth Dynasty (?) - Middle Kingdomf'rovfllaflcr: llnrecorocdMrasurrHll'rlts: Length. 15.1 em; widlh al butt. 15.1 em~Veight: I J28 g

Material: Ar:>cnical copperArwlysis: Cu; 98.5; Pb: 0.1 on; Sn: < 0.20; Ag: 0.020; Fe:

0.480: Sb: 0.020: Ni: 0.020: Au: <0.01: Co: (L010:

As: 1.2;2n: <0.02

Dateof Acqulsillorl: 1912

Bihliography:None

Axe-head very similar to 15. The cutting edge hasbeen indented and chipped through use and Is

14 lAlhun.ll.ols"o.pl.xlvIL 14"15·l 'j For exnntplc. Jl~!I, pls. xxtx- xxxu: £SrOK. pls. 1 L c: j z , b:

33. a; 49. h.•end colour plate A. upper h'fl: Ml'Trr/lkil. L pi17. left: and SII, S" pl, tv.

2:h C-r. 1/71'. pl.}. 2 (BM 1241).l7 II. uvso. tv. I 15. fig. 00. pis. IX-X: £)rOK, 10 .... pl. 4'1. b (K­

f>g.• 11:2. R4and j}.18 cr. ITT. L pl. xxv. llRM 9(4)..19 Ilr-sy. 6. 21. fig. 4. pl. xvl. I 1- I 3: n.pl. cxxtx: NIa'1<'hrhnuln.

74. fig. R:NeJrrl1f1d Ka-hay. 27. pis. 20-1. 22, h:ExfS.S«qq.lr<l I'H/~1918. L 29. flits. 12~ 11 (K-P.q.. t 21:. Roland

9'·fO /lrm .. pl. xiv. right: Melr, lv. pl. xtv (K-Fg., 12 J. R II); 1]). tt.

I()R(K~r:;g .. 121.R 17).11 Once, ho ...vcver. in hunting. Phlframl.~ Ii ItlIVnquCtr. 109. pl.

16. bottom; and possibly once In warfare. TP.NS.rrcnusprece (K-lig. 122. R B).

II II Is pert of a tomb-group belonging [0 the 'sole companton.lector-priest. ·ltH:also named ·/dJ-MS. (jther Items in thegroup Include <l heed-rest. razors..~tonc vases. and a mode!altar with associated vessels of metal tsome recentlypublished In KllfJfl'f-rmd Rrnn::l!gr(tifir Ag.. oZ. 110,16nA-Z,pis. C 160. and p).

n. Exrs. fit Tell Ra.'<tlf, 72- 3. no. 10 J, figs. 140 and 14R.l4- Seven In all. from Gha lomb 2}R r a jPM IB'. part I. 91 ~2l.

now In Boston. MFA 13. }060-7. 13,3070-8 andI 1.30R 1--4 (see Madd!n. SIKh, Muhly and Brovarskl. lEA70 (19R41. 11ff.). Also deted to the reign or Pept II are ninemodels from II tomb at Balat: gee' Velloggta. mf,10 80(JgBol. I 12-1 \ and 120. where their type Is not specified

lr;. Kamal. ASAE l'i (Iq I <;1, 2'j7. who mentions five, At leasttwo of these are In Cairo, IE 43q77.

~<;a,Garstilng.L-1.AA 2. f 190ql. I 1:7. pl. xvl: Mirrors. J 1. fig. 20;

nowCalro.JE4117'jIn. Culm. JE97072._J7. Cairo. TR 2o!7! I6/10; see Barsanti. ASAE Ih \ Iq I6), 218lR, Calro. CG 176'); see lJt!nL il. 185, abt. j. f.3Y. Mf'lr. v. pis. xvIII and Ivl. I (K-F,g.. 11.J. R 13).40. D. HI Gebrdwi.I. pis. xiv-xvl: H.pl. x IK~Eg.. 123. R I 'j)41 IXS}klSh ..h, pl. xxt {K-f;g .. 122, R 10J.42 L D. II. II r . h: NI-Af/('h-Prpi. pl. xvt (K-r'11 .. 12l. R 16!.41 Mifalln.z79,flg.R1fK~Fe·, 12J.R 19).

Round Form with Lugs (15-34)

J 5 PLATE J

07579Dalt': Sixth Dynasty (?)

Provenallce: AbydosMrasllrfmenls: Length, J S, J em; width at butt, 1 ),.) emWeight: 12S6.4gMalrrial: CopperAualysis: Cu: q6,'1; Ph: 0,37°; Sn: <0.20; A~: 0.010: Fe:

0.710: Sh: <0.01; Ni: 0.040: Au: <0.01: Co: o.oy);As: 0.4: Zn: 0.0.1

nate of Acquisition: 190) (Gift of the Egypt ExplorationPund)

Bibliography:Ahydos. ll, }2. pI. xxiL 1; TW, 7. pI. iL (n:RewaffTllwg. 22. pI. 2. 5: K-Eg. 18 and 102, D/J:EisenprodukllorJ, 50.

Axe-head with deep well-rounded blade and astraight butt elongated to fom1 angular lugs. Theblade Is slightly asymmetrical and the cutting end

consequently lop-sided. It has been completelycleaned of corrosion product revealing surfHccImperfections which are largely the result of theprocess of manufacture. Most of the cutting edgehas been affected by corrosion but one section isstill quite sharp. It bears no obvious signs of wear.A distinct burr. caused by hammering, is present

along one of the sides. Metallographic examina­tion has shown that the axe was cast at a

relatively low temperature and that it was sub­

sequently heavily worked and annealed.

PLATE)

PI,ATFS ] and '3r

PLAU.": ) and 3I

17

18

19

ST007Datr:Sixth Dynasty Ul- Middle KingdomProvenance:UnrecordedM((1suremr11ls: Length. T4.icm; width at butt. 1 <.o crn

Weight: T075.5g

Malrrial: CopperAnalnsls: Cu: 99.5; Ph: 0.030; Sn: < 0.20; Ag: 0.0 I0; Fe:

0.010; Sb: < 0.01; Nl: 0.020; Au; < 0.0 I; Co: < 0.0 I:

As: o.s: Zn: o.ojVale ofAcquisitiotl: I <}J 2

Bibliography: None

Axe-head very similar to 16. It has been com­pletely cleaned of corrosion product revealing apattern of surface Irregularities and faults whichare probably the result of the casting process. Thecutting edge. which was hammered more fromone face than the other. Is cracked on one Iaceand shows other sIgns of heavy wear.

now corroded on both faces. The rest of the axe isalso lightly corroded. The axe bears a number ofsurface Imperfections, including a narrow gash.made by a sharp implement. ncar the edge on oneface.

30077

Doll': Sixth Dynasty (1) - Middle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMeasur(mrnls: Length. J 4.2 em; width at butt. 1 3.1 emWeight: 1°91&Material: Arsenical copperAnalysis: Cu: 94.0: Ph: o.oR: So: <0.20: Ag: 0.010; Fc:

0.800: Sb: o.uso; NI: 0.020: Au: < 0.01: Cu: < 0.0 I;

As; 1.6; Zn: < 0.02

Daft' oJAcqulsllioll: 1898

Bibliography: None

Axe~head very similar to I~. It has been com­pletely cleaned of corrosion product. revealing on

one face a pattern of supcrlicial faII Its. resullillgfrom the casting proccs.o;;. There Is a certainamount of corrosion damage along the sides andintermittently on the cutting edge, which Is alsoquite blunted. Chased in the centre of the betterface is a large sign or mark of uncertain sig­nifkance. It is surrounded by a number of smalltriangular marks which have been punched intothe surface.

51010

Date:Sixth Dynasly Ul ~ Middle KingdomProvetlona: tlnrrcordedMea.'wrflllenls: Length. lO.t; em: width at butt, 16, I emWeight: IS51.5gMaterial: Arsenlcfll copperAnalysJ!i: Cu: 96.5: Ph: 0,0 lO: Sn: < 0,20: A~: 0,020: Fe:

0.420; Sb: 0.030: NI:0.020; Au: <0.01: Co: <tUlI;As: 1.6; Zn: <0.02

Dateof Af'qlllsWon: I 9 I 2

Bibliography: K-Eg.. 102.0/0.

Heavy axe-head very similar to .6 and '7. It hasbeen completely cleaned of corrosion product andis in good condition. The only damaged area is thecutting edge. which has been cracked. chippedand turned through tlSC but Is still quite sharp inparts. The sides of the axe arc slightly bevelled andbear the marks of a grinding tool. Chased In thesurface of one face arc two hieroglyphs. perhaps to

be understood as m or ;=:=:.

PLATT. 316

HT. II. 12 . zx. ,h. '':1. pis. IxA and xlv. 70. Petrie' hadprevtnusly rmdlll~wtl if full-slzc srectmen while vtstttngAbydos during Amcttnceu's work, It Is now London. (JCloo(Ji'. See RT. Jl. ''I; nv, pl. HI, lOR. The 'numeral' IIbears should he treated with caution.

2 01. 024-0.fll('s(' models are now: ~)Iton. MM; If). 0 I, Ri: Boston.MFA. Ill. 7' 31: Brtstcl. CM. M 11 10 (Cat Bristo/. 26. fig.9); Brussels. MR, E. 166: Chtcngo. Or. 0.127: East Berlin.AM. 1'j')21, I 'j')22. I ,))2l (A/urWm.. L n. no. 137, pl. 7):Liverpool. MCM. 14. 10. 0 I. So: London, OC. InoRo: NewYork. MMA. 01. 4, J2 (.\'ff'pln. L 46. fig. 30): Oxford. Ash..E. h 10; Oxford, PRM. Cat. m. ';3: Philadelphia. LIM, E ':1,"77

4 see Amellncuu. NF.II. I ';2-3. pl. xvHl. Only a small numberof these r-an now be traced wuh re-rtalntv. Three of the sixfull-slzc spcctmens reputedly given 10 the Gi7,8Museum arenow In the Cairo Museum. IE 31R4.1 (AO. 279-Ro. pi, .')9.lOG I 4'j22-4). together with four of thl:"models. IE 31 84 J{AO. 1Ho- 1. n; 14';ol<; -10, Of the twclvr furtctlortnl <!Xl:"S

rctntned hy him. 01 least six WITC disposed of at the sille ofhis coH('(,tion In 1'1114. (Ani. t?q. Ah.. 'y. lot II II. These sixwere acquired by thl:"Louvre. though only one now r('malnsIn Iht' colledlon. E. I 1025.6. three having been glvl"n 10 themuscum al St.-C,{'nnaln-en~[..aye. lind two lost. Other nxesre-ported to have come from the Amellneau colleo:1lonIndude one In !krlln, now West flerlin. AM 1&04q. andIhre~ once In the Muste Gulmet; on these lasl four,~AI/all/m., I. 72 -l. no, I l4. pI. 7RT.ll, J 2. pI. xlv. 21,

New York. Br, Mus .. oy. l1H'1. llO: S('{' I'rrdytl. mul Ard .. ['11..

1HI-.l.r/.44.no. lSI

Chicago. 01. olll<Jq. unpublished (lnfoonaUon as to datingkindly supplied by IJr. Bru('e Wmlam~).

H. Mililoll. MUSI 10 (191:<;).49- ')4-. pI. L I: C<lt of f:-g. Scarabs.2H 3- 5. pl. xxxvi. I, now In the Pontifical Blblkallnstltute.lerus-Hll'Ol. A full-sin>axe dlscovffed by Reisner at G17-3IMw.. 21 f. pI. 6,;. L 10} mighl also have becn oUhls-type.hut It Is Impossible to be sure. as lllls- piece 1;<; hroken. Illsnow Boston. MFA, II. 7R4.

<J For l'xample, QR, l. 60, pI. xxxviiI. olO;Most., IOq, pI. IxL S,IlOW Stockholm. fdM. lo67'i"7: Arnold. MDMK 2711971}.I }O, pI. xxiI. c (seebelow. Appendix I. 00, 2).W{"51 Ikrlio. AM. 10401-'4, unpubll~hed.from the tomb ofK<lhotep. noted In PM WI, 143: Cairo. JF: q 3~n7.unpllbll~h('d f('7.('I.'ho~lov(lk eJi:CllVllllons).

II rr-:(19P!. p.!lg.HI.pI.XJ:Xv.boUom.111.. IX 4. pI. ill. ol. lind xvllL 00Il runn.ME, S, I l.971 rind I ~.l}7l.. unpuhllshed. from

Schlilpardll's exca\·atlons,14 I!. (;/:n.IL pis. Hi and Iv: ilL I 39"''40. ol42--4. figs. 117- IR

Hnd 2:I 0-- 7. pis. xliv and Ixvillthese lAtter nnw Cairo. JE72:lhHI: VI/2. 42: I" GI:n.1. Ilq. 1 JI, fig, 17: vII, 59, fig. 24Hhese ltilter now Vienna. KM. 7)47-8): xL R I -2. fig. 40.pI. lx, d: R.. GN.1. 49h-7, fig, l04, a. pI. 64, Land ')04.'jil7, ll~. 3 rn. 14-4-1 I. pI. 09. e (one of these Is Cairo. IE67,97). Two other old KlnjO(oom exampfes arc Included initg. Rr .. iH. figs. I S2'- l, pl 4 r. c. nos. 274 J and 2742. bothIn IIHrJeshelm. PM. In the SHmc museum. nos. 1h4R andJR }h are two olht'T'i ;<;llki In be from the same source. Alsofrom (;"1,11. context unknown. Is Calro. TR 14/3/1]/1.

I 'j. TPC l. I ~. fig. 6: I q. fig. 14-: 22. fig, 17 (two. now Ollro. IEh lilil-Rl, Five other 5-p('Clmens llre now in the CairoMusellm. IE H70R I. They were found during the excavation<It Ihe IInas Valley Temple by the Egyptian AnHqultles()q~(lnI7..'l!lon in I <J44; set:' Ilrunton. ASAE. 47 f 1947), IlZ.pI. :wl

I (,. Nr-usn-rt·,. 129, flg. loq. 12. now West Rerlfn, AM. Ih46'j17 &t' Ih(' refs- <lrn)\'t'". p. 2EL n. j'j.IR 1', /ft!/I" .. (1-,. 2'). pI. xxII: nv. pl. Iv. 121. These twomode--ls

<Irenow Lonuon. Or. JOil74 anu Oxford. Ash .. E, 1742.r(';<;f)l.'l.'tlvdy

19 I!. (;/:0. \'I!2. 42: J.. (;/:a. l. 12<; and 111, fig. r 7: All. Rr..71L ng. I R I, no. 274U. pI. 41. c. !llIdt-sheim. PM.'All1l//, Ii. 2')-0. pl, xlvI[. 7-H._\1M. 14. pI. xL ,_ orthl:"four one Is now London. UC,JoH'jJND. IL 47. flg. loR. pI. 4fL a. said 10 be in Ikrkeley. LMA

1. J Arc/L ,\fast.. 11. rl. xxxlli. J. Cairo. JE 0 13'i9. b; fPC I. I fl.llFl. II: J.:I-'j.fig. l8: also Cairo. JE 3p19. from Lor1?(swork (I H98-9). and IE h47')1l. from Ihe tomb of

)0 KaellTh0.'t't. both unpublished.

SINt;J.E-[I0IJi the basis of the material with which It Is as-FOHMS soctatcd. II Excavated parallcls are known from a

lomb of the middle or later Sixth Dynasty at TellBasta. II from a tomb at Gi7.i1 dating to the end ofthe reign of l'cpi II. H from a tomb of the late SixthDynasty fit Mctr. H and from another of about thesame date at Abydos. l~" Other such models havebeen excavated at Mendes" and Matcrta " btitrcmuin unpublished. Reportedly found at Saqqarais a specimen complete with model haft, whichfonned part of a group of ritual implements con­tained in an inscribed box. datable to the late OldKingdom or later. l

" It may well be thls angulartype that is represented in a tomb of the late SixthDynasty at Mcir in a scene showing carpenters atwork. J<i lind in similar scenes and in hieroglyphicwriting in tombs at Dclr cl-Gcbrawt.t'' Desha­shch ..fI Z;:iwyct cl-Mcltin."" and Moralla." alldating to the end of the Old Kingdom or FirstIntermediate Period.

;1009Dace: Sixth Dynasty In - MiddleKingdomProvenance: Unrecorded.\ lt aSuremtnIS: Length. 16.9 cm: width at butt. t r .o cmtvt ight; 169 4 ·S g.\ fat/ r ial : Arsenical copper.i nalysis: Cu: 97 .0 : Pb: o. I 50 : Sn: < 0 . 10: Ag: 0.0 1S: Fe:

o..Jo: Sb: o .oo8 : Ni: O.Oll :Au: < O.OI: CO: < o .o r:As: 2.7: Zn: < 0.0 2

[)au of Acquisition: 1 91.2

Bibliography: None

Heavy axe-head wit h sides slightly less rou ndedthan those of 19 . Corrosio n ha s affected bot h facesand one of the sides . an d there are surface fau ltslike those on 15. I ; and 18. The cu ttin g edge hasbeen turned an d chipped at several points . Theaxe bears wha t appears to be the same inscriptionas t 9 .

PLATE 52 0 PLATES 3 and 3 I :lnalysiS: Cu: 9 i .9: Pb: 0.040 : So : < 0.20: Ag: 0.0 20: Fe:o . I 30: Sb: 0.0 I 0 : !'Ii: 0 .0 80 : Au: < 0. 0 r: Co: 0.0 10 :

As: I...: : ZIl.: < 0.02

[)a et of ,-!cquisition; 1961 (Form er ly M ichaihdisCoilecno n!

8iblivgraphy: Kaplan ;'. .\ WAIK 20 t 196 51. ~6. pl. 10:Jam es. BMQ 2.,$. ( 19b II. 38 - <) . pl. cou, 5: K·Eg.. ro z ,0 /1 0 and II. I

Roughly fashioned axe-head more deeply rou ndedin form than the previous examples an d withquite distinc t corners to the cutting edge. For­merl y thickly corr oded. it has now been com ­pletely clea ned. It is badly pitted in part s. an dquite deep casting faults are present on one face .One lug is broken and the cutting edge has beenblun ted by heavy wear. Chased on one race is agroup of signs representi ng a number or numbersof un certain significance. possibly a modern addi­tion.

2767 6 17DaU': Probably Twelfth DynastyProvenance: Kahu n.\ ftaSUTt mm LS: Length. r j.ccm: wid th at butt . 9 .5 emWeight: J1 3g.\ fau nal : Stone. chertDatt'oj Acquisition: 189 0 Hj ih:of A. W. Franks !Bibl iogTaphy : IKG. I z. j 1-2. pl. vil . ~: Prehist. Or.. ii.

[0 7. fig. 1 )1 : KhJJrga Oasis. 17 5: 1(-£9·. " ; - 9.

Pale-bro wn chert axe -head of deep roun ded formwith rou gh iug s. The blade. which is very thick insection. has been flaked bifacially but the cu ttingedge ha s been Iormed by flaking mainl y from onerace. The butt seem s 10 have been slightly convex.The cuttin g edge is uneven bu t sharp. One lug Isalmost com pletely lost , and one of the sides ischipped.

ROLJ SOF'ORM

\V~ LUGS

fl",'I"""" ', """',·,·nn!l'd

23 PLATES .. and 31

66 210D<llf : Sixth Dyna sty 1;) - Middle Kin gdo m

36773'Dau : Sixth Dynasty (/1- Middle KingdomProvenance: Uncertain-,\ f eQSurtmtnLS:Length . I r .a cm: width at bun. 12.0cmWtight : 6 SJgMaUrlaJ ; CopperAn4Jysis: Cu: 9 9.6 : Pb: 0 4 8 0 : So: < 0 .20: Ag: 0 .030: Fe:

0 .2 20 : Sb: 0.020 : Ni: 0, 0 30 : Au: < 0. 0 1 : Co: <0.0 1:

As: 0 .9: Zn: < 0, 0 2

Dateof Acquisit ion: 18 70Bib1Jography: Budge. tlrchiltologiDS3 ([ 89 21. 9 1. pl. il .

Bg.5·

Axe-head similar to 20 an d 2 I bu t with sligh tlyconvex bu tt. It is lightly corroded and bot h facesare da ma ged superficia lly. The cutting edge isqu ite sharp . thou gh inden ted and ch ippedthr ough use. There is a distinct burr. caused byham mering. alon g one side. Chased on one face isa large sign or symbo l of uncert a in meaning.

1. Formerl y no. 6049b .z , Said to be Tt:1IeJ· YahUdiya .

51008Dal<: Sixth Dynasty (11- MiddleKingdomProvenance: Unrecorded.\ft'Dsurt'm tnlS: Length. I 7.5em: wid th at butt . [ 7.3 emWtlgh~ [ 94 8 g.\faltrial : Arsenical copperAnalysis: Cu: 98 .3: Pb: 0 .090: So: < 0 .20 : Ag: 0 .0 20 : Fe:

0 .490: Sb: 0 .040 : Nt: 0.030; Au : 0 .0 10: Co: 0 .0[0 :As: r .o : 1n : < 0.0 2

Dateof Acquisition: 19 I 2

Bibliography: None

Very heavy axe-he ad similar in form and con di­tion to 2 0 and beari ng. lightl y chased on on e face.wh at is probably meant to be the same inscription.tho ugh readin g from left to right and carelesslydone . On the othe r face. near one of the corners ofthe butt. a nu mber of smal l marks have beenpun ched indiscriminately into the surface. Thecuttlng edge has been turned and chippedthr ou gh use bu t is stlll qui te sharp. One of thesides bears sha llow inden ta tions ca used by aroun d-headed implement.

PLATE 5

PUn. ;

286i618Dau : Probabiy Twelfth DynastyProvenance: Kahun,\ leasuremrnts: Length. s.a cm: wtdth a t butt . 9 .) cmWeight: 402&.\'lalt rfal: Stone. hornblende gabbro I

Dareof Acquisilion: 18 90 (Gift of A. W. Franks)Bibliography: IKG. [ 2. 52 . pl. vU. 3: KhargaDa.s ts. [ i s: K-

Eg·.4j-9·

Dark grey har d-ston e axe-head similar to 2;.tho ugh not as deeply round ed. The blade. whic h Isvery thIck in section . ha s been roughly pecked andflaked into shape and left u npo lished. The cu ttingedge is blun t. The butt is straigh t and the lugs areuneven.

2962 550 'Date: First In termed ia te PeriodProVtmana: MostageddaMeasurements: Length. 2.85- 3.2 em: width at butt. J .O-

3·SClDWeight: 4.0 - 6.6 gMaurlal: Metal . pro bably copper or arsenical copperAnalysis: Not possible owing to corros ionDau of Acquisition: 192 9 (Gilt orc.Brunton )Bibliography: .\1os(.. 109. pl. bt , 2: K-Eg.. [ [ 7. MDI9 .

Two model axe-he ads of roun ded form with lugsmade of thin sheet metal. Both are thick ly cor­roded and bear traces of their origin a l woodenhafts. The smaUer wa s once broken in two but isnow repaired .

r . Iden tified by Or. I. C. Freest one o( th e British MuseumResearc h Laborato ry.

r. These ales share this number wt tn ( 5 other models fromthe same sou rce.

30 PLATE;

62 554 'Date: first Intermedi a te Pertod - early Middle KIngdomProvenance:MostageddaMeasuremmrs: Length . 1.9 - 2.5em: width at butt . 1.8-

1·7crnWeight: 1.3-3.8g,\ faltri ol: Metal. probably copper or arsenical copperAnalysis: Not possib le o wing to corrosionDall of Acqllisllion: 19 2 9 (Gift af G. Brunton )Bibliography: M05l.. 10 9. pi. bt . I ; K·Eg.. 117. ,\10/4.

Grou p of six model axe -head s- simila r [ 0 29 . veryrou ehl v f;.l',hi rm ed. On lv th e larccst hOI"; ful!v for med

PLATE ..

t . ~ote that the twoseparate entries. DI t0 and 0/ 1I. refer tothe same axe.

24 PLATE ..

688i ODal<: SIx[h Dynasty (i) - ~Uddle KingdomProvrnance: Unre cordedMeosurements: Length . 9 .75em: width at butt . 11. 5 emWeigh t: 297.5 gl\1aCt rtal: Arsenical copperAnalysts: Cu: 94 .5 ; Pb: 0 .040: So: 0 .30 ; Ag: 0. 0 30 : Fe:

0 .3 10:Sb: 0 .020: NI: 0.0 10: Au: <0.0 1: Co: <0.01 :As: 3.6: Zn: < o. o r : BJ: < 0.0 1

Dateof Acquisuum : 19 78 {Formerly w ellcome Collection)Bibliography: None

Axe-head with rounded blade similar to 16 inshape. Unlike tbe previous axes of the type . It is

relatively th in with a flat. even. profile. It ismoderat ely corroded. Mar ks of a grinding tool arepresen t on the cutting edge . as well as on the sidesand the edges of the butt. The cunlng edge hasbeen blunted thro ugh use .

25 PLATE ..

688 ; 1Dart: Sixth Dynasty111- MJddle KIngdomPro\'t'nanu: UnrecordedMtiZSurtmtnls: Length . 9.55cm: width at bu tt. 1I -4 CmW right: 190.1 g.\-w.lt rial:Arsenic al copperAnalysis: Cu: 98.4 : Pb: 0 .3 20 ; Sn: 0 ..2.0: Ag: 0 .0 20: Fe:

o. r a o: Sb: 0 .020: Ni: 0.0)0: Au: <0,0 1: Co: < 0. 0 1:As: 3.3: 20: <o.o r . Bl: < 0 .0 1

Daleof Acquisition: 197 8 (Formerly WeUcome Collection)Bibliography: None

Axe-head almost Identical to 2 ... though thinnerin sectio n and less carefully fashion ed. It is quit ethic kly corroded and is pitted in parts. It bearsgrinding marks like the pre vious axe and the re aresigns of wea r on the cutt ing edge . Preserved In thecorrosion on one face are traces of what may ha vebeen matting or basket -wo rk.

26688i2Dalt': Sixth Dynasty (: l - ~tiddle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMeasuremtn ls: Length . s. r cm: wtdth at bu rt. I r .b cm\Vtight: 284.gMaurial: Copper:1nalysis: Cu: 8 8.0 : Pb: 0 .6 50: Ag: o .ojo: Fe: 0.230: Ni:

0 .0 20: As: 0 . 1

PLATES 4 and 3 I

PLATES .. and 3 1

21

22

J

•

•

~ j 1 )( ) LJ

Vate: Sixt h Dynasty l?l - Mtddlc Kin gdomProvenan ce: Unrec orded,\ ft llSurrmt rHs: Length . Ib .9cm: widt h at butt. 1i .oemW t>igh(: 1694.5 g.\ fau nal: Arsen ical co pper.'l.nalysis: Cu: 9 ( .0 : Pb: 0 . 150 : Sn : <O .lO: Ag: (J.(JI~ : Fe:

0.4 0 : S b: 0.001') ; :--li: 0 .0 1 1; A u: < 0 .0 I : Co : < 0 .0 1:

As: 2 .,: Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date of AcqUISition: 1 91 2.

Bibliography: None

Heavy axe-head wit h sides sligh tly 1= roun dedtha n those of 19. Corrosion has affected both fac esand one of the sides . and there are surface fau ltslike those on 15. 1 i and 18. The cu tting edge ha sbeen turn ed and chi pped a t several points. Theaxe bears what appears to be the same inscriptionas 19 .

As: 1.2 : Zn: c 0 .0 2Dateof .1cqUlsWon: J 96 J tl'ormerly \1ichailidis

Collecti on )Bibliography: Kaplony . .\ 1DAIK ,20 t IQ651. ...1. 6. pl. ro:

James. 8.\10241 1961 ).38-1.]. pI. cu. ;: K-Eg.. 10 2 .

Drt o and r r .'

Roughly fashio ned axe-head mor e deeply roundedin form th an the previou s exam ples and withquite distinct corners to the cutt ing edge. For­merl y th ickly corroded. it h as no w been corn­pletel y clea ned. It is bad ly pitted in parts. andqui te deep ca sti n g faults are present on one face.

One lug is broken and the cu tting edge has beenblunted by heavy wear. Chased on one face is agroup of signs represen ting a number or numbersof un cerrain sign ificance. possibly a modem addi ­tion .

DtlI e: Pro bably Twelfth DynastyPrownance : Kahun.l J, asuremtnts: Length. I t .o cm: width at bun. q.; cmWeight: 3 J .3g

.\f dru id': Stone. chenDau of .-\cquisition: r890 ,Gift or A. W. Franks !Bibliography: [KG. I z . 5 I -~. pl. vii. .+: Prebist. Or.. li .

107 · fig. 13 I : Khorgo Oasis. 175 : K-Eg.. 4.7- 9.

Pale-brown chert axe-head of deep rounded formwith rough lugs . The blade. whi ch is very th ick insection . has been flaked bifacia lly but the cuttingedge has been formed by Oaking mainly from oneface. The butt seems to have been slightly convex.The cu tting edge is uneven but sharp. One lug isalmost completely lost . an d one of the sides ischipped.

23 PL.'TES o!- and 3 1

662 10Va,,: Sixt h Dynasty i?l - Middle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMeasuremerus: Length . I r . r cm: width at bun . 8 .0 emWright: 52 ..J. gMau rial : Arsenical copper

510 0 8Vau : Sixt h DynastyIil - Middle KingdomProvenance: Unrec orded,\ 1tasuu ments: Length . I i .5 em: width at butt. I / .J emWtight: I 94SgMaterial: Arsenica l co ppe rAnalysis: Cu: 98 .3: Pb: 0 .090: Sn: <0.20 : Ag: 0.0 20 : Fe:

0 .490: Sb: 0 .040: NI: 0 .0 30 : Au : 0 .010: Co: 0.010 :As: 1. 0 ; 20: < 0.02

Datt of Arquisition: 1912

Bibliography: None

Very heavy axe-head similar in form an d condi­tion to 20 and beari ng. lightl y chased on one face.what is probably meant to be the same inscrip tion .though read in g from left to righ t and carelesslydone. On the othe r face. near one of the com ers ofthe bu tt . a nu mber of sm all marks have beenpunched tndiscrim tna tely into the surface. Thecutting edge has been tu rned and ch ippedthrough use but is sUII qu ite sharp. One of th esides bears sha llow Indentations caused by arou nd-headed implement-

22 PLATES o!- andj r

J6in'VaU: Sixth Dynasty(I) - Middle KingdomProvenance: Uncertain-MrQSurt mt nts: Length . I 1.4 em; width at butt. 12..0 emWright: 653St.faurlal: CopperAnaly sis: Cu: 99.6 : Pb: 0 .4 80: Sn : < 0 ..20: Ag: 0 .0 30 : Fe:

0 . 2 20: Sb: 0 .020: NI: 0.030: Au : <0.0 [ : Co: <0.0 1:

As: 0.9 : Zn: < 0 .02

DaIC O! Ac.quisitton: I BiDBibliography: Budge. Archat'ologia S3 (1892). 91. pI. Il.

fig. ) .

Axe-head similar to 2 0 and 2 1 but with sligh tlyconvex bu tt . It is lightly corroded an d bot h facesar e dam aged superficia lly. The cutti ng edge isquite sharp. though ind ented an d chippedthrough use . There is a disti nc t bu rr . caused byha mmering. along one side. Chased on one face isa lar ge sign or sym bol of uncert ain meaning.

I. Formerly no. 6049b.2. Said to be Tell el-Yahedrye.

PLATE 4

1. These axes share rfus n umber with 15 other model" fromthe same source.

28 PLATE 5

67 6 18Date: Probably Twelfth DynastyProvtnonct: KahunMt asurt mt nts: Length . 9.4 cm: width at butt . q. j cmtVti ght: 4.02 g

Material: Stone. hornblende gabbro 'Dau oj Acquisilion: 189 0 IGi{(of A. W. Franks)Bibliography: IKG. 12. 52. pI. vii. 3; Klwrga Oasis. 17 5; K·

Eg·. 47 - 9·

Dark grey hard-s tone axe- head similar to 27 .though not as deeply rounded. The blade. which isvery th ick in section . has been roughly pecked andIlaked into shape an d left un polished. The CUllingedge is blun t. The butt is straigh t and the lugs areuneven .

30 PLATE 56 2554 'Dau: FIrst Interm ediate Period - early Middle KingdomProvenance: MostageddaMeasurrments: Length. L9-l.5 em: width at butt . 1.8-

2·i cmWtight : 1.3-).88Mater ial: Metal. probably copper or arse nical copper.i nalysis: Not possible o....-tng to corrosionDilu oj Acquisition: 192 9 (Gift of G. Brunton )Bibliography : .\lost.. 109. pl. be . I : K-Eg.. 1 I 7. MD/.,J.

Grou p of six model axe-hea ds- simila r to 29 . veryrou gh ly fashioned. Only the largest has fully form edlugs. All are thick ly corrode d. the largest bearingclear tra ces of a wooden haft.

T. JdenUfied by Dr. I. C. Freest one of th e Britis h Muse umResearch Laboratory .

2 9 PLATE 5

625 5° 'Dart: First Intermediate PeriodProvenance: Mostagedda.'\·1tQSuuments: Length. 2.8S-3 .2c m: width at butt. 3.0-

j .gcmWt lght : 4.0-6.6g,\ farerla l: Metal. probably copper or arsenical copperAnalysis: Not possible owing to corros ionVau of A£qulsltion: 1929 (Gill ofG. Brunton)Bibliography: Most.. 109 . pI. lxi. 2: K-Eg.. II 7, MD/9 .

Two model axe-heads of rounded form with lugsmade of thin sheet metal. Both are th ickly cor­roded and bear traces of th eir original woodenhafts . The smaller was once broken in two but isnow repaired.

I. These axes share this numbe r with 21:1 other models {romthe same source.

..I. The origin..! group . .ISdiscovered . contained orne iH t."" in ,111

25 PLATE 4

688ilDaU: Sixth Dynasty(I ) - Middle KingdomProvenanet: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length. 9.55 em: width at butt . J I. 4 CITIWeight: 190. I gl\1ater ial: Arsenical copper,walysis: Cu: 98. 4: Pb: 0.320: So : O.lO: Ag: 0 .020; Fe:

0 .I40 : Sb: o .o zor Nf: 0.030 : Au: < O.OI; CO: < O.OJ:As: 3.3: Zn: <0.0 1; 81: < 0.0 1

DatEof Acquisition: 1978 (Formerly Wellcome CoUectlon)BiblIography: None

Axe-head alm ost iden tical to 2~ though thlnnerin section and less car efully fash ioned. It is qui tethickly corroded and is pitted In parts. It bearsgrindi ng marks like the previou s axe and ther e aresigns of wear on the cutting edge. Preserved In thecorrosio n on one face are traces of what may havebeen mat tin g or baske t-wo rk .

I . Note that the two sepa rate entries , 0110 and OIl 1. refer tothe same axe.

24 PLAlEo!-

688i ODale: Sixth Dynasty (?) - Middle KingdomProvenance: Unrecorded,\ ftasurnn tn ts: Length. 9.7 5c m: width at butt . 1 1. ; CD1

W~ight: 29 i . 5g.\ falt riaJ: Arsenical co pperAnalysis: Cu: 9 4.;; Pb: 0 .0 40 : Sn: o . 30 : Ag: 0 .0 30 : Fe:

0.31 0 : Sb: 0 .0 20 ; Ni: 0.010; Au : < 0 .0 1 : Co: <0.01;

As: 3.6: Zn: < o.o r : Bt: < o.o rDateoj Acquisition: 1978 (Formerly Wellcome Collection)Bibliography: None

Axe-head with rounded blade simi lar to 16 inshape. Un like the previo us axes of the type. it isrelative ly thin with a Oat. even. profile. It ismoderat ely corroded. Mar ks of a grinding tool ar epresent on the cutting edge. as well as on the sidesan d the edges of the bu tt. The culling edge hasbeen blun ted through use.

26688 i 2VaU: Sixth Dynasty(I ) - Middle KingdomProvenance: Unrecorded.\treasurtm~nts: Length. s .z cm. width at butt . I r. 6 cmWtight : .284 gMaUriQl: CopperAnalysts: Cu: 8 8.0; Pb: 0 .650: Ag: 0 .0 30: Fe: 0. 2 30 ; Ni:

0 .0.20 : As: O. IDalt oj Acquisitton: 19 78 IFormerly Wellcome Collection)Bibliography: None

Axe-head a lmost ident ica l to the tw o previ ous. Itis very thickly corroded. The cu tt ing edge ha sbeen indented a nd chipped through USf;'.

PLArrs o!- an d 3 121

D

•

•

J't.A IT .'i

1'1-"11'. ';

ts \n t>e Undn-ShM,J <I ~ d.-1mUII2!. \\·n i·d l l - u ll l l ~ .

nom p.au hk >"lIh Ih .... 'U"'! IIl1l ll< d )l.hl " f 11M.' " ~ I".

1I0 1O'ell('f , l>< ,l h IIII' .U" <"i in QUl"il i.." ar(' p lfd" Kl 'l;fp ...·\:M. an d It I:; not mlp,-x .';:i"k Ih iJl th t"lr n u mer a lsli re fri\ uduk ·n l lIUd1IIoIlI.' .

11lrt", I:; 110 t'1/kJ,('nc.· In supp',, 1 IIII' vk-w !Iud

In.: 1}'f1<' nmlln uCl! a s U fun d il1llill !<)flll 11\1 0Ill ", PJRh l("(' lll h Dym.~ly . Th e round f,,,"ll ~ orIh ls

p•.'r lo- It! are ll11l:tm nJ lllh>l' Ik f\n-41n .. ,tld ".· · wh, ....•st.;)""" an~ ...."' 1 n plollllt"J li S: fra .b U"n al su rviva l..,Th e oft-quO(('l1 fun(' li"o ..1 'iJ'l'f"i,n.'1l h<-<Irin lt Ih'l'

n n nu d lt' or Atn<'floph ls III til Ihc "{'Irit' Mu­seum" " If} be tIl....·..u nt cd . as lilt"' Insc ripl l,," Is1,lm ,,.,q c..rt llin ly Q ""dcrn adolill '>rl. Tbe- .·hrn,k..1com f'OSllloll III 11K' ;)1It" (II I:; an " f':I;('IIln d n 'l'P'(wtlh II «,I d ll l 'cl y lo w Itr~nk· n 'n1m l' " ls whn llynm<1Sfe nt wIth t h e FIl' ; M K flal t· III t-or l"lfpl'cl<'t!.moth er grounds I or such a rUll'l:llorwl l....>i

The UI;C" of roo ts mud<: of stone. " UIlllly mill C"-­ch ert . as su bsnnncs l<,r thctr ff)("11l1 cqulvak-r us1"111 prohebly CO >m", ,,'n plRi'f' Ih m U}l:h<.l" 11 "~yrt lu u

hi'<.l ory . ah hnUlIh th c 'l'\; rknre ,of ~i l<" h rr,.d k" Inl ilt' d yn il <.1 IC l"M'1o ..J h .. "l yet I'll he ~i1 l lkTl'" " "cll...,In It S)''' (('m atlc r..sh l,.m . ,. ~11"1(' " ':I~ . IlkI' 2 '; ;tIId2 ft /t il... f..lIM"pl't"hilP"'- mnn;' It sh Ml..-a ,., rld n ll th il n

W... od-wllrH n il Imp lm tcu lt. <lf1'I'('ilr I., h llVt' ........1)

r.,t", J In 5J onJ(" qm llllil y In Iht' 1.. \lI II It r c'1'! . ,(

Kuh tln . mll ny in IItor..tU'fl IOnJ ",ulh-worn ~all"' . "

No ( k-ose dflfl n ll Is pcoNbk b u t tlJcn.' i.s I\<I rt' Hsunlo rlo llht thl" \'lew of !' r tIle find Spurr cl " Ihflt th e)'arr co ntem pora ry ..... ll h tnc Tw"lfth Ilynlls{y' SI+tk'f-,I("111 phase, wn!ch I:oc~tln In ttlt' rclg n o r S<:-so: ,s,Irb \I a nd " JlrI'1lr'l 10 ha ~c cun tl nul'd up 10 the (",,, I..I' lh e Th lr1('('fIlh Dy'IlI~IY .' · t ·h('rt spt'rlmMI~ . ilkI'::Ii . WI"«' ltlso- , MJlttI In lit.... ne arby sU" flflJ<l fl~ g..h .u wh MT Ihe Ol ll h' r t, spt 'C1lkJ ..,.. 'h.''sha d dqM Klb . lV (' r l' nnt'lcry (~ ." Imlklll N II' .M)' sIm ila r d:HI~- n<n;:(" In tha I "uU~nJ fot' IIwl<a hl\ >1 ~,,'Imnl.s"· r .ll mrl c':-S ,.,.,... " Is" 10.1..•....."ff. >m Ushl ." !J:.h sh i., ,' · an d AnnUIlI," Ihe IU C

from !he lattt"'f S'llr ho-'ltl ~ nu JJc o r -'«:h lst uncidccorulr d wllh tin 'ow ne-r's mlll1:::·. nUl unfnrtllll"IIll' ly ' h<' COlllc)(l.s arl" IIlldatuhk·~

"~. N . p . p1 . . .. I. ' 4. 1..... ..I...... . . r h.' ~ ... t·. I" _.I.·,10''''1 1

f; /t. ' '' . 14. .-l1 n 'l""' tI "" ... fI<"~""'.I.4 " .r_ ."" l: _..I.".. u.n. , I IU. ~ I ~ " lOlh..." k I.""'.',I~ · . n~ . pi ~

~ " , ~ ~ Fo.-"",""".l~"" , ,,, f'<-l,II"• .1.<0 ,." -4 " .... ..... , ......

~""'. " ,,-.I,1. 1"""'"'. l!W I. J·. I.. \;i . · :;4. 1." ... I ....., ;OO.' ·. rou.·"' ~"'~

. I• •hr \I .... 1Ioo.<lnl! ( .Ar, 1I0". Ii k ..I0.1 ' .. ,·. ...... .. " ...' .. 9 · 1...' " t1 ..."'"'..I~ "' ln C:..M_·.polotlo--.o ...

.. 1'ltooI"'1, l.lf A. ,,'1 ~ 17 , ,,,*-_. t "" _ iCl ~ll... f4::~' ''''

~~ """,'....", , t "' ''' '''·'I;''~~ th tr.od, .40 <11 .. ''t 11,'t 17 , ·r . • fI<!''I I V II " I . ... "' ., t..H

q . ..n."""I,, ,.,...... fn.......,,~kl(!a~r '" NIilOd>.I...-" o(lho'on ho-wrl lllt"" ·""'''''''·. m.ri·· r'' '''''''' \·It''m' '''''''''.. """ 'l' kl <J<><lo--"". Il (". fW . pl lll. ...... .. h ..... Ilfo ;>I,idrtI ll....I ......~rl-II " ..':H.",f "": l l ~ . ".. ....""n'...-n,., ...7.A~ " . 0 " 7'1' , I l iI. •:'L~l.. 11''' . r"".", '~". S~~~. , II h a n_ "" II. ...". ), " I"' ,j, ,

' _ . 11",, 1, F. ' '' J" , It.'I. Ia. or,I>o- ~:r_~ " FunH .. " ,n "f'UNo~

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.. l .... "" . VI. ' J",NI I" . ' .. I<l' ':l't, pI.rl , r . I : ' .. J<lt1ft, r....,.. i, 1:"".JI-lm'WMo,..,..HI, ~l \. <;7 ( I jl . ~ " U ; l , ~<J

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lJ . l.untIon. I'f, I., .";'. Ir.-w!I I n ,.. I " II !~ ,

..""",hlI-J".,t, I. .4.... "" . • ~ . ... . 0"'- I· no... , , 1....... "' . "_ ' J' . '~' ' ~' . ' ';

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(/ 9 l .)/. ,~,. kK " "' ~ .~ Io."tl<~l " " ~ ...--..

1( , Ail Ft.... '::-"'1' ttoo . -.tlut'r$; ..., He (II . ~ . M,. "' _Cooh'o. W . J ] 11· ' )hn-o..lIt1 fl'1ML<J-r.od by lolm. .....9.d1f, burt:h, RSU . I'l 'I , ,, ql-"' -1 1 , lr,,," Il~ "" ] Jll""

8C J I7.00ndlllll"""t l ''''' .. ~ , ... J . ..... . .. ' H . ntl '!rl>" dAIh " '- j1"7•.", I~ I""" ",,,", I~ ""' ~ ; " I ..... IICJ I'I ...,( K· r~ . pf o1l1.II. .. ..l f_ z l' t . !rom " ..... "", I."

tk 'fl of iI dtffi.:u lr con te s t H' m hln...-d with ra tbcrduhh)U~ l ypo:l1t~k"1l1 con~k.kra l ion.., The- i'41r.l h}mt"k-k. lor l he'lr pII rt . lire r.. r t IMI p',.. rl y docurw-II ­ted to he u sed 3.'l Iru!ll"'Of'th y t"1/1do:-nc-e. Thc ;U l"l>

'He tiF!u rn:l ln l ilt" pbU'S of Pome's pu hlwllHon IM.J tnettbcr thry IWr the ~nH'M In whkh th ey Wt"f\'roond are menuoned In ttx-te xt. P('lrle steres Ihalthe .~ t('("H rmm this (Tf l'l<'fery 1111 k-kxl jl: 10 rhc

Vlt h U)'n ac.ty· ~t ehe range uf nUltl'1ial Pf~nlt"tl

" not wh vl ly '\UppoJ1ll/t" c f I h l ~ vk w lind ru1llte;1 ~

Ih llt !lIC't'lC'. II lean. of I I~ gr-avt"'S are la iN'. Thepos slhWty tx lst-" . tberecre. that I~ mudd a xesare 3M later t ha n th e S1'lllh Uynas ty. In aoidltlon10 th e t\ b yd08 lind 7...ra b, ~'jJ('OfTl<."11". II n u m ber ,,1OIher pr'O\·numccd lll ('$ of Ihe t ypo:" {on" known ­from MlIl:Ji ..fIit (a "'udd ), ' Memphis.· NaqM.ii,·a nd Qu bkl el-H aw e (two 1YlI>dMs.... - a ll 'itlkl ln hepossibly of tho-Otd Klngdt lfll Of Slxlh Dynas l)' . butIn no case ca n the date be substa ntia ted.T~ b 1'\<' dou bt , howev...... that the lype was

wt'll eit oblhhnl h-y th e ~Ilrl y Mkftlk Ii.ln p:J.:,m a ndt'on linu~ In use- Ihrough m tl l flo:- Tw e lft h Dyn astya nd P""rh ltp' some way I"..-:yon<l. Fu ll-liIzct'l'IImpksh ave been e xce ve ted 'II Abydtl!l' (MI().' A~yUI

(Fir ).' KMm a (U K,.' a nd 11u-bt.'$ l ..1o:v m lh I)yn ­Ilsly) .' " iJnd a lliIrJ.f' numbM tlf mudcls fn >m A~Sir t MI.:)." Abydos IMKI," M yli l lFII' a nd UK )."Ben l 1.l a~1I IMK)." BerJJa l ~:.k llenlh Ily ml"' Y). · 'Dah~hur ITwelRh Dynast y ' '' · !)rndent lFll'l ," !Iulea rly MKj." (~hun ITwelrlh Dyn ll:lty l.' · Must a ­gedda, Inclu ding 29-)1 {FIP/ea rly MK l.a Qa u(FIP/ea rly MK1." Saqq ar a H·1P/ea rly MK and l hir·Irtnl h O)-nilMy l," Sedmrot (l-"IP V ' Sh<'-l kh Fara glMKl! ' anti Thc-hc-s l ~]t'vrn l h I)YJl"~!l I '" 1'hety pe k a lso oftffi l eptY!Jffih.'d In ' he Ir hn ,J'"b /t"uon Mldo.J lt- Kingdom coffin~ . SUfTle- {'l[lIm pk-s ofwh kh are- ~howlI h1 pI lt ft l ~ . f1g~ . 1- 0 .'"

Within the i!:t'!ler a l lypco. lh n-t Bn" ,·~r1..llon !O In~hape but Ih C'SC dt l IW! r..llm... Ilny .11"",·m ,IM..(t-lI ttcrn 1100 aJ'Pl"ar to hi- wllho u t s;,:nlfi<"lInccd l ron ofog k:ally." In <:on scqU('f}('e. the nul1Wf'()u.~

unprovwllnced eXlD1lpl1':S nf lhe ty(J(", like 1&- 26<Inti P -4. a r t' Impos.';lhk to dl'llc nl/IIT r lrW' ly .Some dls1\f1l1Ion wWJ!n the r.>rm flm . nUw l'Vl'f' . tw:­drawn hcfw ccn 10..,1 lind wellp..n . l1w ('roo'la ld lllf!.llmtk factnn ,,~ welllh i a nd I hk"knes.~ . lht­he;n; lcr bl....-tes lik e I 'ii -~ 1 htotng deoJl~k"d Ito fun c­tion ~ tool s. rhe Ihl nn n . Ii ~hlwclfh l bladM; like.14 --6 hc f ll ~ IM rr su ited fur U'I(' liS " r a pOfl$. A~

notN rlse wh ".-e,' · this rll'tlIIlc1lon Is on lh e wh ,,1er on llrmnt by 11K-difkri nlt che mln , 1 com rooslU" nio r lh4.-100 1 a nd w~apOfl kKfTU (eom pa rr th e Itr­~k ('o ntent uf 15-23 with Ih ar or 24 - ,0;; ...... h khrdlec l th eir dtfJerlng hord ness req u lrl'mc n fs. It Isal so nea tly illustrated 1n ar~taHon of loolslin d weaptllls III tht fr JM' d·obj.-t em 1I Midd le

K ln~dotn col'lln In the llrUlrli U uwllm jSC'l" rI. ' '' .f1«~. 'i _b ).' o In 0fIC' p.ar1 of Ihl1 f rig II rcla lh 'cly~ma ll Madt· or thc run-n In qut'q lon Is an :outrnl it,II hatt k -8 lfe a n d Is dcpk~ tOS:r1hn wlln ot h ..,­NsUIe-.n ·t'5 Rnd wt't1pom . Ih (' whole p;rou p lat.-lI ('d'1'"" ·we<l~nry·. In IInOlhCT part of lh(' $a lTK"

In""an lil t' (oftht S<tll'lC type . wIt h II m uch t. rlterb illde. Is IIgured wllh II p-oup (ofcl\rpmltT 's lltols.,wh kn arcl eh.: 11ed \l 'I]'1I(t ). 'looI s'

It Is not un usual for a:>:es " I' this type 10 hedcroratf'd wit h InscrtpHun~ Of sym bols. like T8­.1 J .'~ 11w rt'a'dlng of such m llr\. ~ Is mrdy sl rlllghl­forw ard - even wht.-n they aft' rt"CugnlUlbkhieroglyphs. I~ Or\" nol alwa}'5 CfIt1"lncin~y

trlln~hltll b l't' - bu t It \.. l\lel)' thai In gen t'ra l th{'lrpu~ W 8$ to kkntlfy the ue, (Jfoo llbly In reJa­tlom to l l . St)Ufl~ or " \II flCt' . Null'K"lCl ls occ ll rrreq u en lly 00 the 'IKe a nd too l ft"pl esr-nl a lkln s Inthe oN we-nlen tlollt'd Irkt' s d 'tob/t'lI~. for t'u m·pk-. pt J'~. ft~s . 2. 4 and M. wh ere th ry 8re almlKtcertain ly 10 he unde rstood 8:'\dcnotJ n g tlt l"w~~hlor such an lne/tool ln terms or a ~andard unll . t nebasi c Middle Kin gdom cop per -un it of welghl bein g1 7.5«:." Onl y Iwo ext llnt lill I'S or th is typ" hnt r$l,t h num l"l1lls. One b 1 J . the other Is InChirngo. ' · and In ncl thn- (' mot b l~ nu mNll l. lr It

.13I C;MI J · O;:

'J!,"r: ~" 'h l>,mNy l ; l - "-ll okl"' ~ ln lldo ..n, .. , l ln r dnJIIf ' '' "'' " I<: f """ ll.lh . 1.' - 1. ,).m : .d dth "t hull , 1.4 -

I .K' ln

Wr ljf IU " " . 'J-f·7~

M" I... J<U: Ar<;(·ll k ·H l n lf'l ~"

1I",,!).r, t. : {"II: '}h , ,: f'fl : 'I . ,I.',n : SrI : .., I .''' ~ ,\ u , ",,'I. " ' ;

A. I,. ...." " l . /I, lllll.. t J . fo : :t~: <'''' ' 1l \ollt '" A, ,,,,''';I ''''''' , ,, It ~

iI 'N'·'If""i"'If ' N.....

.12(, 'l.7" 9 · 7h'Jo< tr :>h l h Dyru,st y m- ""ioddk Kln jrdom

,'••....., "l lm-....·' ...dt-d1I1, ( ""' ms : Ii ·n::lh . 1,7 - 1 . ') 00 ' ; .. hhh .rt !'tull . ~ .o-

1 · 1''''\\' ( ....." ' .1 ·· 1;, 111:U . ,,,r .. ' "k IJlI. pn>h HN y O;-' ''J'fI<'f' ''''- :tJV1l l<'1'1C<1JlpN"

,1...I~k. N.. f l" .. ,j f,l" " .. I" , I.. n"'I," I",n

'''''t ' ''' ''' ''''''~f1"". l l nr('O...drd1I,"' Ioq ..,.m,: !'J<.....

Cru llI' "I' ...I ~h e m..-.rk'lliIIe-heud~ slmillu (0 ] 0 a n d

11 . Tnt' IUj\~ on mo~ life narely rrlrm ed. On ...ItlR7" yl Is r",pllf r~l ; t ~;o olht, t1I (h Il7 7S - 6 ) arcml~~i nl! large ~tI(lns . All arT th k kly corrodedjlllIl <;('\'I"rul bea r IIIIC("5" I' wOOIK-n h ll rl ~.

H6 74 '1.h1l"lr : Sht h Oynlt-"ly li'l - l.4Iddk-Klnttdomrr••,...""nc'~ Unt'"" ,,ln'1I1..,"'.. rr .....,.n , l .rnl!lh . 1' ;" 'l\,; ", kIIh lOl "' I II . I.Son

M.'r itJ'lI : fo." 1l

J,!" ' rn..' · A........"k·..l c" f'l"tT.~ ""Il/<j~ ('n : 9 '>n: Pb: '1. 1' ''': SrI : <: • .0: Au : < ' 1-/" :

"' '' 4 ·4 ; 71' ; "--". 111lMI.. <r4," 'I' d<UI.... ' ., ..... 'r,...,.....ly l ;r"' '' ... ..-ll t ·nl ...... torol

nIM~ '!l" ..,.,,,,: N< 1Oe

Wl'II · rll ~h ll1ne-oJ mntJd n e-ht'a<tsim ll.1lr to 29. It I ~

lI~h l ly t'olTodcd

1', l h h Ii

'''''' ,.' f-l '''' lm...........ll.'I"I·C''Oolo..It·" .....' ,Io·..-:llA<l";I"1/<·," ...,\"'~ "If m(/If <. I "'Il ~l h . ~· 4 "'" : ""klth llf "'"I,1."cm\\ ·"itl',1. 1.11 1~

.\ J,'fn idl· ( ', 'fJl'<'f. ..-Uh H ~ntfk"rn ;m\<o.. "l "i lU'!<"l ,k"

.~ ' k,I,,,.,.; ell: t: "-, , •

' )" I( ,~ ....·<;lIm O. ...; I ~ I" j l ~ft 01'1;. On",I<'II,

1Ii"'.. ...'~'4 At."' .. I , ,q . roI· II I. 'J; Ii· '''',.1 17. yn/ 8 .

(:r Ullr " I l h r t'c llIood IIlCC· fJ("HJ S ~lm llM 10 J O

1""'.<1 If" 1M) · 71ar e e n ure apa rt rrom bro ken lu gs:"01' k;.r rr.4~rtK'n l 1" 1 1(. ,lll. All .. re thkld y ( o r­

r , ......, 1

( ;rou p " r rh rr-e 1l1( ..x-llIX I"- h l' Il J..~ ~ Im il<i r to .19 . On e

I I o;: M IC;1h;.r ~ 111 hmk en lug . All " re- h ji:hlly n ..-roOCd

a nJ "'ollr Inw ('S ur wOI-..Jen hafts.

Com", rnl ( 15- 34 )1'h<:- u ppo-r limit for this IUAAed If !"" ha s btocn~l'""f"lty a n:qtl l'd as Sh ih I>YTHI'lty. IhC" l'rurlil l('vld('nf l' bcln~ J'"l vkkd hy 8 numbo-rorGpOClmensf"lI"8VlI1M by l'ct:Tk' ; CWi') rulh tU' frUITI Abydos..IndUltin~ l'i .' lm d lh~ (If mor e rncde ls: rrom7J\mby .' In nOW" of lhcsc ("ll~. nuwe\-,{'J'. Is thean:hHt't.Ilog!cal COllI ('~t 90 SJe('tJ~ as 10 place 1Mdate beyond dl"PIlte . nit: Abydos u es an- daledby Prtrit' to l~ n"1«n of Pep! II on the basl lI orwhat I PIX""r.J. rrom his publlshal a ccuu nt. 10 IK'",.ally 00 more thll n lin Impre!Slonlstk tfl tffpn'f l'l-

"

Lugged, Perforated,Hound Form U5-S0)

35

') 1111 ')

'N!~; n '" l l'TTl~I~ l-'m od MidJk Klu li'i<IOl'

,·,.. ; IJn' ''·•..-&.'(I

.\I'atllr " "'''l...-l rfl lllh . ll .b .:m : ''' l<lIh '' l bu ll . III.S' ''''

l\ 'rlll" ' ; J .l.l ·2 1.\1.1,,,"", An.cn k ol l...,-"lff\"" I!I'oJ~: Cu : 'f I ,II: I'b ; " .l 70 : :>0 : < " .10 : ,\.J.: ':; " .0 1:

Fe. ,) " .1., , ; Slo: lJ,O30 ; NI: 0 ,')4 ° : ,\ ,, : < . ' .0 1; e ll: 0 ." 1 :

""" .b: Z,, : <n ,tI'' IIIu "i .tt "'..<i' .....: I .. , lH ,I:d. "l'''1'''.~ · Nut'"

,.\......hcuJ wtlh OO"Jl'l"f('uli llt ll end th a n 10;- " w it h

IIv(' bind In g-hole:;;. ~.Il !(.h l l y mbd ll itoed . tIl eh t><'a r·

l n~ Ihc n.·m alns orlht' orlKt odl lealh ('r blndl n!:

'Il IC blmlt: Is '-Iu ite Ihld.:ly t'or ruJcd . \-~lltXlu lly <It

Ih...CUllI n g ..x1~.... Tht-f c i~ flU obvinu s s ign of wc..r .

The bne 1'( l ire , Hi~ in ;j l h lon is pt"c.aveo.t 0t! both

r" rl.'S,

36 I'L An ; 6

tt k~ 7 iD"ff . Hr<l lnf ('Tll1.('d jul ~ Pt:f'I" d - MiJJk KmllJonI

r , ,,, 'n lttn<,, : IIIlrn: orJt...-J

" .... " .. r ..... nI$ : ICIIIl.h . ':1. ).. '18; WlJrh . 1 bu ll .' ' ·4 ~-m

W..I.,1II· 14111:,\ (,. tn l<tl· B,-..n '.....,1 .... '.,.Is:: ( u ; 114 ,1)_J' b : ,l-<I. I; Sn ; "',S; Ax . < <1.111; I'c

". l l":~: "- <1,<11 ; NI: " ,tll<o; 1'.11: < l U l l : l 'u : < 0 ." ' :

A. : " ,7: f',w ..: U.'~' : llt : '),UlI ~ , ( , .'1,t. ,/,... it l.J.u : l 't ' Il I ~" .rHh·rl)r Wd k llfU<' l'll-Ikd~ ,"~

1i11>l....,."I'''" . No...•

('uC'-hcad v~ry :>J:ml lolr to "ii · n,c n"ut rul h" lt: III

lh h. r .....· Is 1"1'~'T liMn rhc IWtl I;.l ~· r..l ;11\.1 l~ nolI'r op.:rf y ~1l ..,,,-x1 willt rnon . Thc b!........ I~ th kLl y

rllt r<..o.k'J and the cuntng edge dalllaged throughu .....•. Tr aces of the wooden " tinsurvtv e " b rig thehUll . an d r~'1l1 u lns ..I iloe o rillm ul mnd inK <In:

pI' .......' l"Vt'<J ill uuc " f l h l' l" k f<l1ho tcs.

II

1I~ ~ ' 1l.

' 't Jt.l l Ilt ATt Ii1I,1I11>< ll r Ol\M

1''-''1•. /l

. ·IA ll ·: 1)

39

1'1,10.. 1: (.

l .t ')lb

Vol'..' t' j rlill u l<.,"~I" 1'."",.J .l.tl<lUk ti lUi\ J" mPr.-"""' ..; IJ............ d<'tIM..<t.<"',."... nU : I",nllth, lI.l ,·m; .. .JI h \I. ro ll . 't " . 'm

WnW'''' J".~&

" ...... .. 1: Rn ." ,",A"., I!!' ", e u : 117. 4 : 11>: I·~ '-': Su : 1>. , ,, ; "'g . " .•11'1; I'e

fl . ! 7 n ; st. : 'l-!' l O: Ni: 'UH f); ....u: ".H,II" ellA ,,~ 0 ,9 ; 1,, : < 0 ," )

11I>I' rJ/." ·qttDlIw,, : . Il IJ IIiI/>1io '!l(<¥t.., Ku<ll!:'" .'l tt l....-, "",!!," . ~ 1 111l·I J I . <jI .

J'u .e -h dIJ MI1lJlttr 10) j " - 4"· Th e lWU l-.IIlJiltg"

hoIo 8r .. pr upc rly p<.wlluncd in ,h is C-lI5C. ,"Ie

bliiJc- Is Ughtly cUfTodcd, the Ime or tnc urigl n ",1

h<lQbL-+nKpr "-'SCrved OIlu nc (;.<,;t ' . 11... ('uUlnKeJ~('

l~ :.nrcrcly lu dt.'1' lcJ lhruu"h IlloC .

~o

S IO .ll

f), 1It : ~'.r'" h lf~'llI""'It••c I·,'ri ."' · '\'Ittlti l<·K"'I1"" ..np,..,.....,. "., C!lIrcnIfJnJ

,tf<o"" .." ,I•.-IL ll glh. K. \ n .. : "'·Kl. h ;ol bll U. 'I -'a ·m\lI,,,, ,,,, r i tt , ~11

'\ l.t"''''lt 80 ... ..,A~/I--,k Cu ~ 117,'1: l"b, , I 'j, Sri; 7·" : AI:: " ,Il l " : Fe

u.a qo: Sb : (,-,110: Ni' o.ozo: r\u: "-0. 0 1: l' ll: 0. 0 , n :.'\5: 1 ,t}: ' !.1\; < O.\J'

' ''''''of ", ,,,.l>.ilitffi' ' 'Jl l/f ,bI" '!1Tf 'l.>lI!f': N", ,, ..

,"' U~-hCdJ slnllla l' hl 17, bUI willt h uol \'d IU I:~ "'11,1tw o bindin g-holes. 'rl!c blad e is Ih kll r ('o rro&;\1i ll

pa rts . 'I'hc cutung edge Is chippe d.

38'i I O .l .l

Ilnlt: tlr.t l ur~nneJil'h· P~nDtJ - ~liJJk K i " ll$ ~ "

fr ..'ww, , I" lr o ·. ......J.\ 1.1I,; " U - I•., l ltl h . IU.n " ; .. . . lh .. I ..... II . l l · 7 · " ·

\\--"ifht: l . l ~

\l..u1 /ot1 .... .. IIU

" .... ,Y'!s ; Cll' "I·K; J'h : ". 'i ~". Sri : I J . ~ : ' \ 1:: . .... .l. I. fl ·:" .47. ' ;sn'''.•' I'' : 1'Il; ••.u .. ' . ...... .' IH , . :t'" , "''' .'' ' :A. : 0 , I ; ;r~ . : < n,,, .1

ll.",. o>jil.t·,/u l"'I I<>II: ' ., • .l

R."'.'!I•.."J'!I' N.om·

Axc- h..·uJ :>im il" r t tl \7. hilI wIth very slilth ily

l'OIl,'dh~ bu u IIn J u"u su"lI y Itm .: l ug~ . Then: ere

th ree bll1d in g·hok.-~. well ~pm'('t1 im J 1I' lgUt_..J_Th cblede ha s l><::cn C-kHfIt.'Jor cor r<lsion pf.....Iuct <Iud bIII good f " n J ll inn . marred o nly by ~u J1"r l\dil f

I' illl u&. 'l1...ft.' a n: ~ lf.ll" .. r ~h~l . t .", ·.. r un II,,'

nlllin l( \...J~t'.

j.Z .l U 7

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W"'1"t:"4 711AI",,""': A.,.... l.. .. I ~. 'A....'l naJH.I~ : CIl : <j4 ," ; pt, : " . I " " ; S.. : "- f ,U: ,\ , 1' ~ fI," ':

.''os; '' . 4 ; ~'' < j ,-, ' ~

/"v a! ""~tli5Il ""': I If .....

RJ/II"'-'!Im;oI!,lJ: Nu" ,",

Axe-he ad very simil ar 10 3';1. 11w IW{) pcrfcru ­lio n". rda ll vdy liI!'Y(' f" r the ~i1.L' " r hI""ll' . iJl'l'm l!i4l1igneJ end f'<""lt iollt..-.J 10..1 nc ar Ihe: bur t . Th eblade h<l! been d ':lInt:."li . If ,'mTu<Jlln prtoJu, l .11wn I:> c-on~--k1«abk su rruI't.' puting an d crtl !>i,,"of Ihe edges. ami 111(' rc ls iI larg e (fad : at II...·centre of rhc bun . The Hne uf the Of'll'illdl haf l is

revealed by th e fMlIt:1'1I or lhe l'llfTOsinn J am ulfl"

nca r l~hul l.

P1ATF. b37

l1 ') KI

/ ).,lr ..,-.Mlm ' 'I'1I1t:tl' lofel ·cnuoJ · MtdJk t..: I" ocJo ~"

f", .......... ·~ ; It",...·.-.nWI\fr "" ,r ..",~"h: 1 '''Il. h .~ . , ~..tl ; w.,jfh ", hu ll . 1".1> .-."\\,.,o,hI : .W\ .).1ilI\1<I"r itl/: AC'S<'Il I<:u ln>Pf><'r

l .. .,I.,..is: I.'ll : '1~ :; : rt>; n . I l" ; Sn : .~ O. J"~ .\ ,,: I} , " .I0; Fe :

" .\ J.. ; Sb' .. .. ' 'i '' ; Nt; . , .'' I .. ;,\ U; "' .. .. 11; (."" ". "1 " ;

"' ~ : I .~ ; 1n , "'<0 ..1

llll V .'; .-1.r'l"" .U l.>tI:I .,. " ,

H.h1"",ruph,,,, ~ ''''''

AXl'· hc aJ wuh rounded blaJ<-' and angula r lut s

~ i llt l l;. r iiI sh a pe and ~' t iOll ltf ':'4-6 uf p-rc\'i uu~

Iyf'l·. 1'lU1 n." la in in Jo: " car the rCl1r lhr~,· bl ndlng­

h.. I.:s Jr1lkoJ ill ... line [\<'rHlk l 1<1 t he hu ll. Tbct>1",k i~ ht-:hl1y p"lI11OlhoJ. ih e peuern of fl>ffUSi" uIled ! th e bUll InJ k ill ln g Ilta l rn.. UJlC wu~ ..Ii~in ­

lilly hilft l.'11. Marl s of II,,' I1rlgJnill grind in g a rt:'

..h1h1e nil th e curUnll ed ge tu!':('ther wUh 1i1~n s "f';Il~hl Wf " r .

1..... tlo. ', J . ~r. ..I" I I .. ,.."' ...I . I.\ .~~ I \ ~ ~ " .."oJl .. .·' ''' ....""~I ~ "II, 1 \1 ..... ' . ... ..t-.p . ... ,,~,.•~........

" H,"" I\" ...".·" ·.,-",,,,".,·. ,,,,\ ,,,",,I,,I< ,o. ..,>J , ,, ,\1'" ..,,1 1-...' """', ........ I~....k . 1<o ..t ' h1, \l f A J' , X<,."",,, II",1.,lla .. 1,,,fl.·.. I.wu..· 11."-1,," ~H' ,~ . I I I!~ ~, ..n<J ~lI:l>t ", .. ~ i

.. ., h . ....... "' ... ... , " '-\lho\. '\. ....... I ~ \ ' 1'), ,, I .. U . •. ;' 11,~". Ii~ " 1"· " .,II ·t . "~ ' "'' 0 .. ·.. · ," .'

"" J""'-'I)' (" , l~ H ' I I ' ~ ~ "': ~'I.~..J,;,~" I ' ~'- , ., -1' \ ''' 1'' . ' " .....I l» " ... I '" .~ " ' (J<'J~ ~ .".

, •• , h , ,..~", onI, II ' If '. ~ , K , ~ I"e .. y, ..~ 1..11..1 ,\ , " ., ~ "

' '! , ~ .. fI , H , r1 r · AI'I ..' Wl'I. '.." I. " .\ j, ~ I. " " , . pi 1.1,' S,7 <j 'JfI ~ . I.." "" '" '' ' , I. J1>d'l

....' ..... 'k'" 1... ' '1, .. , .... I I " ','l"""'"d r , n" 1" \"'''''..... hn .\ 1oI. J , .. II . I.. ' . l, .. ,... .. · .~.-Q . , .. . \" \ ',", ,, , ,, . 1<. 111K""'; I '" 7.. 1·__ T"...... ~ ,\n .II' , 11 ,"" ", ,,,,,... .. \ l ~ ..." . U \l \'~. ~ S ~

J' UH. 1. .11 .-4I· ''' '· pi,. ~. ". ", . " ' " \ . .1\ , I II ' h< I.olI,", ... I l ... ....... .. . h.... b. " ' .. I ...'.idJ.''''' I.S t> I'.. I....1~. ~:.. IJ,"" 11" .. I' ~' .., I;.\ I ;M " 1, " Th~~ . ... , . .. , ,. , .. .. j" , , I. ..J I. 7 " "" ~ "'-""'" ,\ -.j ,, ~ lat- ",,,.J .-I

.. ....~~"'.l '" lJ~ " h". Il , 7... .7· ",_ k<J!i~ '- M \ t:I' H , II. " ~ 1lI .n,,"''''' " , 'l~ ohr,.j ~,lfI, ·. I , \ I . II. pl . ' '01. ,. , - ' JIll" , , pl 'n tl . .~ ~ . " . , .....1·., ,,,, I...~.... . "ft \ ;.. I n .. " , ''' ,l. : I:" , ~

. ...'" "jo< ': . .•. I ~. • • If" I.""'" , '.. " " . J~ , ~ . , 1 " ' 1, fI', . , h tlll1;':. " " . •, l ·-.,. jt' ~ , ; II , ".'trl;..1&>1" . "'~

~ , . , ,, l ~ . ~ .." l ho. r "l.fI ~ ~, $o .. I..u.... .....'\ 1'1",\<1" , ' ''', ~ I

' I .v olr,..".. !. ' ( , I ~ . I~ " . , I 1 1... ... ·( ·. ~""' h..r,'." . M ·' ;~U " I 'i"'"," , 'J, ~nJ rI . 100 " 'I i " l .llh-<, ,n,""'~' en,.Hlh ,..,· .. " . ..' . ... ..r.' \l",'.l-.~ . , ~ I ' --1.,. 10 ' . " 1<",,1> I I " ~' ".;,1. ........, "' , . " 1" " 'U \ . ....u.f<..." ,,~loI> l .. , • . ' ''''·.<f'I_·""'hi..n....onl< r~ '" .,iI,'

-4 "' ... "n , \ ' f A, . , \.. ~ 1 . ' n...J.- ',(ro ~~ , (r' \<" " ..." .....".. .. ......,.. ,, ' ... 't 'l I I . .. .. ,-.uhI>-..I>.-.l ... ., " ,,-.. >l ~ .tN.n

"rntta '"•. 1. ~ 7" r r"'1' I ...~, .\J . 'h\ ..... ..'1 ' "" q "- ,I ~ !til, ,, " , ,, '"

'\flk-, >ili, L "" l ); .. 6. ' .\' .1".'" I I.lI.. , Ii ~ I .,.:' , "' ... ' r-k-..­' ·", I. , \l M.\ l ", ! , '1 t; IV,"'"" 'kt>t", . ~ : II . ti l: ,p C..,'"n .. " "," " " •.J..-t.-m", -.l: ...... I'""" l~. ~''' '''''' ' fr,.." 'U."i> i ~N. " ...! "" ., . ,. • "N

>t , ,\ I1I"' ..l . ,.t, ,..t.L-.fl.,, I-I< "" , ~ II ..."" "1".....,,' ~. .. ....... .. ·l11>.T .. ·.. " .. ,."" ... h... ... ' · ...... 'Il ' .. Kl :,,-. • • \ 7 ' k ,Ty.... I II. I, ' .. I•• ·h ;><l.IH U •. pl .,, - II"- " '_p1 . ... . \. .. ...., ,,' "I ' , rl 'I f •• """ .... S ~ . I,. ~..U ..t ..... " ... r .'I . I.' ~ ~ 7

J ~ s.~. r",'I' of II .;" .' lnll,h ~,'J' , HI, ~ I . '1\ ..- t fml, ,, ,k .-,'V,"'-<>"" ',:,...1..'"',,,,hI ,,,.,,l ......,,' ''"''...~'f ~n. •L." ....n,,'" I" ,-I". ~I.'~ 1...111', " W'li''''''~' ... ...,1'" ....,,, \,~m.." .

J ~ "' ... p.t~,.. l-I i OJ" " '"l'l Il ll l" ~~ l I ll lo-. _ n. ....h .. I ~ · l ff . 'l~ . 1t 111.1" 1·.., o4\ · mr....,.." ..·cIo·I . . ......, I'('. Tn ·, fO· ·..· I....

" .. " "4I " . '• . ' .." " J . l l . " " I." . ·k ' .. "". Lh,,UH1IIl,l . .... ; " '1.. ...1 ~ ' k. -r 'I' " II .... AI. ,~ .,/wol, p.I" . ~ .

1.' ; UIl.""!l, .,"·'., ., ' I I. I I •• ' 7....,,,,"7.b ,( ",~. AP!"o.lI . I, ,,,, ' I, " "' " ~h••, " " ... ....o~ , It>.-,,, . ri. -.I..,,,,",.-".',,,,,,,,,,,.r,,,,,!, ,~" . H 11, [-.1, " ' , 1 "" 1',,1,,,,/1'

I'" I ' ~ ' ~ "' ... ." ,pu Nl<h.·J """'''rioh~,'~ . 1 """ ""' '''' e,,,":::'::l~ ". n", "1>)'<,, .-1 7..1..,10....... ..II .....· \I , T< .- In .~~ ... " oJ " ".•' 7 ~ ~ . ~.>d

...... .. ~ .II f r'l" { { ~ { . -r-· -.lII' ~ "",.ottnI,, ,of1'" , .. t ,,,,. ,1.,..•" ' ..I' l it , " I ; , ,, """.. ......,, '""' .. .~III" .~ '''''' ". ~ '' \ " 1 7 ( . II

....:.0<, .. ,:o-' '''\' "l ,~~" , h ' 'I', .,,;f:lipl.• . " ., .., ' " '' ''k''' oO{'P'df

:~~~:~'1Y1""'1"''''''' ' II...· """,hrr l ~ t",1 ! ... · ..~ I , t l , f>

I I . s. ~l'l-~,.j, . I . "",," I \ . • >1, l ~ _ I . , >--t, " .01'" 1 \1-l 1 l ll·.I .. l l I.; n \· . pl lw. I , ..

I ~ ~..· r.~' · ' "I I. ~ " It...t ~ , " I pio>fn.... " ...1, " . ~..IlI,. '" I h~ ~ I )·

, ~ ,.tl. 1· 01.".-...1) ni" ~ lfd.><n, h b........ . . <f.."' .w , p l it U ... h . aIu.d>lo:_ I ' ;n.<'I....--~ I h... ""... "'"tr l>~ •...-+..,."" ,= (;,..vu,. I . J , ~ I 7a,oJ l\~.""l • •,~" 1.1ij.. , ,. : aI,.. J. f e . , 7 'I

\ 7 "'~. )0;) ;11, .to. [-.I •• ,. L.1)... · , I "'~...1. l tl.·. ' '' 7 1 ~ 1~ 1.J .. ,laI!~.. <f Il\I ;.' > ' ~ ' >. pI ,·11. \ ~,od ~ tt·"l . ' ~" 11 ..,1<1 . 1\1

1" '''' ;. ' ' JI " ~ " .. . / ' , ,, , .. ., . ; .. ,,,, ,"" ,\11" I II I"{" 11.. ,-,•. • I . rI ,..I. .. .... ~ I' 11 1.>" ... 1,""k.... . I lf.·. ' '' ~~ I4 1 11". _ 101 .~ J . \(,,, r""...". q \,~ \ 1 ' ,.-~nI ,~ , i •. • ,>1. ;' . l lp , , <j I" t ~ ... . ~ , 1><.... .. " .... <t, t~

17 ' i l 1 1"'f" " " ·"~'''' '· ''""",''''' r ~~' ''''''tl , ( ',oJ"" tl;" ~ 'I l'" b .. """ .. <.1<....

1.1 r ""ht~ . ..I.H I' \ JII ., ~ . ~ I . \ " "' .~ • • . .\ Irnt> •.,)'..-/tI tl ~

.... .. .. . 1(. •4 .11. 10.J ~ r,-..'r ~"" . i : " . f'l ••• . • , ( ·~ "••. !I' ..I' II ' . • It~...I)-·,~ .,'"

... " I ,, ~ho,..... ~ ..' "I , J. r, . {,I I , '",I,~ .. ." ",j~ • •Jdho-.k ~ .,J " f• •• ,' .. , " " ...

•.,,4....,fd". ,,,'......It, -.1' -1" '.I"' .~ In-,."-'1........"',."Io ' I<........ <\I ~' ..u-. t ...-, ' ~ .. N~ ho"fle, , ,,ldon , <>. 1"" , ,.. , ..-l.~, ~ ;"q""' n-I> .. 1tJ~.""r",. ,,~ "'". ~ ,, It,,· ~ lt ,,,,,, pi<m "' ... ~ r~ Ihk ' " , ,",- 1......." " ' .~ I .. ~~ y ,... .0>1 " , ....t.. ..nJ ""' n.>lI~....,..,. .,jh,,"'.., t ;.. "' oI>/hIl r l ..."r'-'<.." ..-Io, ..." ~ . ", ,,- ·. n\' .fli ..oIl 1'1, 7 ; ~'f'4•• · ~ . 1. , . • ~" "" J'l.... ~.. ..... M"i A. 1 ~ . I .Iq ·,.I.• ,~. , ~. kt · -4,.'J.·" .... . "' • . •H'.... ..,."_ h...... ' :......._J.·__. ......l -l , . 1( "~ I ~I ""' (q'~ ' I n- : o: l"_", 'i ' . rI· n . , .\ ,1 I II, pll. '" ." n... .. " ' . .. ,>flht:-""' t>--I..~,· tIl > lr.......'''It' ...u.. I ,,,, ,I,, 'Su J~ ,, ! .o\rl~ll. Ii,,,h 1.( , .. qL .. . " I' l·4H . " ... ".- .. ".f.I, .......·""".<f ..." ~....\I . ·>hWl'· ... "U,, l/."' ..:e. h j,."' .'........,

... -J\H 7

I" ArT .'" 7 <1 nd 1 1

A~e-I J-t"Hd snn tlur 10 4 1, hut wnh three larg e

nlnd in R-!wl M. The blade hll~ been ck-ancd ofll lff/ ...." " fW", ..lll t'l . r l'Vl'll ll ll lo/. " Ull;h l !:Urf ll<,t>' pl Uln ll..

Til t· Iln('" o f lil t, h lt' l k vl'llbk- o n l><.>4h rttCf"S. Ttt<'("u lll ll l!:.-dflt' N-lIr"11 ,;iRn. ofdl~h l wear .

.~ ... l h,luw ,~ r""" Tl>rh<--.I "'~.· k " " II.oll " • •• I" ~l l""" t' ," ,,, , " " '1' ~ .. ~ ,.. .. l tt1,,1rtao.""""llIM ., .....''''' ,''h ''-''on_~I.....t 1ty

IIHA. "f' , 'U . ,I ' 'dli...-d"v~ r ; (

nAH: ,

..q "1f'1).. /1', Ffrst lnknno.,{hll(' r<'fI<..-l /~H rI ) ,tl&!I~ ~ l n~t1.>n'l

1',.-,tllll'I'.-lh Kcr-ll:lln 'M.._ rr...",.../" t"' "j{1h . .. 1.011: w~llh HI Nilt. i . ~ " " ':

n"u lomurll lhl.-t '~, ". ~ 'i ..mU·, I<itI · ]'t.II11

M~f" lItl- ...rwn.... l ("'-'PVf"Y:\,." I~ <I( , '11: " ] .11: J'b: '1,11.1": SII: " '1. 1'1; "" : .l.I: 1'r:

" .J I" : Sb, ' HI I" ; Nt '1.11" ': All : .-::n ." I ; t'", , 'I I :/I,,: I . ~ : 7.fl : < . ... ,%' Ill : ~( ' ," I

lJ.l11' '" MquisU ;,.,, · I~" IfJ,lHir'If''''PirlfllM GII&VII':104I , Q, n n.11l7:fJ.\f (l u''''

lr 'f u),1.oj .n".11l 7: lI all.I.A,M l h ( f'Il'l I,.l \ '4pl. ..... l : K-t~ .. hi ' l _ 74- n ~ n.-1 , l -l. l' 1" _pl . n Ih ...

""hi, 'h ~err r ",'" in l" ,h,' f'k"t'C IIu rill l! lh l" f'f . ...." S

of nU,"lffa f1tll1.". l'.n~ra ~ ('tl t-t'h ' ..I-.:1I Il ll' I' .~ ''''i is u

("olum n of dthl h lenl ll;lyph.. of oho;cun' nl ";lni l\ ~.

pt'nb" h1y modern lI.·or l;

11 M I 7

Om ..",enl..! all("-he ad li!mll nr 1'1 4'1. Ihou~h lis

bl;td<-l~ not so ", eil ro lil loW . It ~."'l> 1 1l~~ hilt hil l>

lhn"(" blor.lln r:·h.Il("'i. lnt" tlJlf'll ~·or L:. Itn :ornl lon.

mu~hl)' oo n(' , 1<; In Ih ,' fuml "f Ih rt"l.· f'o'pyru l>phln U , on l" ..rcr l In th.. middle. tl'l<' oth l"f'S ocn tOV('-f n il i'llhl'r ..we. ,10 one- nf which Sl l ~ a !-lirJ .'Th c hlrJ is In Ull(" plt"t.{" w llh 1& phml on wh lt"h il

liUS hu l Is'll't,J al lilt' la ll llM hl"'lli. '1111'Oc.:om­

Uon Is 1101 nul like Ih al on 4 'l hu l wa s h amm("rro

,md N-vC'!kd to /I mort' f(lun~ nnl~h . ·111t."1'l·ls 1m

Illlt"m ..1Jd llll. Th .. nll Hn~ I"(lltt' Wll<;n t' \I' T ..ha rf'·

Cnt"l.t ;tn d lhert 1<; nn sl ~1l .,( \l.'l·;U. Th (" pk"(' (" Il>

m.derfllrlt' lUfTu t!t.'tJ ;l1ld Itlc re il> f, ,...o;kI(·u hk

r l lll n~

';7 1;0;LNv: Fl, .. lm t'T1T,,-d L~1 1' 1'<TI<" I/ro.lv Mlddl.- "' ,,' ..'''' .....,/'1 ,,; I l"'.~ · ,..~1

.\ Ir..,u , "":I ... ·ll'h . ". 'i n n : ......hh ;,lh"u.K . ' . nl

W,.,IfIt<: 'J 'i . ~ ~

Atmn l<>(:I\...".Tll..'aJ"Of'P<'r.1_h,<J~' ('to: 'oil> ' " l'h ' ' u , I: Sn : · , 1, I": Ar : " ,, ~ , , : Fr

" ,l ln;S h: " ,..-.,, : Nl:,u' t n : "" .:C", "- IU "

A~: 1.'t ; "I.n: ,' '' .'' J: IlI: < z1."'''<'ti\.<iUh tf_' I " J IIHIN~"",..I,~ : llall . I.~U .'" .h II"J 'I' . ~ 1 - -1 pl . u v. J : );-

J:' . "I · ~ . t. 7 · 1I . 1'I -1 . '\ \. 1'4

1-1111 . Ihln nm 411 n<'lIlil l a~t' ·ht·n.1 ,k>rpIV" lUlIll.'tI IIIl"otn l Ilk(" 48 .c'.Mlwnlkt/iHI Mmllnlt-tHlIl"'i ;,r o: ln"k ­

Ing . It bea rs II crude ope n .....t<f". W(Jn ,ll n n In tIlt'

Iorm of two symm<"trkn l ll~\IrM or the tk-Ut' lpi Of

lpe t . whk-h ~l llnd un fill U rI('Vl"l 1 tmw rlltill t: " IW

another. wll h mouths 1l1£1Ipl" And fonrklt~ exten­r.kd l'tK-y are o;('flOtfll l ro h y I rc n trnl bar . Io<.h k h

expanJs at th e IllP find I~ pn~'..slbly n unt ,..rt f'ft""('llll.l 1"l u" nf JI,;oppU'l JT!.;Inl. 1111'.I ·o ra ll.. nI~ <lil lie n.., ;,",1 Ih t-r.. i .. 041 In lNnl l 1 de l;" !. Tb r­

blitdf:' ha :J !x'o:o defln.'<1 .. I corrosi on j'>r.llltlci

Tbete k lighl pHUng flll rn.w . l'hc ta!l of 011('or th("

figu res is r-rac..ked Ihrn Ullh a nd lt~ fOfw a rJ hfnd­

kg I" hUl d y 1'I>nlll 'l1rol" th e n m lnx . 111(" nllllu f:

oo jt (" b ~hll('('r.I h ill "II!' 11("\'('1fll llV lih a rp'l\t"Il lI' HI

be-.u 'Sno siltns " I " 'car .

"LAn 747

P.lU'"[liul': Hr.~ Inlnmedta~ rf"l1<od MIJ.ll.el(IOljt&wnP,lJWfWN. : tlnr~

~~s:l.efl#h , ... II(lT1: wldthlitbufL io.r cmW,Jgm:, ql ,l ll"1<Jln1a/, A""",kQI roJ?1",t .....I!iSU: Cu: 9;.<;: : I't:>: 0 ." \ '" So: 0::11.1'" All: '1."lU; ~("

0. 18<1: $b : o.v j o: NI;" nl<l; Au : < f1.I' I: CO: < ".<11;

A 'l: 1.4 ; 7.1'1: <o.oaIl.Iu ol ,vqll' ''' ricn:I K-."Ai"''' 'fI ' ''f'II II ' N...w-

AJ:e- ht' a-d very similar 10 4 1. bet with klOf blnd ­Ing-h oles . sl ig htly misaligned. Tht" blade ha s M 'IIde~ned of ro rrosjo n prod uct end L~ i ll good m ndi·tJOIl, Ih outth tilt- cu lU l1jt nftte and~ <It"(' crodt'd

The line " f Ih(' origill ill h ofl. ls vl~b1(' lin u" (' fR<'t".

Tht'l"C'I, no otW)OUSsign or ....{"fIr .

J()(I71[)air: f'if1lI hnermt'dhl! c rm>d Mkkll<'Kl ,,~

I' ruwrnalt'l" ,'Unn<cordn:!MNs...--rn<nl~ r",n lllh . 8f> fffl : wktIh " I ~U. II l ,IIl"T1l

Wn"hl__ l l':> t ·7 11

IU.Jr... "" c.lJ'J'ftA ""' /!f" IJ ' Cu: '.1"1.'); Pb; ,~ ...""': Sn: < 1.0 ; A", <0.0 1:

A, : <O . I: :In: < .. ..HlMu o1i\. quts HiofI: l ll-.R

M ....~l/. N~

Thin, rNl ghly fash ion ed <t:lle~he~. pmslbly non ­run ct ion al , similar In shape to J S but "'llh

n arr o w . sllllhtJy h looled lu gs. Th n-e are nln ("hind­In g· h..,,,",,. wh ich til? m isal igned and uflIl"v mly

sptfn-d .~ bLttk has bed! ck-aot"d or cnfTO"1!On

pr" dUl1. and is In vrry Ito" .-tcun dllJon. II h wltrp. ...1and lh e C'U1IJ1l1Z f~(' I' <lIgh tly lu m ro fn'cr at lhc

c t nl re .

S I O~tI

O<ttr. tlr;t InlnTllC't'll" l(' Pn10d l.4iddlt'Unlldom

"'<>W "" "'-I': (l n ..~MrI:n....,_~·I=tt1h .I" . I Srn o: ...." l lh ot houll . " .Sl....

W~'!'/I': I JIIIl~1In"""' ·,,",,,nk81 ."tJJ'P"'

"~,; fu : 'J4. 0 ; 11I: .. .on.. : So: <.n . l n: Alf ~ " ." J :

F{": 0 .74 0 : Sb: < 0.14 ; NI; ' Hl IO; Au: < 0 .0 1: (n '

O."f O; 1\5 : .,. I : I'J l: -":0. 0 1.: Ric '-:O,IIJ

I I"U"'''' .lIlnl/;!-l l: l 'l l l

A!WI..'!l'~ ~ .\ r/ nf WII~",.1. 6 ....o.J 11>.. : (-r" . .1" .

" I.s.C·nl l . pi II , J

Thin " )I;~-ht'8d with & ("ply n ltlndl"d bhuj(' I nd

rou n ded lu g.... Th t' ItJret' ['M"fonl linn s ar t' well

~('<Io:'t'd a nd propcrfy aligned . Th e hhuk hil "1'-'ende'8nN of corr osion produ-ct. '111e't"tlgl"Shll'l/(' ho:-fonbadly er flde.U and lhere is mu c h ~urilKe plu ln lt

The lin e or the han I ~ vislhle 011 t'Io lth (lOW l'S. Thelllo;e om!" ln' I~'o n"(1 Hn~urar IIpntUW'>or ·e y~· .

Pt.AT1S 7 il n ri II

l'I hmk cn . The Mitok l~ qui"" lhld l)' c'ofTIldMl In

parts . T1Jt' nne of rbc h " h ts <:k-nrlv~'s.:rwd 0<1both races . There is no otrvious s'gn of wt.. r.Cha sed in 011.. Ieee is II stngle h k cO&lyph probahly

to l:>t understo od M t. IIf.-. ·!tond '. The h ,dt CO II­

~sl j;, " f n ,.." It C")'1l"JMClII r!.,·t·.or vd lt,w-.:. IIt,ur<"tl"HJ<td . whk"h Is n l'l d1t"d end cr. oc....,j i1t V<lrt llUS

poin ts ",lon g Its lmitth . II c u rves end th k kl"JlsI" WIUd<; the lop , whcr~ Ih (' woo....1 ha~ bee n 'i{llil In

mll"t' II ~ ..:kC'l fUl l ilt" blmk. 11K' hu R In Ih l.. OIn'lI

beare 111<:' lmprross (or tlve ('V('IJft' sptI<'('(1 Mlllhnlt

cords. Corr oded met a l f'rom th e bliUWad heres In

some qu an tlt y to the sides or th e socket. RaJ !,;­f Um ", " unlllyo:lS hus p' ,oJuc<'1:llI dll l(" jor the hnfl tl r

~Ul)U -t: 110.' .

I" .An "

1'l.An::«i.IU lIlld\ 145

~ "H '"/).,1" FIN lm ...........Jf"I.. I" TI" u - MkJdk. Io.: I I1 ~ J. om

/'r""" "" ",,·,;l lnrrn..-Jrd.~ lot<mrm""H: 1..., ....tt'.Il . , ,'m; ...io:lth lit twill. ro.av m

1\ ' 101"'-1 1" ", t", ... lal: n.-"nor11,...I",,,, ( 'u : 1I".<;: :I 'b : \ " 4: Sn : ·I·.. ; AIl, n ''' ,<I: h'

".J 1" : Sb : '1." I' " NI: o ·" ll) , Au : <",.. I ; It': <fU ' I ;

A~' " .4; 'l~" ., " ." J/....'r.if." 'l".<I'....' · I . ' IJ

"'t"~oq>"'rh't' 1:-1"-/1.• I" , . I)-I/I f<.

~H1I74

1\111': Fll""<l Inl rn!W"!JIlIl.. f n1<o::! - Mlddlr Klnlldo......r,,,,,,,,,, ,,,·r: l ln, f'( l<..tkdMn:1Surml<'n!$: fIl;.&: 1.ef1l:th. '1.11em : wIdth III bult.

I J . I Ofl. lh.h ; IrnKlh. IJI .~ cm: nHu, titrumk rMk'(".ntw>lll I 1 . ~ C",

\~ . """ .- A1u&: 17 .l 4 11: II..R: i l l it1\l.." , ...1:m..d!': A......n~1 f'<1f'f'l'T. IIoR; \\1..".1. 1m......;.\'

'"~1"'/lfI' l~ ' Cu: " " .0: 1'11: O." IWl;~\; ~ O. I <J: A, : < 0 ," 1:FI': II ,J,; n : st.: 1'. • 10 ; NJ: <1.0 In : Au : < " .' 11; t 'o;

. ' " ... , ; A., ,..; ;"l.n: <'H IZ: m: < ' U ll

/\';/Ir '!{N-'l"I<lIlo<r1: l <fz ,>

fl,b/li"fParhJf;No""

I Jlrp:c thin <Il(('.tlc-ad sfmHllr In l>hape 10 41. 111e

Ihn...• rll'rf(>fll t klll~ 0In- ~j lt h l l y mi~ll~oN . On e lu 'jt

~ III I S

P"I ' ; Flr<;jInlm n"'.!l"te Pi'Tko::! - MIJdk-I O" ilJoJml" o~<'IJ,,',,'r: IJntN" "'-o:kdMr"QtTtr1ll'T!U 1 r> 1~ l h. PI.Hem : ...Iotib " I Dull . 10 · 1 011

Wtl,qhl: 14 ~ · JIl.""'f..."":Ar;M'tklll~.1rll1f." ri " ('y , 9n.'" l 'b : u .o Fl,, : Sn: .::n ,10 : AIlI· < o.o z:

t·.., " .47": ."h , ".• ",of>: M: ' UIl"; Au : <: " ,101:('0:

<" .•,, ;A.ot: I .J: "I,, ' ..,.. ... .l; AI: ",,1.

1~llr.o(At.,.. f<III.... · 1-' 1 J

R,blq nf,JI,,,- Nol'l.l'

t\ lo;t'-ht, ld ~lm i l a r to 19. hut wlth thr ee btndtng­11.,J ;~ . stlJ:htl y ml~ll~ncJ . The blade has beend,,;III t"tl III n"rn~lon [lI'udlld . Th(T (" I ~ ~1I r<'rfkla l

pllll ll jl:un "' .th fan· s . lind" St:t"1k'o tlf lhe- cu lling

NIJ:e hll~ t......ll ("n~. TIlt" hn l" uf th t' , ,,; g ina l han

l~ ~kibl(' I>n to.>I h fan -... '11JCT(" k un t>h" I"us ~81l 01

w€'ar u" ell€' ("u lli n " t'd/t €'. ("haSt.'d rml v ll )' In l he­

n·n l...• \lr n llC fIM'Cll>tI It" " lp (If '".n hl("rOltlyph~nn11,.aH;u,,~; ~l ~q ' '' I ~, ..,.,...jh.l'' rm,. I - MIddk Klnll.drwnr".....,"' , ; I IIl".......JedAInnIll 'u .-I.-n fl:l h• R," Ol1: ...kh h ... .....U.IU. IHtt

"'~I,k I S I .11l.M.un' "I:ArS<"1lklll coppet".1""J'r:</, · (' u' Q4.q: l'h : ' I.I""o ; ::;n: < n ,1.o1;Ajt ;<l.u .1: f ..

n, \l" : ~II " l fll: Nl : n," I : Au , <''-')I : t'O ~ < 1),0 1:

As ' J --4; Zn : < " ,11.1n..r' <JI... q<ot,,, .... I: I q, .., n ·...-mn"lvW ...k ......e t ·olkrlironlRjl>l~arI,,~ ··Nn.. 1'

Allc-h{"aJ '<lmtlnr I n 4 I . ARa ln th lTt' Is sllJChl

mlo;.o;a IlJCnm"11 " f lh (" blndl n JC ·ho ll'S. 11wo Nad.:- Is<lll ll.. IMeL ly C"OfTodM.~ally Of) one roct'oa ndllw l"uHlnll edllc ll> eroded . The llfl(" tlf the hoft Is

d CflrJy pr l':'il'T\-'t"d In Ihe ("orr-W on prod u ("1 on on e

flirl· .

lJ~ :.. ;m. 4 2I" "rlIflAnll.~1 ~""llf(lfC\4

5 10 17

nal e: First Intermediate Period- Middle KingdomPrOVetlcl" ce: Unrecorded.MeaSllrt'mell(s: Length, 7.oc01; width a t bu tt. 1 1.7 cmW eighl: 2 17.\&h1Ult'ridl: Arsenica l copperil twlys;.s: e ll : 9 1.. J; Pb : 0 .0 30 ; Sn : < O.-ZO; A g : o ,o( )(): Fe.' :

f . l4; Sb: 0 .01:0; Ni: 0.0 I 0 ; Au: < 0 .0 I : Co: 0 .0 I 0 ;

As: J.Cj;ZII: < o.oz

Vatr of Acquisition: I 'j I ~Ril,Ii"" ,.n tllll" N n ll t'

52 PLATE 8

300 66Dale: Hrst ln term edrare Period- Middle KingdomProve"Qm:e: Un recordedMrasu relllfll lS: Length. 7.2c m: w id th at bu t t, II ..FmWeig/If : 2 (1.3g,\ lata ill J: Arsen ica l copperA."alysis: Cu: 9 8 .5: PO: D.O S ; Sn : < 0 . 2 0 ; Ag: 0 .01. 0; Fe:

0 .',60 ; Sb: 0 .0 ] 0; Ni: 0 .01 0 ; Au : < 0.0 1: Co: < u. i :

As; 1.6 ; Zn: < 0 .0 2

Val' of Aftl"i sit io,,: I B'j8Bibliography : None

Axe-hea d with slightly less rounded blade tha nlast and thinner in section. It ha s a sing le binding­hole. centra lly positioned near the bu tt . The buttis more or less straight. The piece is lightly cor­roded. and the line of the haft is preser ved. TheCUlling edge was never sharpened and shows nosigns of wear.

Comment (35-50)All the known full-size examples of thi s fonn arcrelati vely sma ll and lightweight . suggesting th atthe type was developed to functi on as a battl e-axe.a view supported by the chemical composition ofthe ana lysed axes. a ll the functional examples ofwh ich arc ma de of bron ze or of coppe r with arelatively high percentage of ar senic.1 The for mlooks very mu ch like an impro ved variant of axeslike 24-6 of the previous type . th e provision ofbind ing-holes ensuring greater hafting-secur ity.

Over 50 full-size specimens ha ve su rvived. an dnearl y a third of these arc provenanced. the site ofDendera havin g been parti cularly fruitful in yield­ing eight examples.' all probabl y dat able to theI' ll' or early MK. Others have been excava ted atAbydos (probably FIP),' Beni Hasan (FlI' jearlyMK)" the vicinity of Meir (date un cert am ).' H6(MK),' Mostagedda (FIP/early MK).' and Qau (1'11'/earl y MK).' In addition. stone models of th e form,one un usu ally bearing a decorative motif. arcknown from Dcir el-Bahrl (probably EleventhDynasty )' and again from Dcndera (probably FIPor ea rly MK). lO No example certainly earlier thanthe FIP or later than the Eleventh Dynasty has yetbeen attes ted. From the existing evidence it ap­pears th at the differing number of holes 11 and thevari ation in th e shape of the lugs are not signi­ticant in terms of dating. It sho uld be noted thatthe 'owner 's mark ' on the blade of 45 . of a typeothen vise found only on tools. is suspect. as is thegrou p of hieroglyph s on 43 . Despite the dispropor­tionate len gth of the haft of 4:;. however . th ere is

8. QR. I. 59. pis. xxx vlll. 15. a nd xIIi. now Hartlepool. " AGM.I I l' 7 1x. Anothe r. unpublished. axe of the sa me ty pe. alsofrom Qau . wa s presented by Petrie to th e Pin RiversMuseum tCal. VII. ' 53. al ln ' 9 24 .

9 . fi ve in all. of hmeston e. from Winlock's excavations: Cairo.JE, 1870- 1 an d New Yor k. MMA. 27.3.62-4 . One of rhese .AlMA. 27 .3.n]. bea rs a cr ud e incised sketch of a fem alegazelle suckling her you ng .

10 . Cairo. IE 4 6 27 1., from Fisher 's excava tions . Iy I b . m ad e ofslate.

I I . Two or three holes are norm al. Another specimen with nlnclike our no. 471 s Ce neve. MAIl. O. 10 ° 7: see Gua rneri.Indem lol and Chappaz, Genava 29 1198 I). Y4. no. 15.

11. . Twenty-t wo are listed by K·Rg.. I J 3- 4 . P 15- 16 [no te th a tP ) 8 is Paris . Lou vre, E. 11 21 0 and P .l71 s Cairo . JE88 128 ). Three ot hers can beadded: Detroit . IA. 7.1·1q ..J­(sea ted monk ey. un pu blish ed ); Let deu . RMO. F 19 56/1 .1.[th e god 11~: see Eg. OIlJh,id. 71 -2. no. 57) andCambridge. MAA. II (FB '4 2) (two ankh-signs .unpublished ].

I I . Phil adelph ia . 11M.E. 16 18 and 3foW. from Fish er 'sexcav ations. publ ished by K·Eg.. pis. xxiv. J . and xx. l ; seealso Scepter, il. 1.1.I . n. 6. Anoth er o f these axe s. Cairo. JE]: 2100. comes from Dendera . from Petrie's excava tions, bu tthere is no information as to con te xt. It is pu blished by K~

Eg.. pl. xx. 4 .J4 . New York. MM A , .l6.7 ,M34 : see Scepter . it. l. J 1, fig. 12.6,

lower middle .15· See Fischer. zAs 10 5 (19 7M). 51. n. 57.lfo. See K-Eg.• 84 -5.17. Ipi. (Cairo. JE pI Y4 an d Munich , SSAK 1554). nestling

(East Berlin. AM. 204 5foand Lelpaig. AI. 19 52): see K-Eg ..6 7-8 and 74 - fo .

18. London . Dt'. JOO7J (TW. pi. iv. 11M): New York . MMA.p.8.8 (Sapte r.li. 18-yJ; and RU:i1. (1 9lJ) . 40 .101460,present locati on unknown.

19· London. DC. ~O() 7 1 (the blade ls very thi n a nd no attem ptwas made to sharpen the culling end j anti New York. MMA.] 2.8. 8 fa model crudd y cu t ou r of thin sheet met al).

2.0. from Reisner' s excavation s. cemetery 10 0 . lomh 44 5. nowBerkdey.I.\lA. fo- I 31>98 .

21 . See Arr of Warfim·. I. 60 ; '; .£9. 46 . Th e Iypol ugy and dati ngof the fenestrat ed types a re discussed by Maxwell-Hyslop., .. " " • • "" ... \ . . .. . . , t · ( \0-, . ... 7 rl PII Q ... , ... ..... \ . . ...

53 PLA TE I{

SEGM ENTAL

mll~IS

; », l.\~~,l~~~·~'; l t:; " 'i·i : ~~ ' ~, ; ~: I~\ U I:~'J .~ ~ \; J ~' ~';l~ h:t~i(~'~; ,present loca tton unknown.

19 . Lon don . lJC. 30073 (th e blade Is very th in a nd no att emptwa s made to sharpe n the cutt ing end) and New Yor k. MMA,J z.B.H (a model cru dely cut out of th in shee t me ta l).

20. From Reisner's excavations, cemetery 10 0 . tomb 4 4 5. no wBerkeley. !M A. 6-1369 8 .

2 1. See Arl of lVarfare. i , 60 : K-E9. 46 . The typo logy and dat ingof th e fenestrated types are discussed by Maxwell-Hyslop.Iroq I I ( 1949 ). I ' 9 - 2 J; Oren . ZDPV 8 7 (19 7 1). 1 / 3- 5and 133 - 5: Dever , BASOR 2 17 (1975), 30 - 1; Tu bb. Levan!15 (£ 983). 59 . Note that thr ee 'eye ' axes were discovered inthe FIPj Ml.:: cem etery a t Korn el-Hisn. all now in Cairo. IE86 9 10. 8 747 8. TR 7/4 /46/ J : see Hamada and El-Amlr,AS.i E 46 ( 19 47 ), 10 7. pI. xxxt. top right , and Hamada andEarid . •i SAE 46 (19 47), 19 8. pl. Ivl: and ano ther at Qau.now Cambridge, MAA. 36 (24 .94 4 . a). u npubl ished. fromtomb 6 2 2 .

5 10:!.4Date: First Intermediate Period - Middle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMe<l.",remerllS: Length , 7.5 cm: width at bull . 11·5cmWeigltt: 27J.2g

,"'<llerial: Arsenical copperAnalysis: Cu: 93 .5: Pb: 0 .2 00: Sn : < 0 .20 : Ag: 0 .010: Fe:

0 .3 20: Sb : 0 .0 40: Ni: 0 .010: Au: < 0 .0 1: Co: < 0 .0 1:As: 3.6 : Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: 1912

Bibliography: None

Axe- head with round segmen t-shaped blade lessdeepl y cu rved th an the blades of th e previou s type.It has hooked lugs a nd three even ly-spac ed bin d­in g-h oles. The butt is ver y sligh tly con vex. Th epiece is th ickly corr oded. and in th e co rrosionproduct around th e cutting end the imp ress ofwoven fabr ic is preserved. Traces of th e origi na lwooden haft and leather binding also survive.Metallographic an alysis has sho wn th at th e axe.after initial working a nd annealing. was finall ysub mitted to heavy cold workin g. A high hardn ess

value was recorded for th e cutti n g edge.

5 1 0 19

Date: First Intermediate Period - Middle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length. 6.9c m; width at butt. It . j cmWeighl: 23 3·9SMaterial: Arsenical copperAnalysis: Cu: 93. 2 : Pb: 0 .250: Sn: 1.40: Ag: 0 .040: Fe:

0.170: Sb: 0 .0 80 : Ni:0. 0 20 : Au: < 0 .01 : Co: < (1.0 1:As: 1.8 : Zn: < 0 .02

Date oj Acquisition: I') I 2

Bibliography: None

35

PI-ATE 8

PLATE 8

55

545 10 1 3Dale: First lntenn ediate Period - Middle KingdomProvena1lce: Unrecorded/\ 1etls u rc.'lUt'n t...: Len gth. 7 .2CIll ; widt h a t bu tt , 11.0 em

Weiglll: 13 1.4 gMalerial: Arsenical copperAnalys is: en : 95. 7; Ph: 0 . 180 : Sn: < 0 . .2. 0; Ag: 0 .( '.\0 ; Fe:

o. r i o: Sb: o. I 20; Ni: 0 .020 : Au : 0.0 2.0; Co: < 0 .0 I ;

As: J .9: Zn: <0.2Dale oj ,1cquisiUon: 1912Bibliogrdphy: None

Axe- he ad similar to 5 2 . but wi th very th in blad e.It has three large bindi n g-h oles, whi ch arc U I1­

eve nly spaced a nd badl y misalign ed. The holeswere rou gh ly dr illed . The axe has been cleaned ofco rr osio n prod uct. and is in good condition . Therea re a number of small cracks a ro u nd the cen tra lhole. The cu ll in g end was shaped by hamm er in gan d grinding but was not fu lly sharp en ed . Thereare no signs of wea r.

~J~'tI~U~:';: I~J1~ :: · -l~ I~!).· · 7 .0 l'm ; width il l Ull l~ 1·7n n

Weight: 2 17.,3 gMareria!: Arsenical copperIlnalysis: Cu: 9 2. 3: Pb: 0. 0 30 : Sn: < 0 .20 : Ag: 0 .00 0 : Fe:

1.3 4 : Sb: 0 .020: Ni: 0 .010: Au: < 0 .0 1; Co: 0 .0 10;

As: 3.9: Zn: < 0. 0 2lJ<,le oj Acqllisilion: 19 I 2

Bibliography: None

Axe-head a lmos t semi-circular in sha pe. Th e bu ttis very slightly concave. The re are three lar gebinding-h oles. which are a little misali gn ed. The

piece ha s been cleaned of corrosion product. Th ecu tting edge is eroded a nd has a sma ll cra ck onone face. The butt is slightly chip ped in th reeplaces. The pattern of co rrosion a long th e butt

preserves th e line of the haft.

PLATE 8

Segmental Forms (51-67)

51

I . See pages 99- I 0 0 .2 . Five. a ll un publi shed. from the Coxe expedit ion of 191 6 :

Philadelph ia. UM, 29-65-624. 629. 6 3" 6J2. and 6 Jj: andthree from the ea rlier work of Petrie (see P. Dend.• 26 . pI.xx ], one of wh ich Is Oxford. PRM. Cat. H. 14. a nd anot herChicago , 01. 4 7 [ 9 (no w missing) .

J - TC. 6. pl. v. 25 , now Man ch ester . UM. 6 79 2-4. BC. 215 , no. 97, III(see MocGrtgur (1 922 ). 153 , lot [ [ 6 9 ),

now IlInnlngham. CM. W 5920. and Be. 242. no . 8 54 .'Bro nze shield-sha ped 1001'.now Oxford, Ash., E.2295: seealso BC. [ 6 I. fig. t 64 , tig ht. for a mod el of a soldier holdinga bat tle-e xe, possibly of the same ty pe.

5. Kama l. ASAE[3(19[3). [ 6 3. flg. 7·6. DP. pI. xxvII: Su p" r. l, 282 . fig. 18 5. New York. MMA,

99. 4 . 14.7. Mos!.. 108. pl. lxlI. 4 (whe re the binding -holes. blocked by

corr osion. a re omitted) an d Ixvli. 1 2 . the Conner now WestBertin. AM. 229P. the laner Catro.Jk 5 2937 .

. been attested . Frol(jp.he existing eVidenG it a p­pears that th e differing number of holes' l and thevariation in th e shape of the lug s are not sign i­ficant in ter ms of dating. It sho uld be noted th atth e 'owner's mark' on the blade of 45. of a typeotherwise found on ly on tool s. is su spect . as is th egroup of hierogl yph s on 43. Despite th e dispropor­tionate length of th e haft of 45 . how ever. th ere isno reason to doubt that blad e and haft belongtog ether.

Open work axes like 49-50 ar e clearly orna­mental vers ions of th is light type of battle-axe.th ough. unlike their fun ctional exemplars. th eyexh ibit a variety of hafting devices. Of the largenumber of kn own examples (25 in all)" th ree ar eindependently dated, namely tw o excavated a tDendera 1 J from FIP or ea rly MK con texts andon e" which . th ough unproven anced . bear s aninscription datable on palaeographic gro un ds toth e FIP." Alth ough such axes were not designedto be usabl e in the ordinar y sense , they ar eunlikely to ha ve been purely decorative: the irmotifs. whi ch in mo st cases are explicitly rel igiou sin nature. suggest th at they we re meant to servean apotropaic or amu letic Iunc tion.!" The mot ifson 49-50. in one case figuring the pro tec tivedeity Ipi, in th e other a nestling, probably to beint erpreted as a ma n ifesta tion of Horus-t he-ch ild,a re pa rall eled in seve ra l othe r cases.1 7

Axes wit h simple a pertures in their blades ar crare by comparison . Apart from 48 . four othersare kno wn. Three of these a re unproven en ced;"tw o being non -funct ional." The fourth , a fun c­tional a nd used spec imen . wa s exc a vated at Nag aed-l:>er' U from a co ntext which may well date toth e FIP and is cer ta in ly no lat er tha n th e MK.Within this small corpus 48 . wh ose ga rbled in­scri ptio n is almos t certa inly a modern addition. isunique in having bind ing -holes in additi on tolugs. It has been sugges ted th at th e apertures areimitation s of th e 'eyes' to be found in th e contem­porary Asiatic fenestrat ed axes."

81;'1 Y ~l. j U.. l li l Lhl ) l \-J!"l V d l 'U Il J ~) d i r c , lIH." 11l.l l u . d Jl..

haft being clearly preserved. Remains of linen arealso preserved in the corr osion product. Metallo­grap hic analysis has produced very similar resultsto those for 51.

56 PLAT E 8

68874Date: Flrst Intermedia te Period - Middle Kingd omProvenance: Unrecord edMellSurrments: Leng th . b .s cm: width at butt . t o .fi crnWeight: 195.2 gMaterial: Arsenic al coppe rAnalysis: Cu: 9 8.0 : Pb: 0 .150: Sn: 0 .10 : Ag: 0 .070 : Fe:

0 .040: Sb: 0. 0 30 : Ni: 0.030: Au: < o.o r : Co: < o.oi:

As: 2.4 : 20 : < 0 .0 1: Bi: < 0 .0 1Date oj Acquisition: 19 78 (Forrnerly Wellcom e Collection )Bibliography: Non e

Axe-head very similar to 55 . th ough the holes aremore regu lar ly positioned and th e butt is slightlyconvex. It is quite thickly corroded. especially onthe sides an d at th e cutt ing end. To judge from thelittle of it th at may be seen . the edge was neverfully sha rpened.

51014

Dale: First Int erm edia te Period - Middle KingdomProvenance: UnrecordedMellSurements: Length . 6 .1em: width a t bu tt. 10 . I emWeight: 204 gMaterial: Arsenica l copperAnalysis:Cu: 94 .0 : Pb: o.obo: Sn: < 0 .20: Ag: 0 .0 20: Fe:

0 .680: Sb: 0 .0 40: Ni: o .o t o: Au: < 0 .0 1: Co: < o .o r:As: 2.6: 20 : < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: I 9 I 2

Bibliography: Non e

Axe-head almo st iden tical in form and conditionto last. though th e three binding-holes are mis­aligned an d the blade is more thick ly corr oded atthe cutting end . The line of the haft is clearlypreserved. and at least one of the holes cont ainsremnants of the original binding. Resul ts ofmetallogra phic ana lysis arc similar to th ose for

51. 55 and 57 ·

51 0 16

Dale: First Inte rm ediat e Period - Middle KingdomProwwnce: Unrec ord edMellSuremetlts: Leng th . 6.2 5em: width at butt. 9 .7 cmWeight: 200.6 gMaterial: Arseni cal copperAnalysis: Cu: 9 3.2 : Pb: 0 . r 60 : Sn : < 0 .20 : Ag: 0 .010: Fe:

1.10: Sb: 0 .040: Ni: o.or o : Au : < o.o r : Co: < 0 .0 1:As: 2.5: 20 : < 0 .0 2

Date ~r Acquisition: 1912Bibliography: Non e

Axe-head very similar to 55 and 56 . The butt isstraight and the holes are well spaced. The piece islightly corroded. remains of the wooden haft beingpreserved in th e corrosion produ ct at one of thecorners. Small remnants of the binding alsosurv ive in two of the holes. The cutting edge wasnever fully sharpened. Result s of metallographicanaly sis are similar to th ose for 5 I and 55.

6 3 PLAT£$

30 083Date: Middle Kingd omProvenance: Unrecorde dMeasurements: Blade: length . ab out 6 .5 em: wic

butt. I r.zcm .Hart : length. 7S .5 cm : max. diabout j .o cm

Weight: (of ax e and ha rt combined ) 426. 5gMaterial: Blade : arsen ical copper. lI aft : wood . ZAnalysis: Cu: 9 7.0 : Pb: 0 .0 20: Sn : < 0 .20 : Ag:

0 .290: Sb: 0 .0 30 : Nl: o.o r o : Au : < 0 .0 1: CoAs: 2 .7: 20: <0.3

Date oj Acquisition: 18 98Bibliography: lIis!. ~r Technology. l, 68 8 . fig. 48 ;

Furniture in the Ancient World. 29 6 . fig. 4 58:Kunstlwndwerk. 26 8 . fig. 24 J.

Axe-h ead with original wooden ha ft at

ferrule. The axe is similar in shape to 6 I

bu t th e blade is thinner and there are f(ing- holes. whi ch are misaligned. Thehooked. The axe has been cleaned of (product and is in good condition. thoughsmall surface imperfection s. The cuttnthough thi nner th an is normal for this tYIvery sha rp. It is very slightly indentedpossibly as a resu lt of use. The ha ft can :straight cylindrical piece of wood. whiclcracked at various points along its lengthbottom end of wh ich is missing. The blad.a slit at the top end of the haft and is aheld fast by an adhesive app lied in modelOrigin ally. it would ha ve been secured bytied around the haft over the lugs and thr .perforation s. The orig inal binding . nowhas left a clear impression on the wood . Tthe haft is pro tected by a me tal cap . whichea vily corroded and damaged but whicor iginally have resembled the cap on 6The marks of binding on the wood lndirthere was no lower ferrule in th is case.1 Rbon a na lysis has dat ed the ha ft to 18 70 :fThere is no reason to doubt th at the axebelong together.

I . CL Tarkh .. L pI. vi. 12 -1 J. now Cairo, IE4 401 I : a31 . pl. XX\'i.

U IIl e; I-' I r ~ l lI 11L'f1l1cl .lla lL' l-'L'npl.l - ,\ l li..h.lh: I'\.IIl ~u

PrO\'l'1wncc: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length . 6 .3 cm : width at butt ,Weight: 21 3.2 gMaterial: Arsen ica l copperAm.lysis: Cu: 9 5.9 : Pb: 0 .0 70 : SlI: < 0 .20 : Ag:

0 .380: Sb: 0. 0 30 : Ni: o.o r o: Au : < 0 .0 1: C,As: 1.3: Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: 19 12Bibliography: Non e

Axe-head similar to 61 but with angularthree binding-holes are slightl y misallgthere is an abandoned drill-hole just ,central perforation . The piece was qui:corroded before clean ing. One face bearsof very ligh tly incised ma rks. th e other asurface cracks and faults resulting fromcess of ma nufacture. There ar c also snand fault s in the cutting edge.

PLATE 9

PLATE 9

61

Vi/lt ': h roSl I llll'W ll'01£iI.t' h..'n \hJ - .\ lUj l1lt: l\.lIl g 0 111T1

PrO\'cnam..'t·; UnrecordedMeasurements:Length. 5.6 ern: width a t bu tt . 9 .8 cmWeight: 177 .1 gIIlaterial: Arsen ica l copperAnillysis: Cu: 94 .4 : Pb: 0 .130: Sn: < 0 .20: Ag: 0 .0 10 : Fe:

0. 340: Sb: 0. 0 20: Ni : 0.0 40: Au: <0.0 1: Co:< 0 .0 10 : As: 2.9: Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: 1899Bibliography: None

Axe-head very similar to 57 and 58. The binding ­holes are slightly misaligned as on 58 . The piece islightly patinated and corrosion ha s damaged th esides an d the cutting edge.

12 536Ddle:First Intermediate Period - Middle Kingd omProvenance: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length . 5-4ern: width a t butt. r 0. 2 cmIVeight: 19 5.7 gMaterial: Arsenical copperAnalysis: Cu: 95 .3 : Pb: 0 .110: Sn: < 0 .20 : Ag: 0 .0 30: Fe:

0. 130: Sb: 0 .0 50: Ni: 0 .010: Au: <0.0 1: Co: <o.or:As: 2.2 : Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: 1883Bibliography: Budge. Archaeologia 53 (18 9 2) . 9 1.

Axe-head almost semi-circular in shape. The threebinding -holes are slight ly misaligned. The piece isquite thickly corroded on one face. and the line ofthe haft is preserved. Remnants of th e bindingsurvive in th e holes. Traces of a black resin ou ssubstan ce adhere to the sides. The cutting edgewas never sharpened but shows sign s of use.Metal!ograph ic analysis ha s produce d resultssimilar to those for 51.55. 57 and 58 .

60

1 . Petrieand Wolfmistakenly assumed that the ferrules werecast in one piece with the axe.

z. The method is well shown on an axe In East Berlin. Mi.1077 9: see K-Ey.. pI. ix. I.

67484Date: Flrst Intermediate Period - Middle King domProvenance: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length . 6.3cm: width a t butt . 1 1. 5cmWeight: 230 gMaterial: BronzeIinalysis: Cu: 86 .5: Pb: 0 .50 : Sn: r o.6 : Ag: 0 .1 70 : Fe:

0. 0 90 : Sb: 0 .0 50: Ni: O. IOO: Au: < 0 .0 1: Co: < o .o r :As: 1.7: Zn: < 0 .0 2

Date oj Acquisition: 190 9 (Forme rly Greenw ell Collection)Bibliography: Budge . Archaeologia 53 (1 892 ). 94. pI. i i ,

fig. 6: Til' . 8. pl. Ii, 70: BewaJJnung. 35. pI. 2 . 6: K-Eg..I04. El l 1.

Axe-head similar to 59 . th ough th e holes are wellspaced and aligned and are relatively small. Twocylindrical ferrules are corroded. in their origin alposition . on to the ends of the bu tt. ' The capped.upper ferrule is split down the rear and at th e top.and th e lower ferrule is similarly damaged justbeyond th e lug. Both the axe an d th e ferru les arethickly corroded. The ferrules bear th e clear im­pression of the original binding . the width of thesemark s indicating that the thong in each case waswound aro und the ferrul e several times.' and th eline of the haft is preserved along the butt of theaxe. Unusually. the butt appear s to have beenslightly bevelled.

PLATE 8

PLATE 8

58

57

1\

~

~

rl!)

ri

fIj

D

it

I»

II36

•

"

2

I ~ , now Cairo. JE4 4 0 I 1: and HKAS.

It

-n gth . about 6.5ern: width atength. 75.5cm: max. diameter.

Comment (SI -6j)The segmenta l axes - both the (circular shapes. such as 51-64. a:shallower variants. such as 65-6first appearance. llke the previous ro tthe First Intennediate Period. I A Ianexta n t examples is kn own. Nearlv .exca vated from cemetery sites thro .and Nu bia and as many again of lJ

venance, including 51 -66, are comous museum collections. No fewspecimens. covering the range ordiscovered at the ill-published siteHisn.' Erron eou sly dated to the ~

mediate Peri od by the excavators. 'has been convincingly sho wn to be l'

FIr with some MK) by BruntonAnother important group of four . a llvariety . da ting to th e late FIP/early 1\a t Sheikh Far ag by Reisner butremains unpublished.' Othe rs of I ,

beens discovered at Aniba (MK am:IMK).' Bersha (MK).· Dishna (MK).ea rly MKV o Hii (FIP)." Kafr r AmnMK)." Kenna {MK)." K6m Firintion ).':' Kubanieh {MK )." Qau (FIr(FIP/MK)." and Tar khan (FIP/MKl.provenanced, 63 ca n be added to th .on the basis or th e radiocarbon anal :whi ch places it rou gh ly in th e MiddIt is to be noted th at as yet onl y insite of Aniba. have examples certauthe Middle Kingdom in Egypt been d:

There can be no doubt that the s,fun ctio ned as a battl e-axe. Many orhave been found in association w i:pons." and th eir hafts are often ace.and 63 . with metal fixtures to ensihafting security and to serve asmour. 21 Representational evidencecoming from scenes in tombs and 01Middle Kingdom . where th e form ishands of soldiers (see pis. 37 and ;.2)" and is figur ed am ong military e:

The con siderab le widt h of 66 isexceptional. One of th e blad es l'iHisn is 31 ern wide and has 17but even th is is comforta bly exc.unprovenanced specimens . onewhi ch is 4 6 em wide and has 27the other in the Petri e Museu m.4 7 cm wide and ha s 28 holes.:" Th .on 62 are worthy of note. as hoalmost inv ariable with this type of a

The segme nta l va riety with aextremely rare. In addition to 6 7. t\\pies are kn own. both in the Pet rie 'a re purc has ed pieces and are in ation: their binding -holes are mod,butts have been filed. tho ug h onl ymen has notches. One of the Petri e ,\has an unfinished cutti ng end lll,other is bette r shaped with a thi nn cPetrie states that the ho les h ad bna tives 'hoping to improve specim .tion s similar examples 'ru ined by I

aw ay the blade to fonn a second IIIevidence for modern working on th

single projectin g lug. It ha s sevendrilled in modern times. Also mo.triangular notches in th e bu tt andalong th e butt's edges . which werefile. the marks of wh ich are clca rljcutting end was never worked to ;blade has been cleaned of corros ionface is light ly pitted .

PLATE 9

PLATE II

6j

66

6S PLATE 9

6 74 85Dale: First Interm ediate Period - Middle KingdomProvellance: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length. 5A cm: width at butt. 13.7cmWeight: 263.I gMalerial: BronzeAnalysis: Cu: 89.0: Pb: 1.55: Sn: 8.50: Ag: 0.010: Fe:

0.160: Sb: 0.010 : Ni: 0.020: Au: < 0.01; Co: < 0.01:As: 1.9: Zn: < 0.02

Date oj Acquisition: t 909 (Formerly Greenwell Collection)Bibliography: None

Axe-head similar to 64 . but with wider butt and arelatively shallow blade. Th ere arc five binding­holes. It is llgh tly corroded. The line of the haft ispartially visible. and some of the holes bear th eremains of th e original binding preserved in thecorrosion product. The cutting edge is not verysha rp and there is no clea r indicati on of wear.

300 74Date: First Intennediate Period - Middle KingdomProvrnance: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length. 6.7em: width at butt. 1 ] .9emWeight: 320.8 gMarerial: BronzeAnalysis:Cu: 87.0: Pb: 0.020; Sn: 12.2; Ag: 0.100: Fe:

0.140: Sb: 0.030: Ni: 0.030: Au: < 0.0 I : Co: < 0.01:As: 0.5; Zn: < 0.02

.'\2 580Dale: First Int ermed iate Period- Middle KingdomProvenallce: UnrecordedMeasurcmenrs: Length. 5.ocm; width at bu tt . 23.3cmWeighr: 323.2 gMaterial: BronzeAllalysis:Cu: 87.1: Pb: 1.72: Sn: < 9.90; Ag: 0.060: Fe:

0.090: Sb: 0.130: Nl: 0.020: Au; < o.o r: Co: < o.o r:As: 1.3: Zn: < 0.02

Date oj Acquisition: 1900Bibliography: Art oJWarJare. i. 146: K·Eg.. r05. E·lI8. pI.

lx, 3.

Axe-he ad similar to 65 but mu ch wider and witha very sha llow blade. It has 15 binding-ho les.whi ch are evenl y spaced but sligh tly misaligned ,The butt is very slightly concave. The axe hasbeen cleaned of corrosion product and is in goodcondition. th ough there is cons idera ble surfa ceabrasion on one face. Again. th e cutting edge isnot very sharp . and th ere are no definite signs ofwea r.

PrO\'t't lll tlCe: UnrecordedMeasurements: Length. 6.] em: width at butt. t 1.3cmWeig/It: 2l 5AgMaterial: Arsenical copperAlla/ysis: Cu: 94.2: Pb: 0.090: Sn: < 0.20: Ag: 0.020: Fe:

0.370: Sb: 0.060: Ni: 0.010: Au: < 0.01: Co: < 0.01:As: 3.1: Zn: < 0.02

Dalf oj AcquisitiOIl: 1898Bibliography: None

Axe-he ad similar to 63 with four binding-holesbut with th icker . slightly shallower blade. It isthickly corroded . and clea rly preserved in thecorrosion product is the impression of linen fabric.The line of th e haft is a lso visible. and each of theperforations bears remai ns of th e or igin al binding­thong. Metallographic analysis has ind ica ted th atafter casting the blade was worked and annealedand tha t the cutting edge was th e hardest part ofthe blade.

PLATFS 9 and 10e

8(hllology. i, 688. fig. 487. II ;'Il l World. 296. fig. 458: Ag.fig. 241.

~a l wooden ha ft and metal""ila r in shape to 61 and 62 .me r and there are four bind­:e misaligned. The lugs ar eis been cleane d of corrosion-d condition . though there ar erfections. The cutting edge.is normal for this type. is not

" slightly inde nted in part s.of use. The haft consi sts of apiece of wood. whi ch is nowoints along its length and th eis missing. The blade fits int oof the haft and is at present

sive applied in modern times.&\lVe been secur ed by a th ongover th e lugs and thr ough theiginal binding. now missing .-ssion on the wood. The top ofby a metal cap. which is nowd dam aged bu t which wou ldrnblcd the cap on 6 I above.• on the wood indic ate that~rule in th is case .' Radioca r­cd th e ha ft to 1870 ± 120 Be.

, doubt that the ax e and haft

.,

t combined)426.5g&, 'copper. Haft: wood. l iziphus sp.~20: Sn: < 0.20: Ag: 0.010: Fe:: 0.010: Au: < 0.01; Co: < o.o r:

6 1 but with an gular lugs. Theare sligh tly misaligned. and

'ned drill-hole just above theThe piece was quite thi ckly

e n g. One face bears a numberd mark s. the other a pa ttern offaults resulting from th e pro­e, There ar c also small holesling edge.

. j l' r ll ll i - 1\ 11LlU Jl' hll lg LllJ llI

dh.3cm: width at butt. I I. 30m

.per0.070 : Sn: < 0.20: Ag: 0.020: Fe:

. ,.010: Au: < 0.01: Co: < 0.01:

•

•

PLATE I I

J: Pb: 0.020: Sn: 12.2: Ag: 0.100: Fe:~ Ni: 0.030: A u : < 0.01: Co: < 0.0 1;.,) ~

mediate Period - Middle Kingdom-ecordedl.ength. 5.4 em: width at butt. 13.7em

37

. ' • • " .. " ~ . {"'o' , •• •

1. It has bee n sugg ested that the for m is depicted in ahle roglyph of th o Sixth Dynasty (see K-E9. 22 and 122 . R' 4.ba sed on Fischer. /NES 18 (1 9 59 ). , 69 . fig. ' 5: see alsoFukhrv. ASAE 4 ( 1194 7). 26 . pl. v. 21bu t the represe n ta tionin question is too small and is no t de ta iled enough for thereto be any cert ai nty as to the precise type of axe.

z . Ham ada and El -Arntr, ASAE 4 6 ( 194 71. 10 7. pl. xxxi. upper.from left to r ight. Cairo. jE 86909 . 8 69 12. 8 69 1.J and8 6 9 I 6 : Hamada and Fend. ,ISA/; 46 (19 471. ' 98. pl. lvl.top. Cairo. IE 87 480. end left. Ce tro. jg 87 4 i7. and centrertght . Cairo . TR 7/4 /4 6/ 2: Ham ada and Farid . ASAE4 8(1 948 1. 30 L pl. vii. cen tre left, Calro. IE 8 79 90 . an d centr oti ght. Cairo. IE 8 799 1. Others not published in these report ,are : Cairo. )E 869 1 L 87471 . 8 74 7 5. 88 790 and TR 18/4 144 / 3. a-e. A number of tbes e are listed in K·Eg .. 104 -5 .under th eir Cairo Museum exhibition numbers. sometimeswrongly given ,

3. See Hamada an d EI-Amir. op. cit.. , I I . followed by K-E9..3 3·

4 · Bru nton . ASAE 4 6 (1 9 4 7). 14 3-5 : Tufnell and Ward . SWla4 3 1'9( 6 ). ' 0 5- 6 ; Egyp l and til, E. M,d. World. 55:w etnstetn. JARC/; 11 II 97 51.1 05 . n . 6: Cities oj til, Delta. I.83: Mirrors, 1.1.2 - 3 ·

5· Sheikh Farag exc. nos . ' 3-3- rj, ' 3-3-5 L r3-3- 13 5 and13' 3-185. The first an d fourth ar e Boston . MFA. 13· J5 71a nd J 3,3 i 25 respectivel y. The second and th ird are Cairo.IE 44 602-3 .

6. An/ba l. '14. pl. 70 . 5. 6 . and 10 IcL C-Gruppe. 11 1.II / b/'J.pl. 131. The first is Cairo. IE 6; .80. th o seco nd is Leipzig.AM. 4698 . th o th ird Is Leipzig . AM. 46 9 7 1th< last tw o arecited in Ag. M U.I. Ltip'ig . 34 . nos. 4 9112 and 24 1.

7. Kamal. ASAE. 16 1191 6 1. 10 8 . no . 13;. r. now carro. Is44 984 : also possibly op. cit. q 7. no . 11 9. and t o r. no. 126 .

8 . Daressy. ASAE I 1190 0 ). 18 . fig. 2. now Cairo. IE 32858.9 . Ph tladel phla. UM. E 103 6 . from Pettie' s excaveno ns. 1894 ­

5. unpublished.10 . Gurob, 7 , pl. xli. 74. sent 10 Charleston according to th e

distributi on list on p. 2 7.J I . DP. 4 1. pl. xxxii. I and xxvil . 16 2 . The axe is Oxford. Ash ..

E. 1791 a nd its fitt ings ar e Ash.. E. 178 8 - 9° .11. HKAS. 32. pl. xxvi .T3. Ku ma vi. 14 8 and t 99 . pl. xl. c. 1;3. now Boston . MFA.

Kerrn a 16 -4 -1 528 .14. Ca iro. TR 14 /4 / 5.J/ 9 . excavated by th e Egyptian An tiquit ies

Orga n lzatic n in 19 50 . unpublished .15. Kub.-Nord. 11 3. pl. 2 3. 2 7. no w Vienn a . KM. 71 90 . which .

int erestingly. was a ttched to its haft by means of wir e loops.a technique par a lleled in an u nprove nenced axe of the sametype . Brussels. ~m. E. 5 59 .J.

16 . QB.I. 59. pis. xxxvili. '3. and xUI. TWs Is assigned to UCL inth e distri bu tion list but I have not been able to Identtlv It inthe Petri e Museum's collection . .

17· GR. '4. pis. xII and xlll. 3 and 4· PI. xIIi. 3 . is Phtl adelphla.UM. E 29 0 0: pI. xii. left (pl. xui . 4 1is un located: and pl. xii.ti ght. is Bristol. CM. H. ' 0 54 .

18. Tarkll. i. 23 . pl. vi. 1 J- 1~. now Cairo . IF. 4 40 11.

19. See below, pages 126-7·20 . See AnUm L I I S (N 4 8 7). pI. 70 . I . da gger found with axe

pl. 70, 5: and OR. i . pl. xxxvlli. 5. da gger with axe no. I ,~ .

Also . severa l of the Kern el-Hisn axe s w'ere found withwe apon s. It is not easy to make direct correlanons from th epu blished reports (cited in n . 2) but some inform at ion ca n begleaned from th e ent ries in th e Journal d 'Ertl ree of the Ca iroMuseum . From th ese it emerges that ax es IE 869 12. S6y I 3.87 47) and 8748 0 were fou nd with dag gers JE 80 q I q .869'0 .8747 6 and 97 481 respect ively : tha t axe)E 8799 1was fou nd with a dag ger IE 87 98 9 an d a spear IE 8 799 2:and tha t axe IE 88790 was fou nd with a sword IE 88 78 9.

2 1. Over hal f of th e Kern el-Hlsn axes wer e so acco utred .som e o f th em pub lished in Ham ad a a nd El-Amir. ASAE 40(I q..:l71. pl . xxxt. There ar e many other examples from AnibaHu. Kafr -Amrnar. O<iu. Rifeh . Ter kh an rseethe refs.und er the se nam es above I, to which can beadded theu nprovenanced specimens Cambridge. Ff\.'l . E. 14 . 1950. EastBerlin , AM. 1077Y. and Swanse a . WM. W-.:;S2 (for the lasttw o see K-Ei/.. pl. ix , I. and Nash. PSIlA 14 119 12 1. .J 5. pl. I.6 11.

2.2 . 8M 754. 7 .~2 a nd 729 are a ll from Deir el-Bahn. th ela tter tw o published in Xliii UUt!. Temple. i. pl. xil. B. and xiv.U; see also ibid. pl. xtv, H, no", in Geneva : h ·Eg.. I 23. R 1 J .

ct. BM 161R, previousl y pu blish ed in HT. v. pis. 1- 2. is a lsoof tho Eleventh Dynas ty . Other posstble representati on s ofth e type are to be foun d in RH. Ii. pis. v a nd X\ ' (I\. £q.. 1.14 .R 2 J and ' 4 . c) and J"j-jti. j. pis. 14 a nd 17 and faltkart e 2­3

2.1. See M el r , i. pl.Hl: $arcopll a{1 fs. Lpis. xvli. xl. fig, I Cf 8: andpossibly RM. pl. xxtv. Th ese are K-Ei/.. 124-6 . R ,6. b. 39 .b. 4 0 . b. and 4Y·

24 . Cairo. IE8 6y 16 1"'" n . 2 abo ve].25. W. 58 2 tsee n . 21 above ).26. OC wit hout no.2i . n\'. 7- 8. pI. ii i. 1 1 J and I I ~ . lie. .~ (lOhq and 30070.28. TIl '. 7-8 .2 y . Th e result s of ana lysis of th e lIC axe:-an> given below . pa~f'

I l l.

Th eir chemical composition (two are made ofbronze. the other of copper)" is compatible with adatin g in the Middle King dom . but it is not impos­sible that they are mod ern recast s out of an cientmet al.

••.• ~ " "" '''' ' ~ ' '' 'e>.Il .. .) .. . .. I· .. lI 1"U.(l. • •• • ::>1 1111 ' 1.. I I ,lI . (.

Comment (51- 6 7)The segmental axes - both the deeper. semi­circ ular sh apes. such as 5 I - 64 . and the widershall ower varia nt s. such as 6 5- 6 - make theirfirst appearance. like the previous rounder type. inthe First In termediate Period. ' A large quantity ofextant examples is known. Nearl y 30 have beenexcav ated from cemetery sites throughout Egyptand Nubia and as many again of unk nown pro­venance. including 5 I - 66 . ar e conta ined in vari ­ous museum collections. No fewer than 14specimens, covering the ra ng e of shapes. werediscovered at the ill-publi shed site of K6m el­Hisn.? Erron eou sly dat ed to th e Second Inter­medi at e Per iod by the excavators. J their contexthas been convinclng ly shown to be ea rlier (large lyFIP with som e MK) by Brunton and others.'Another import ant group of four . all of the deepervariety , dating to the late FIP/early MK. was foundat Sheikh Farag by Reisner but unfortunatelyrem ains unpublished. ' Oth ers of the type havebeens dtscovered at Aniba (MK and SIP)" Asyu:(MK).' Bersh a (MK).' Dishna (MK),' Gur ob (FIP/earl y MK),' OHu (FIP)." Kafr <Ammar (FIP/ ear lyMK )." Kenna (MK) ." K6m Firin (no informa­tion )." Kubanieh (MK)." Qiiu (FIP/MK).I. Rifeh(FIP/ MK)." and Tarkha n (FIP/MK),18 Though un ­provenanced . 63 can be added to the dated corpuson the basis of the radiocarbo n an alysis of its haft.which places it roughly in the Middle Kingdom."It is to be noted that as yet on ly in Nubia, at thesite of Aruba. have examples certain ly lat er thanthe Middle Kingd om in Egypt been discovered.

There can be no doubt that the segmental typefun ctioned as a battle- axe. Many of the specimensha ve been found in association with othe r wea ­pon s.' 0an d their hafts ar e often accoutred. like 6 I

and 63. with metal fixtur es to ensure maximumhafting secur ity and to serve as protectiv e ar­mour." Representational evidence is also forth­coming from scenes in tomb s and on coffins of theMiddle Kingdom . where the form is shown in thehand s of soldiers (see pis. 37 and 38 . figs. I and2)" and is figured among milit ary equipmen t."

The considerable width of 66 is by no meansexceptional. One of the blades from Korn el­Hisn is 31 ern wide an d has 17 perfor ation s."but even th is is comfort ably exceeded by twounprovenanced specimens . on e in Swa nsea,whi ch is 4 6 cm wide and has 27 perfor ation s."the other in the Petri e Museum , which is over47 cm wide and ha s 28 holes.> The an gular lugson 62 are worth y of note. as hooked lugs arealmos t invari able with this type of axe.

The segmenta l variety with a single lug isextremely ra re. In addition to 6 7. two other exam ­ples are known. both in the Petri e Museum ." Allare purchased pieces and are in a similar condi­tion : the ir bindin g-holes are modern and theirbutts hav e been filed. thoug h only th e BM speci­men has not che s. One of the Petrie Museum piecesha s an unfin ished cutting end like 67 but theother is better shaped with a th inn er cutting edge.Petr ie states that the holes had been added bynativ es 'h oping to improve specimens' and men­tion s similar examples 'ruined by natives cuttingaway the blade to form a second lug', 28 The cleareviden ce for modern work ing on the three known

single pro ject ing lug. It has seven perforati ons.drilled in modern times. Also modem are thetriangular notches in the butt and the bevellingalong the but t' s edges. wh ich were mad e with afile, th e marks of which are clearly visible. Thecutting end was never worked to an edge. Theblade ha s been clean ed of corrosion product. Oneface is ligh tly pitted .

PLATE 9

PLATE 9

IJ

e

lar to 65 but mu ch wider and withII' blade. It ha s I 5 bindin g-holes.'nly spaced but sligh tly misa ligned .cry slight ly concave. The axe ha se :orrosion product and is in good,ugh there is considerable surfacenc face. Again. the cutt ing edge is,. and there arc no definite signs of

! diate Period - Middle Kingdomecordedc ngth , ) .oem: width at butt. 23.3em

llar to 64 . but ' with wider butt and a11011' blade. There are five binding­htly corr oded. The line of th e haft isI) and some of th e holes bear thee original bind ing preserved in theduct. The cutting edge is not veryre is no clear indication of wear.

rediate Period - Middle Kingdomcorded· 1I ~th . 6.7em: width at butt. 13.'Jem

"I»Pb: 1.55: Sn: 8·50: Ag: 0.010; Fe:tH O: Ni: 0 .0 20: Au: < o.o r: Co: <0.0 1;

< 0 .0 2

" ,, : I 90'1(Formerly Greenwell Collection)me

. 1: l' b: 1.72: Sn: < 9.90; Ag: 0.060: Fe:i )0 ; Nt: D.0 2 0 ; Au : < o.o r : Co: < 0. 0 1 ;

cdI, 0 2

• ' 900or lr arJarc. i. 146: K-Eg.. 105 . E-I/8. pI.

I U l l ' l ll .H i: I ' l 'l JU~ I ' HUU I ~ ! \,. J l ::' U 1.l11 ,

recordedLength. 6.3el11: width at butt. 11.3emgileal copper4 .2: Pb: 0.090; Sn: < 0.20: Ag: 0.020: Fe:. 0: Ni: 0.010: Au: < 0.01: Co: < 0.01:~L02

10": 1 ~9 8

ooe

nilar to 63 with four bind ing-holescker. slightly shallower blade. It is.ded, and clearl y preserved in theduct is the impression of linen fabric .ilJaft is also visible. and each of the'ear s rem ains of th e original binding­ographic ana lysis has indicated thatthe blade was wor ked and annealedcutting edge was the hardest part of

9

1'1,,'-11.1\

1' 1 . ;I-JH~~:~ 'Edg ed-baton ' Form s (6 8-78 )

68~ lU l l(

jlt,V n l"'l lUl,""' '' ....' ''' .. I'..' '' . 1 ..". Iy l.t1tJ..11f' );;1"11'.''''" " , I'lIrn:•• d<-d,\ lr'" ' ,..,' II · I...n l:' h . -I . , fn ' ; ",ldlh "I hUll . J" ~<""

lI 'r",III" -.; ,." ..I.. 14/: A,...nio.·"l n.,-. ''-'".1.......,.J"CU~q l . ; ~ I'b' -c.... l : 5<1: < ' ,.I.,,;A rl.-".I>20

t e: " . ~ I" : st. : "' '' 'i''; NI: ".n l "; .\t1 : < n " ' O; Co­'" " ." , : "- I : ~ . 'i; "-I1 ' <0,<>1.

j ~,,,.oI ."' 4 ~1<l1_ · ' <t I l.

H,NJo..".<Iph". ~ · I " . 1· . ,.. f':-t-"! I . p1 l , 'S'.

~h " j l.. w ~lIl1J !11<'l ri<' ,, 1 au' ·ho;-", l ....uh wklc . (~ lfl\'t' .

("tJlli n R f' J t: c, l ' ''110 lV f' pu n and short . very ~l l f(h l l y

h<>"~"',i l u ~~. II hiK seve n btndmg-hcles. whtch lire1'\'1'111" ~ r"lL-nJ II II J IHf' p<}';if lo nl',1 In Il cu r ved line

rtJlllllll l( IT.1r. , ll,' l ln Ih(' hu n . The hlit<k I~ thin ;lII J

It"tr tu llinl'l .-dR(' W II ~ \,.....rk ed 10 II f;llr!y <h.t ll'

N Rc. lh('Tt' ;rre no obvlous signs of wear . II Is

1I11hl ly .... rl'f>dNJ. Thr co rn ..1 line ,)f the ha ft Is

rr~r1Ied

, \t, h<t .. I' Io .. ...,, ' ..h· ...........-u ...lIh ••Il. p!. . •U. • lh.' n.toL.1I.... ...... 1u*"(·~.. . IF l ll., H

h~

')1 1117

/lI;lt f l''\t lfll....nlffll.. . t- I·..rt ..d

' 'r.'w,••ft/r:l l'''''OKJ.-rl~ tr" ,," "'''''l<: ~l ,u . k-rlilih. ~ • em: ~'l,llh lIt hull .

1I . ~ m'

1'.',·i/l'l,I: l 7'i ':~ lt>ln llll , A""" n k"..1 ':'--'f'tX'r," IIlI.v. l<: ("u: ; IL t: Ph: {), I ' iI: s,,: " .1' ): Ap:: O.O IO ~ Fr '

" , I 'I' I ~ St> , , " 1" ; Nt " " " 0 : Au: < (L(,~ : Co: ".,,,, I :.'\ ~ : ~ . i : F.ll : -' o ,, ~ : Bl : < o.oc

/ l.sI.. ", A' 'fuLrili'il1; I'l l].

Il I M ~ ,,/, I1pI , .'1 . K.I '4 . 10(, . 1':(" pL~. 4

:;h" lI"w , ;ISYlll llw lr lcn l axe-head. wlth widr- nm­\'(' 0( ("Ull in I'( ,'lig e and concave burt. The blad e

'·~ fl.l l1 J S ~r.tJ tl n l1 y Irom 11 rounded bouom end luI'{",Kh nuu llllum ICfll!-lha t a point In Its UflP"1" ha ira h(lu l r"llf · llfth s akm g 11 ~ wtdrh . from wh ere It

1'" rH''' ilHvRrd'l acutely and narrow s to for m il

.J ulrp r "l n l . /I f~ I~..1 rib rum: l"('ntfilll~' Ilion¥: lis

w idl h f....1II ti p 10 I lr· 1lwrl' ilTl;' f"U f t>lndln~-hffh.· ~

", It n" I U I! ~ , T he l"u tl l n~ t'tI ll.t' is Ihl n but nHI

.' <[lI't inlly oth a , p im .i lh('re 10;11,) dt"a , Irnl i<-ltUllll ofw I'.. r . Th e hl:lok h ll~ N-!:'n d.-lI Jlro of fOJ,O!<Ilm

1'f,...lu l1 . !lo lh ran ' s Il re S\lp('rfk lll lly pitted a mI lh e

n UUll g ('<IR(" is t' ru J I'd In p.nt.... Surf ilt.'t' dum<l¥.e

d lrlllit ' h(' hllll Ind ln ll..... Ih e line u f lw 1l, IRlniJl

h aft

7"'i I II ~ I/l ,l!· n ,.,.. ln ll'f1f\nlllllc l'n -k..;1/·,,"' ..,..., : Iln tn: •.,-Jr,j

.\l"'."'..m u : \f ill . !<'nl';lh , ~ . 4 cm , ...-ldlh Itt bUH,

l " l nn\\"f"Ilf'.' :I. '''·l ll,o.s.n...", I:i\nrnk " I ,,'l'P'"1,,,,1,,,, . , Cu' -," .'" I'h: ".' ''''1; ~n; ... flo: Ail: o.nJO; Fr ', '1 , I lfl : ." h: "." l " ; !'Ii: ---n.". ; ....11: -' o .n l : Co: <"."1;A~ : ' , I ~ 7~ r '" ....11; RI: < " til

,,.,, .. .., ·"4" ;.:1'1..., · ' ...1].Ihhl ;"" '''''''.lf Non ('

A . ('. t"tr ad siAllla r 10 1l0) hu l no)! so <If'\I1d y f'Ul"\Il-d

III th e IVf' . II h llq ellr ('\' hindlnlt-hfllt>s. Tm- rul1llllt

l'(Ii/.r k lju il r ~horp >llId Is lntklll ffi In parts. Rt'f"IT

d(,7Il1hl~ . th t' hlade w,, ~ th ld. ly COT1'Otkd. Ther f' Is

fOll s ldr r ilb lt' pitl ln s '111boIh fan· 1>. Mt."la ll(l~l1lphk

nn a lvsh h Oi s ~ho....-rJ; Ihal artM" n lsUllt: l ilt- h lade

wa s w,orkt'd and it flll rakJ htl l ll wl Il W<lS ,w l

uo;(',1.,

7'p ,W ",

/ lu : f l,.., .uu·f"Trlf'dl..I.. ,'........J/·' ~"' r : trlln.....ortiNAItw< I'>I'N' : -lA..l . le-o 'lt' h , 17 m " wi<Jlh a l h"u .

l lI nn

Wt1lJhr ' I"' ·; 1l.\ LoI(f "" : " ,~ ,,,·al,YIf'I't'I'

,, _ Itj'lt<: (' u: ..." .,, ; rh ; " ,J.. . ,,~tI : .. I ." : A,, : <0,''' ;

"'" t . l ;1.11: <,Ull' ~'Ir '" ,\rofWU1h '. , 110/1R~~~, N~

II l f'.f!f'lld fl.! m l!l.r tu llq bUI ~llh "Q"",n.-d t' t ...t<. Ifha s th ree I"tind inp:·ho lt'.... 1'he bl a~ Is th k kly ("1 1('"­

ffl<lo:o.l. Sut'-"l:on lllli II N("f"i ti C Ilflr fl ...r<lPf'lIl~ ar c

peese rv ed In the C(lrT~"n pn ,J ud IlTOUI1t! rhe

r ll Hmtl edge end on hoth reccs. Rernilj ll ~ nf IIIC'

ort jo!ln al w,>t.!dt'n h"naleosurvwe .

p :2 lnflr>U' : flf'5t lmt"lTl'lt'dllolc ' ...." ..JI't u......,.. r · l lorr dn1M..... .. . .......nu..!01.3 1I1h. J h un: wldl h ..1 "'I II

II1 · ~ un

\" ~hj; l il · a

II.I. I..,"'I:i\,...." ... lll l l >('1't"f

''''''/Iro1.: t'tl: ~I>.II: ''lo:''. l q": SO: ''.'' J: '''' ll: :(I.<'1.,,Fe{J.'iio: $lo," .1> JII; NI, ,u II O: An : ..-11... <;; ( '0 ' ' H "lI;

"' ~ : 1,1: :t n : "" 0."2: 1\6: "::".0 'il "lr '" "'q~j .jlj,," : , St <i~

mM~"' ''l''h ~ , N"n,-

1I)1('·h ('i1J S~ll l1 i1 r to 71 . 1iI00l(h the r u rv cd lllfl

end o f the blad<-15 n lirTow;-r and more elong a tedIt ha s five binuln~·hoLes . The ends or the blade aresquat r-d. 'l'he cnUlu!,:N1~t:' bI qune sharp and bearsIl number of sm all nic ks. Rd un." (kilning, sheblAtit' wa s th k' U y com xk<;!. There Is supcrtlctal

piUln~ . ('nJTHSlllfl dum ngc has preserved the

(' IH'H'I I II~nr rhr llrll! fllB l ha rr,

7.3Jn nX ':;

l\I l..: Hr«t r"'.......,.-dI~I .. I)ffi'oJ1'."""''''''' t ' l1flfI'':"U.n..-t!Mf"", ,,, ,,,,,,,,,'o::!AU h l!'.lh . l ~ fTn: ",·klrh. Jh. ; rm

W~IH:' 91'" l.i l, n-I, ....nrn iCltl ( Of't'<'T

."""Ift<l~: l 'lI : <;11> ... : Ph: " .n" n: ,<'.,n: ~, ". I n: Alt, '" ' P ' l :. '...; ".<;11": ~b: " .I h,, ; Nl, " ... 11,, ; II tl ~ -<", 111: (' '' :~ n." ,: A.. : I. ... ; 71" <n.Ii'; I\l: 0 .0-1

/l.f1r "' .......,ulslfJ.m: 111.,11

'tlbI· ""..,."w N"n('-

A Ilt"-hE'aJ ~mll<llr III 72 - 'm ere a rc Ii.., b ln d in j!.-

oo lrt.. T~ up per ('nd I.. squ arc<l. th t" I ·u mU ll ·

dcrl. l h~ hlaue Is I. ~h l ly CfIfrodo l. Tr Hf'n ..r eh<.­OfIR1l1a l h /tn $u n.· lv~,

74s,n \',I ~"" FIr"" lnll"f'm<"dlllif I·.......,J/·,.. ......IA'r ' l :n"-....... J.-..l,y,. .., ,,, r " If"IIl<:1101. It·tl Jll h, ! .l<T n : .. M.ilh . \ If ·" ,·m

"·~"1:1 " 7· 1111

~L1lr.....I:A,....., ir ,.I, "'PJ"""I'

.\ ",,1.,,1<;Cu : 'f ~ .": "" " ." '''1: ~.. ; ..; II.• " ; All ', U,14 " ; h ' :U.'7U:Sb: O.II';lI' ; NI: ' I. , I: Au : •. .. .. 1: ("11: < " .H' ;/l.'~ I.,11: ".lI : ., '1,11:: HI: 2

f),nt <f{"'4"I~'I""'" l'f l ~R,/oI....."aph.lf: NOtI..

Al<e· h('lld VC'fV , Im lillf 10 i 2. l 1w UJ'PN en d j "

sha r-ply plln tt'd . Ih e Inw er t>r"km. 1l1er t" ,lre shb1 l1tli n~-ho~, 1M hl:lde I'Squilt" Ih k U y co rrurl.-J.

Rem na n ts ..r Jlll('n w r<l('lplnR sm v hl(' in the co r ­

TQsl"n prot Jll<"t . AI...I pr M<'fVl'l.I I< lh e- Ihll" oC ti l('

hlln , The f \Jll ln g ('(IRC' I. ewd«J a lld (·h iPf'l"d .

7S'l I O,JH/ la /r ; .. i, <o:Ih'I,......."h..,.. I·('fi....1r"...""...",..· t lnfrn w<lr-J"t.-.."..r.. ...nu: M.. . . h·" ,ll h . , .Mnl.; ", l<hh, , ,, <;n llU'rJqJIl lll'; l(

" t.,Jr.."':/l,,,,..,j,·,,I, ','f'P<'t"1 ,~Joj< '" l 'U; "n,": I"' , ,, ....,, : ~II . ' " . 1" ; ' \ 11: " ." "". r.'",t ' . ,; ~: " "," I : ~I: ~ " .• ,, : :\ .. . "'''.'' '. t'",~ ".,, ' ; .\ . , l-' .:1~ ,; , , " ," ': . fk ~ ""1

/ltffr il/ Ao"w" I;'-",, 'f 11.1Ioh1""" "f'I,,,,N .." t

A J:t'·hrad ~Imi/"f hI i ,l . or Qu rlt' ....ulZh woo . . II ~

.. Ilflk- Wlt'l'<'ti ,ifil l h,." an ll~l(,11 hu tt oT ht' I, PIX"e ", 1 i . <qll 'lr,-rl, ,hI' Io'w ('r ruu ",I., !. TIlt',,, ,,1(' lh,'

h ill d lnlt -h.. k-s. TIl<' Made i.. QIIlI,' 1I1;<'kly ,·" rn .. k' d

and 11ll' . u ll lll jt ed ge 1< d;tln ;Jf l..l. Th. ' Hnc " f l il t"

ha ftt .. rrl"...·t\"'(1.

; 6':;In.pllodr ; .·' r<l ln lt'O"' ....IOI.. I·..",..dI't' ..".' r : 1 1 'lfn~ .. dr-ol

Mr.""' r"'~ , ""n,.....!llh . I.." o n: w~llh . • " .1 '-' ''1V11g/,I ' J 4 , Jjl

~ ""f", "'/: """11>",' _ /</<;':' I' u; 11(.<1: 11>: ~ ~ .. :S n: 11.." : ....: u J"": ,\ " " _I

'Iot'r'"A,·q" I<II" ..,; 1'1. ~

1I,"'. """'.,.t,'l: ( . , ,'1,. ' '''' . ~'I:

Sm~lI a lle · he H.I. pr . ol-ollhly 9 flI n.... l . $im ila r 1( . i l .

'I'll<' lI f'f'I" rm! , ~ f(NlIl tk·" . Ih .. I" wn is brnl"'nIhr-re ar e- ~i . hh ' ,l in"·h .. It.... h llKn m lldy p' >sl­

li un t"ri. Th e Na,l!;' l~ Qull<' th !cUlI n ,rn l<k.i <111, 1 urc

("u 1l!nl/. cdg r- d llm lll:c<1 The 11m ' of th e h,.11 Is

preserved .

77l '-) l r1}

/),I..- rl r \l lll h'T!ll NII ;,It · l' l"I !<wlI'J o WJ",, ~ r, t l !lIL~' \II , k. 1

Mr«:':lIIn ...." b :r .·Il11lh . 1. 1<"" : I,Vllh , ~f, .jl'fll

"' ri1I'U. l 'j 'l . l ll:

fll<Hrr;,jI ' A f'<I"Tlh'"I (''' I ''''f\",,11/.<;<; e u: ' I ) ," : l 'h' " I" " : A~: .. l ( ~ l : ,h:·1 ~

IltIlr .'f/.·l"I "; .UJ",,· ' ~' 1 7

mN~ 'f/''f('/nj : TU , I". pi ~I , l i 'l flr "'~J1,,, " "I . ll. r l I .

2: 1-\- """',,. 2 -1 l~ . filt I l h: ",', l q " ' ; , r -t; I· rl ' . .'\'t"ry wlti<- , ~ t"tllll"I<' , IISlImlfl..lrlr a l .ne-h .. ... 1 sim i­la r In f"rm llllt l str u l'l urr I.. It <J-; l'>. hUI w ~lh .op

(' li d sha pnJ In ~lId l II Wil Y Il i In ~ .rm. " h"11t ill'hl <ltk w aS hai lN , a n ,,\'(' r l<l prh l~ . ( lr ,tll'k----{"II~.-d

r" .~lIon , l hC' UI'f'IT lip Is m u ml... l. III(" I" ", l't"plll n l('ti . " hC'ro.' a rc r" ut Jlt'rf, ,, uti<lll s . ' <In,' (II'w lt it'h ("on ta in , .1... ren\ ;liu s "r Ih(" ",-j ~l lIa l " intl ­

in fl. Tht' p.t'lt-I~ <lillie Ihk'kh' ("> Krooc<1 n fl<l l r;,n~

<:or the ufll!hMI ...." ...k" h'l ft i1n ' rn.....n ·("d 'I'll<'l'\Illill~ I'lld I~ Ih ill h ili ""t ral1 ku l ;tr l ~' "IMl p. Th..

l'd~l' i ~ Wltl'f't.-J " '10 , h, .,.e Is <"m '" InJ i<.·;Itl"n of

"'''' .. I"....~ ....~ I"" r-r-r~""' ." >< +-.....~'"I "",,... Il ~".c '~,hk ... r (".N..!'ot>ol r..l' .. "' . \ \ ,01/",«l I~ ., ,,, ' l

.!lK...; 1"1>1 h , I"~,,,., II..t,.I ·,·n .'" Ll l.l.Ik " ''' I,,'' ~ n

/" " ' ''''''' '. '''- 11".. · J,~j,u~..~"' r..vlll ~: 1 8Ih . l· ~ 'i , m. ...oJl l>. I .. , I , ."

W,..,.!t/ ; -l"l_H~

"''''u,-I.lI: ATS<'1'l•.-" I, ·,tf'f'''',1nllJ".I>', (' u; " ,. -" : f'b ; o. '''U: SoI: ' . ! " ; ·" It: .. , ,, ! ~ ; h

I) . t I" ; Sb: o ,<Ji B: N., 0 01 0 , ."u: .,-',,_,)!, ,h : ~ . ~: '1.11

< , l.I J.l : f:It; , Lt Jl

.!l>Iu" f .\, '<1" ;,-./..... 1'I , !l l f ••m ..:sly Wdk" " ,,' (',,11.:,11< »'1

1I1101''''P''''''N ·r-. ,,n,

A n ·-h.....d s im il"r to !C" , Ih " lI i'C h .Jloltl"w,·r . 0 ",-, <If1tK' Id l<,.-" I I .Illl\~ h il) !>e<'11 11lI",..1 b y .1 101"",· 'II th ..

lip . and Ihe t ' u ll ill~ ro gl' h inJ O: ll ll-.J ill ",,·,'.,.-u l

plat't~ . '1 1~ bl,..k i:. (ju l.. • Ih "Uy ... ,rr ' KIt-J Ik

nhlln s <lI t h.. , . r i ~i n ,, 1 ", ' ''I.k ' l II;,H 011",' jll •.,..·...",l u l

i h~' ('on,\~ i o l1 pruJ U(( IW" r til..:tWH, dn l! Inla 'S 01

~,mc o~" tl k lll"lI L"-. pro b" hl )' W (WJt.l , .:> llrlll n : ,!II

Ih e ran ·s.

0;I t\~"l},..~: hhl 1" 1...--.1l,..,!,...I,· I·c" ,,J M",~ l lo: "' 1" t(, 1 ' ~ 1I

f'r" Wf~'''' t' ITm ....·•..-.k·J.\ f"",,, ,(t'r llJo'!H\': f . ~ I~ ( h, 7 "em: .. ~ lI h , I~), jdl1

In't/IoI, . H<j-l1:.\I " ln i.J.!:&-.>ll"'"~ ""ftl d~: c..:~ ' }...( ; I'h: lJ.~;n; SU.I,. \ <>. l\ ~ . n .. ~ ,,; r,,:

... ~ , .. .; Sh·H.,,~,,: I..u '''-'' I'' ; '\'' ' _" u I; I"", • ... .0 1.

.h . I .1; 'I.Il:· · "" l, ~..... ,! :\<..."i' '' ...., 1'I l l1lI/o1~'!1"""'"': "· I~ 'I " . C: :l. pl. "1. I .

... ~e · ht."t1J !>iOlil;lr t" 7 ., . l hou ;:h Its Illln ;,1 la fl!,;l>

[ ;' PO' f ra l lu:r llw l1 C'Kpi ll1.1 c" w a rd , Ill<' OUIL 'I' ll<'

CUll in g I'ml b turned "nd b!tIl1(,'li IhrOllgh h, 'uvy

u.sc. A U <'nrrn~i< 1II prWlKI h Ol~ Iwcll d eflllt 'li ,--,If'llk're is .:>Ulf a \·e piltin~ Ul.. ll g 1111: (' ll ll ill ~ "Ol;;l·.

;lIu.! I r lan \tll lil r l}un, It -n ... "" " .'1<' 1V'-.....·1I1 Iw ...r t h, '

,oJ;;., <>n " f it' r........·. M"I ; l l ~ l ;;r " f',j I ll' '<I1;,l y ,1-. I,,, .,

~h"W ll IIldl " Ih "f ,·.,sUnll 111l.' b laJ ,· w a s W" d ,l·t!..nJ OI n nc" b llht' I" llcf pr'>(T~S l:>clng ,' ,lrr ICtI m il

Oit II rd <lHvd y 1, lw tc·IIIpt.·n llu ro:

,.

l'I A11'1--I

I 'IAU I"

8 .

80

Tanged Forms (79- 1on )

79\l:!tJ'j

Jlult':l'irst Illll'tl H..-JI;<lc l'cn. J<I . "IIJJ Ic' KIl Il-'ll , Ull

"Tu,·rn~,....:Unrcn -.rdnl,\ I<·<t>....lIl r ll h l £·ll glh. h 1.·m; Wkl,h. I l ·I ,·'"\\ .(111"1: I \. I ~

,\ t..,...-iol/: Arvllk .. l .., ff":"f.'\,...l!l.... · t ·.. , '17·11: 1-'b: "Ui,l: Sn : -: " .--1 "; .\ 11: 11." 1". r.­

" , ~ l,,;Sb. ' I ." l , ,; N" " ,"l ' . ; A,,; <o' u I I : I' , ,: •· .. .. 1.

...~: l --I: 'l.ll : · :". " lI),ll ro(,1'-<jw.<lJi,lfl, t S(1'I

HII>II''\?f<lI,h y :/;-b l, 'j'j , t" ' l

Rd uli\od y J l"";! ..-n-sc..' ll ll .. .t)(e ·!lc"d . ... lIil lh r,'.'

rcu r pfo *-.:t1ml .~ or Iang s r.,rmin", tw o " 1" '11 :.1,';11

I' !fl' in the blink . r ldllj: "'" <Ire pn:"t 'u l " W lI U tJ I" Hh..:ullup:.; Oil Ill<' hl.uL.··s uuu- ni;; (". '1'11\' 4.-..:", 11 011

... n~ h.l~ .1 sill~ 1.: hiIlJIJI~ · h"'t:. lilt" 1;,1\"1'.11 1 ;'Jl~~

t wo "'it,·h. Ifll u su.. U;at . t he IJ 1...,.."j tun K" e ~ tJd llJ

lnw " rds the rear. The , 'UUhl l! end. no...· dll tna t-:~..Iby rorrostou . ....a, OIlCe- w <Jr kl 'li to it 1." <'11 l'lig,'iltl l' f d Cl." h 11lllo:tl <II Ih e ,·('HI. e All ,·\ .r rm i" ll

pruJtlfI ha~ .......·u d,'lllWJ " ff

four other:' dfl:" known . Ttuee of them - one IIIlIiO Il I I1 ~holm.· lIn,· in (' ,,1' 0 .' ,II1J one In Hano vcr ' "- a rc u n publb'hc-.J !Iud of unl now n provenance'11lC f>l\lrI h . and mu s t unponeru. w a s exca vat ed <11Ab ydus {(ro m a g ruvc w h ich utso clm tu in cJ ,mAsia [k ancnor-axcr anJ ts now in the Pi:lm\I u ""u m" N.. . 7K is Itt...· la q i;e-.( uf Ih(: l n o \4loe K.lIn lplt"S. l lw u gt! II Is.a fm<lst eq u llllal ill s lZli: b)' th e

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hulNl In lhe lunlnl/:, whic h r orrr-:o;pn nd 10 !'('rfo n l '

linn .. Itl tht' 1 ,1I1~" of the- ,1\(' , 'I t l(' cm llt$!I" crad:;cJ

and II, .W lllld 11.. 1"w'· f pt>r1i',n l<;ml~h,1t ')111' ImllIlf lhc ... .l lom n n1 1s <1 1-;.0 1-<0:;.1 . '1ht- cu" ln~ (.r1f!.. nf

Ih l" ", ..ok-hll \ hccn t1arn,,!!-,'<!loy "UITH"'." ' l , n..lh Ih ..

h l"dr 'Hld l tll" ca <O;lll p,>Ifl 'B ll.htl\' Pll tl lJ;l fo-.1

)1 10 4Tlt l..: f-1""' l n t~I!- II' Pn-I, ~I- M I<id k' I( !~<!<"'1

f',,,.......""l",- l 'nn'("',,-'Il'd,\ J,'4S",,.,,,,,n ls' I.<'tlll-Ih Ivb.Jb-kol, ' 'I ,lfll 1: I<i ~ h tl , I " "',·tIl

l .n lj(lh "f t"~ "fn ll- , 4' 1,<;'.....

Tl>c-. . .....' n ' r "'I"ll ' . ' hr lu Io'~ ~It.oI "bo~1l •.~ ' m

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HI,

<;IH UIlnl' ~l n;t 1nl',""",,IIlI" rffl"d . J.t 1o"lkK I"~ ' Io- ... ,J"""...,..,"' " ;I I,, U·... onIrd

,\ lnos<tr" """ U: Irflll:th , '1.l nn; "' ldl h . I " _;"u n

n ' 14I11f: u", ,7 11!"'''' tr, iI>I- ,~f'U'f1 h"10 1 f'OflIl'"'r

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llo trf'f .1'q<;IsiIu..: l q I 1flIN.""' ",",t~, ~-r4 , '1'1. Cf';

Thin err" : l'n l;'" , 1 ~c~h('<tJ_ lil.,o:Ill> II nn ll -(lIll d " mal

svo.,.-llllcn. Ilnu "u<llly. th e n 'fl lf a l lUll'" r ~ f'-'I nd<;

to wa rds l h(' 'e-,,' a nd tw o sho n IlOllu lar Illg~

pr oject from Ih t:' la te ra l lan~~.lhert' art:' n» Oan gl' s

andt he cuutng en d has bee n rlk-d 10 an ('I.1;:r In

modern rtmcs. Tw., blade hils been ,-Ir llm "l of

('" m "' '- '" prn dlll1 . rcv Mtlin f/ ~Il rfa.--.:· i rr ('toIl1 l ;l rllIl~.

w h k h ar e the n ':\ll ll ,,[ Ih!.- ('Hq ln~ flt"<1<.~

PI .. II , l ';

<;In qflDi ..· n r<l 1"l crn " ,J IIll c l'n i<'<l ~1,,~ Jk KI" )(, ~ ""

""Wt'no'lno'f' l :nr"",,,,, lo:-d,\ I....."'......''' /<; I .. '' l! l h . " ,:-c;,..n : ..."h h , . C; . '> ' ''I\It', '~" , l "h ;- II

,\1 ,,, .. , ;,,1- '\ "" '0" '..1."""""-i .... IfJ';~; (·u : '11 , ' : l'b : " ,1 ~' O: Sw -: ", 1<1: I\ I!- " ,I' ''': h'

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IJn' r ,o/ ,I<" " i" ' io..,, ,.,. JIIIN~~"'IJII1!f'T<-f" , '1'-l, C f>

Thi n rresccn uc axc- tIc~l tl w illi elongated r r-n rral

tani! ' It ha s ltI rf'(' "ind ln~· holM, 1>/1(' to each t 'lFl~

'11 1~"-t:' l'I ' (, 1m lIall lt~~ ~IUtI Ih.: l'ull hl K o'n ,1 b;

u nw or l<C'd . '11"," IIIIRflln l"QI " f lh.- rnm lln R;·h<,k""iI~

im rn K l!u hlc-, II j ~ de;trly ;l ttoln-fUl..-II<'11111 "f!C<.!.

men. The b1dtk' na s hl'l"'n d l'+I!1('d ,M ("" n ud o n

l-"f, odu~·1. Impr('S.........J in Us s u ri a . /.' is ;"l rq: ,IlI..,

Vollkrn o f mark ifl~~ . pllS'iiN y dcrtvcd froom a c1(1(h

o' 'lOfll(' N hITwOVefl milierl fll.

1' .\ " 14

P<;: 7~

IJoIr:Hr!t InINTtlt"llllll.. I·t:'r.....1 · Y i, Ids.. ~ I" ltrlnm

.\ rr.n I.. ..., "' IIl,I: l rr' fl:l h . f>,f>r m; "' idlh . J 4 · I ..m

l~'..-Ifflll : I <;; ," ~

.\! a lal" I;p"'>Il1,('

,~ rl<lhl-~I :<. e u : Hc;,o : Ph : <; I": Su : 1'1 .1.<>: AIt' " .tll O: f'<::0 , 1," ; Sh: " ,HZO: Nl: " ,n ll l : ,\u ., ,,-, . 1; (' 0 : < ....,1 ;

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"lmll...,I'M' . a nd w llh lIlr1'l"' blndln~-h~ " Illy. one10 C';t<.'h la OR. l h r rud 5 /If ill(" I an !!" a rc ~Ii ~h lly

r ur\'M. It wa~()ncl' lhkk! }" c tJITtJlk,J llU! h as nnw

benl '-'llll l' ld e ly delll l<'J, COfro~ t<! 1l h ll ~ (hltn lt ~('J

th l' f Wll lllt {'{l~(' a nd pmt Il{ II\\."~(,lIlnl ll,lnl' , and

IInr " f Ih l' la lCfa i IHIlR" i'"('r.-ld ...·d

H2,>I O plAlte ' FII'" 1 " 1t · n1 ,,~1 1.>«. · 1',...1,,.1 \j " I.II.' [.:iul!<l" ",rr,,...,.,,,,,,, ~ 1'" n '\', o{,lo:-<!\ 1,,"',, "' .....,1>: 1,0 .,.10, " .J ,-m , '" loll". , " I' emI\ '.-Ir/hl 1 ' 1. :11:

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'~<lf' , 01 ,I' /i" ;" ; l" ' '' : ",,!Rd';;' ''I ' ''1~ II,: N"n.,

Axt'-l lf ad ~jmHll r III ~r The \1111('1" ends of the

ta ll'n ,l Iml~<; nrc r" u,...k-d. Thr e-e ,.r 1 ~1l' h l nl1 in~.

h,,11"S n on lal u rn na lns "' Il l(' .>rip:ln ul lfl..hlng. 'Ill< '

t>1,.dr- 1<; qui ll" thid Jy corroded

"' 7" ~ 11),'1.: f~ frll<'m lo.'\l llt ll' " ..nod - !.llddlfoKl fl~dom

I'r""" 1lQ1l< t'; !Jn c('rllll n 'IIk,I'lIrru .."t.1: Le ngth. !'d lnn : \\'kll h , 11 , ~ nn

I\!mr"': ,l'i ,.I ~

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",~ I .J : , n: ~ 'u .../J.-r" ,., .1.<q"I~lIh' : 1'J' l-'tIf(Ju romy l;r('f'n w.-l1C.. lk-ol'K>ll lmf,/iAJ< "f'h.~ '- flud~t:'. •, .. ·h. ...,'~io ~ J I' ~'11 1, ':tJ . pl . Ii

I\jl;. .t: W../kIl ,Z<; , f1Il' 11,d:Ir:-".§.,ll ." C·U/f>

Axc -h cud slrn ilar 10 lb and Rl ' lhLlUgh n hes II

wtdcr <;prt'ad and Ih," ends of th e I" lt' r ill hmp" <I n 'sl ml~hl rar bcr lh llll cu rved . The la ln-a l btndln~ ·

lulks an- mi.....llt/-nrn. 111(' hltt<k-IS Il ll:h l ly corroded,wlfh II1l("M of Ihe Hrl~ lna l woojen ho ft survtvm g

III th r n>1n,., \" n p"Ol. ,hI Cl nenr Itll' hUll . Th e n ll­

ting r<J-p;,. i5 nol \/ ("fV ~ha 'l' bul Ihe re ar(' s ign s vfwc-,u . Th("Tt:'is a lh in ~U rifln:" ('"w ,'k on O'ne [ " (' t" ,

') 10 14[)Ntr Fir, t l"INl'lH,•.!lMl" r l'ti "d MIJJl, ' l(;oj': Jnm

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U .....p" :' t ... S It,U.. ,n OOl ' · ,'I,,,,nk ,.,I 0'l'f'<"'"

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TIM: hilldloK hok-s a rl' ( n/ m J"'11 over . and it Is

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Pr.'........,..y · 11n ' n . II"do.·J

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h : ,ll S" ;S!>: H,,, t>.. : NI: H,' . J " : .\ U: . .. ... , . {... ;... , •." • • I\ ~: ~ h; :t.n : ', u ." l . I" , ,, u .l

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w ilk: ,'l1l1lu lI ,~ IIt<· . '11,,' m IJJ I,' 1 .U1~ i . "'" 1f .. 1v,'.' 1lIr<-.J <I",j lb .' rlll,j ·oh j) II.. ..,..· porIlIl IIU" lll .. II " ' 1,'

flK e Ih un Ih, ' o lh ,·r. Tltl.· hla <k' "- w" rp.:t1 .. oJ ""l.'"fll" ' lal lf " l fillip !la, 1"'1'11 tllm, ..l , It tlU' ,·1It1

'i l. q h0..1 t: to1r ", IUIL'f nw,Jf.. t,·I-' . ·noj . I1.hJ"~· ";"'j(do'm

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1\o1rD/ .k'l"mll"'I : ' ~ t l

HINt,'tlrflph .'f N,>I1e

r\ lIc· h;:a d :>1l 1l i1;df In ~hupc Iii 9 7 . bur w il h ffiHI'l'

d ..rt[l.lIleJ 1(lIl(;S. n ,... .-{'-nllil l la n j: is :oJ1al" -d li" l­

tll.'1" r <J, . l>lIt tIle .·1Il1s "f lh,·I" I~, . " I I " Il It:'II u-I'II\'

ill ... ..rJ~ _ TI ' O:'l-Il1lu lt (..11:" i~ ....1 y ~ll,:h l l y ,.>\..-.I\ 'L"

at ItS «'oln°. The hI.•"" i~ '..lolfp<-oJ ;lI\J nlVl'HoJ hyth ll.·I. ( OrH 1Shlil pn ltIUl'l . pre"t'f\',-d in w h lr h ur..lh e fcn l dhl~ o f IInell- d ot h un ,) pla u l mllinid i.

TflI l.'C'$ le rl b y th e h utt a re q uit l' OI;ui ., .J .. .. Ihe

U' n l r .. l h lO lt

99

6 7.;8 0}N k : t ,'l r~ ILlkm f,.,ji~ I(' l'i-ri<..J- M"kJ k' I(mg JUlll

I' f ......,...,..·..; I '.. ' ·n l.. I.. •

M,.,"' ..rr"' ... 'b ·; I.r-u !tth . 4 .·.. ·.." ..."h h . I I ·-t..."Wroglot: ~ " t .~ !:

"'''' lu ;.J : An.o:'ftil ..I .-., WC'A,,,, r.,,,,, , (' u ; '1 1 1-1 . 1'11; " .I .j.'l: SW < ". J" ; A~: ", " ':": ~\,

o 140 : :->1.: <I " f", : Ni : "" lo: t\ t1. ,__ " " , : Co : "' '' H' ::\ . : 4 .t :b ~ ; " " U l

,,,, ,, ,., .... " '..sll;,''' : ' '1' ''' 'h" "l<...-1~· (;n ·....I.. d l e.,I"~ t h .,1

RI"'~r"f'"~ ' ftudi".. , ,,hw.e-" ~ 'fl.' ~ I I I"'I .,lI. " I , pl . il . 711\'. pl . VI. ,,,,,; 1I.·.."n",•..,.,. I J. pl. J . , n ; U'oI//rot. ~ S .

Ii~ ,1. , ,'. illld I f< 7; "--I:" . " " . ('- \ ' ,-"

:":\I'-h l' ild " hnos! ilknllt'<l! til '17 I·..n ll a s im ll" f

!Incur ,J,,':;ign Jighl ty r h ;,SI...J along Ihe mk1olk .Th (' r,' a rc Il. t ll,H1J.(Mi. l1 lC ",·rf..ril U.. n :; .In.' ~h l:l r l l v

mi",. h;':l},oJ 1111' I' Ilt J 'I f 1I1ll' .. I Ih.· I'II .-ra l I.on.:" is

~ll~h l l ~' .'u r\'(''' . Ih e ' lIht':r .'lId s " £<' >tf<tillhl . Th L"

bli1d<,Is <l Iiule w ilrp.....l <lllt J tillite lhkll y ("uITou t'J .

espo....·IIl Il}' on O!i(" fil( t". Eillh "I lilt.' I<l n~,. is J, lIn­

i1 ~'oJ onl Ih l' bUll

111<:" oillillg .....ge t>,,>df\ Unumber 0{ smull intk·nJ,;t·

1I(i1l ~ . Th e ckT, 'm!", ny trtll lid" ts a "" u gli ly ,'}'Iin ­

.In ,-,,I wo .ce n ,1 " " . nn", !,r"h 'll <It th.. !..rilu rn .

....hhh h ~. iU [lilfh" lIy cmTr, .,j hy h<lri.. lt h " s Ilm'<.'

na rrow ",-"I.ets t or the t ~lIg ~ , whtc h III q uit e wdl

Th, ' ba rk bea rs the ,·l.'a r im presslo ll Iff th<.· " rigln a l

hh llJm g . " ddlt'~I.Jph lt: a n .. ly-.:i,, lidS ,.lm ""l1 Ih ,ll

,Iff.,. "ihl in~ Ihe lllu.te W .I~ ).lr ",("(J lJy n '[lI.·olh'\l...mit llll( " ltd allu cilllng . N." li....·am. .11 e u.. l y :;.i~ III

th e Ila ft ha s )'idJl" d dat e uf r. I ':t!l.l-t t 10 III

Iwlll. "lIupll!I ,....JllJl I l IO IS' . I" . lul no , 4" l!:: M..nMullde..,.,. ( , s( oJ .I. I. tl4 ' ·~ . with ..., aO&ul ' ... -l.l . I :

t...... "". t, I. .,l 'S. '\<" ~ lS . t ;lIU I"" I''r'II: r . / IIM II, , ~ Il p. <;: U..Jt<~. ..." ,.....(+/"., ... ~ II IM ., d. ~ .. rt ..i .Ill' <;: T\\'. p!. Vl. ll .i ; Jk ...."Jj"''''y. I J: N,...-.Jkt .l "ll<"""h.'ljil ~ ( I 'I <;.l l, S" , ,"'1I11fig, -4 c: /.:./:.e.. t J.I

1',

t il r!>c c r..~...cnuc lut" ·I ,,~<td ~illl ilar h' ') 1 ,,"J <;t -4.loul w ith ' " 11 IlIl(s. 1111'f"C.UC· I I on'l ·h .. I(-s, 11m....

III the 'l:' f1tnt l Idll)t . jour In eech <If th e l<tlo:ntl

ti-Ul;1.S. The UNX'f Up of th e bla de is mlssil l}t. Th e

,,"l1in~ cd!!,' bus be-n iJ<un" lll.-'l.1 b y t'or n l'Slun inl".r ls hUI 11(';11'" u" d "'dr ,i~lIs uf ..... ca r, Thc re I:>

~lIrll: r1 i\'i ..J ,j,( mil~e un b..{h riICC:>. TI,l' blade ba lla dlt'd 10 " tubul ur cal-Illg. med ...or Soil..." , wtuchprobah!y once cndo'icd ii wooden hdfl. I1UWdlsap­pcarcd, '11l~' ll Lhlll!o\ «uuatns SI: W f li l r ruck s lin d

h u l,... and lis UI'P'-T part IsI, os!. rcvCi.linlt Ih .· mctul

n V<'h . Siu l"c li s Ol ..q u hil l.;)I\ . the 'J,~n~ h ds been

rt ln kln "L-d. NUll... . If the nv cts e re cum plef c. Som e

an.' misstng , '<I1wn have su lfa ,-..!o-rrusicn dam­!I~~' . All were 111](, ' cu pped \\·jlh silw r :>lU.h . unl y

"ilL".If whk h no loll su rvn .."'S lu lcKI, 1 the bonomlh <: ..·" ""Il l! conram s a sm..U "'~rtur .ru ncer tatn

1"1'T"''''' . '

I'Utn. I '

r1.1tn 17

I .! Ii ' SH flt: .. ir>l lnl (TIn'.,j, I·,..-1< ,,) · Mio-iJk ...... IIJ..m

''i-''' .,.,. lii r~ ·... t l" r'''-..,. ..J,\k,I.....,r ".,.'>I ~ : l.cn~lh, ~ I e rn ; ....idln, ll . ~ nll

I\-'~ r !"u: Ih .l ,lll,\I ..lo",'. _\ rs.,onI.:u1"."" ..·,--'IIK}!/' !>': ('t ,: ':140 , I'b; fI . .,lS.. . Sit: " 0 .1" : Ag; " ." 4-" : h :;

....h ' o; ~<>. <) I": N' : " ." 10 . A.I; « H >I ; (-O:

< " " ,,,; ...~ : I , I : b l : « U • .l : Hi ' <.,." .J)a lr v! ,{,qI<i" li,m: L'j ' ltl}jjbl~ "It<tpll!r " -hI . I ", ,\ ',IV :~ . pl, vii. I

Shall " w . Nrdy n l."$tl.·nt k ilk~-h<'l:ld w ilh I h rct.,

rear t!tllgs. L"8f h Old lb .. SlOl;k p..-n;lruUnn. ,. heemh ,If Ih (" 1....-r",1 (lintS .Ire itld tfh '1.lIolIlJsligh lly

\'u rvctl , Th c bl:adc ha s a ~ha ll' mid-ri b runnin g

a lnn ~ its \IOMl h , an d the l,;ut t ln g C'dgc is a lm O-SI

s l ral t:h l . Th l' pi l'C C' is sh r:h l1y w a r Jl<.... lind q uite

Ih klly <1lfT". k:J Th.... lill<' .. f th e un j(ln .,l '.... rl is

i" '1 vhi hk " " li lt' ("(' lIu ;11I;lIIt: . '11.., <..u i ll j: l~ I II.<· hdlH llll i(eJ

'l<llr · n rsl l..!('n....w.. I'· I ·,-w>d -lAK1.l"'K'''~ ..n

/', ,,,...,,,,,,,.,..-t ~ ", ' '''' ~ l n \.\kot>.o"m"'''J~ · RIa<!<:: k~\l.:l h . .1 . ~ lm: II'kllh . J l · lm,

II ;" t : t."'~l h . ~ I ·. lt.·' n ; J""1l ..1r , . ~ ... ...I\'~;"fll .' Bl.klo:-: l 'ti ' , <;o j( Ih ,l); 111l1(.\ I." r"..I: !'lL<k: hro>._ . II..rl : .. · . ~ od . f'TI>tI,,) ~p.

." ...I 'I.•t~ · {·u : Ii<;.•': t1' ; 1 . 1 ~ ; S,, : 1" .Il; ,\ ((.; ''''11.. : ", .,•. ! s ll : Sh: ... OI";N t 'u ' l": ....U: < , ... , t : (' ,, ; " " ," 1

·" " ", 7: 1',·" : -<- ,, ,' I! : Il.l:" " 1'Ia.,,,, "1"'1" ,,;/11 : l' 1'1':t...,........ rly (J""n ....'·IlC ..lko 11" .. 1IfiM..~'uph'f: N ....

,.h .d "·,ld ~im il.,r h i 'fh . Thl o enJ~ III lh .. l"u:t'lll

I '''I ~ s <In' lrrq ,u l.n dUll 111\· n' 1I1r ill '''"l! 1"1""-'lo wards thc rcur. Th e blad.: hilS ll: bWlld mid -ri b

11;1nl..-.I by " St'Iit... . ,f furr ow ed bund s " nd nJ~.

.. h id. f1.-. ' . I." ·UI ·,,II\ ·,' 1I1l.1 1oII,·r,·pr...hln ..1 hy d,,,,,, ­

illl(. IJl1m u;,lly f"r lit'" I)"...·. Ih\ ' n:a ' nJ~l' "l lh ,'hI....c ;tmu ... I II..· St'dll, 'fI'>Is II,OI lg, 'lI. TIie llI.JJc b

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s tgns 1.1'w ..·,If IIIl the " U llln~ I-Jl: t-.

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w as lOll 11Irgt" ill a .....' ..mn' lI.id ie the nour IIr Ih e

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lofll..y ..I th e di .I ..1 ••,,0.1 III lonll €I n 'loItiw ly I\'ltlc

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h•• "~,,m, 11 ffi11D. ~ . ', h,' .''' ~ god.l.ljcJ•.mlhrc. ~ 1 ~" ' ll lik '

.h e ,h(·" ..thuuud to II) ,.nlli n..1 hall . Th (' bl.1de Is ..1

Ihe ~.. mt" Iypc- dS Ilk' Pfl·vi<lu ~ . Ihuugh il$ '-iMks a rc

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with W'U' by ,h.. "X"i1 \ 'cllon. It b ~T"ll l" J lh rOlll/-h

Id " Ill' puinl .Ilk! lilllo: "r II .... m i gi .. .. l w . .. ,.) Sll r ­

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,1't1tmrrl} "" 4 'l81 :;wMIn ]"" ,."""", r.-'>rn t~ g rI ' \'~"""'Y8

Small aec-be nd slm Uar In shape In uS. Jll nu gh

the IUlJs art' Ic~ r:1< 'n~alt"d ;'In d "11:" ru u", k-d at III...ends an d the cU ll i n~ edge Is mcce convex, t're­vlou sly Ih lt'l l)' cono.JN . Ihr t>laJr: hit'" now beenco.m r 1r:ldy d("anro 11 r.; ~v('my plIU-d. an d Il~

ruutng cdge and lugs ilre darnllg('(\

, PINUmety lioon !h<o.. ""'ol ""' rkUld t ;"'-<lnrt , J ~ ~ ~ "

: n.. .. r .. "" ...I<......"""' ..........Jmlh-' .. . (..... '''' n ..,..", •.-.., ..11<1 8..o ~

1 .10

f>7C;f>.u/)n U ; f.l~hl""'lllh l)vn...,;1 ~ ur ,...rlln­/' , ,,,...,,.,-rlN: N"u( rall~

Mnl\WN"" "' ~: 11'rll(lh. "I.lI Ull . wIdth ~t l>uu. f>~ <"I " : ul

. u tll l1 l1~, ~ · ) n"

\\,lg'Il .'l w f> ~

\!.l ,,, 4trAN'fIk·..I n:'('I'('f.~ ' ~II",k: en : .. 1I....: rll : ,, : S,, : · , " .1<1: AI!: <I "1" : t' l" ;

I ." "': She"." ~' l: No: uK' 1:Au : ~. " .1>1: (' " : , , , .. .. :...~, 1 ,1 ; 711: < , 1.Il l

1\:11.. «/,i-rqIlJ'; I/t>fl.' I "",. jt ;(fl or lh.. ~+': Yf'l f:xplm ;Olll ..,

Fu nd i'Rihl~""aph.r Nl 'fl("

129

1> 7 ~ 4 ()

/Jo,u ~1 lt tJ I"·,, t hl~ 1l ..'<Il<

1·" ... ' ~ ·r ·, I", "' •..-,..~t

.\ In,, .,, ,..''' .•: [ .·Il~t h. ' l "nn: ..."llh ,,111,.11. '1." "''' ; ;11

n ' llh,, ""r<·. ll lm ,U ",!,I" ; 1 1

'1l.\ I,.lo idf- nrulll'r'~' ''';<I\k'Cu : ",,, .n : I'k " ,l H, : SIl, ' , l " : '\ 1:: ",,,!,,:I'e

n, I eo:.% : ' I ni H: Ni: </." J": Au: ~ 0 ." ' : en : " ." I"A~: H,,: In. ~ ".0 1

''''Ir .~ .\I ·q..i <lI ....I: I ll ; ! It :lh " ' .~ . w.ha" hl

11.,.,...."...,.,.".·:-.1,"'..rial il u··ht·itt:! "'l"f)' slm il ,u tl ' I J I( tl ll ! wuh llI",n:

nta rltnt ly ron s-ave ~Itk--; . Tlwrl ' ;Ire !Il l Ran J!.('S uuIhe hUll ,m,1 the ~l,k-s , Th,' Ma,t<- i ~ ' lulW Ihiflly

rt llT,~kd, 0"...or tbc l u i/.~ is brok..n andthe cUll ing

t'll ~c i ~ ch l p~.." t

1'1.'"Tf . 2 ~

" I,An : 1 -1

u 8

12 7

~(] lth ",

nll r ' ~]I: h l rnll h n~' u;, ,,. }'

I'r(tl ·~ ,." . 'r: llnrn ·....tkd" ",." " rr" trtlt ,' I .rn jl1h . 14 . , r m: ..·kllh .., bu n . l l _; ('m:

.. I ('IIumt .-.!ltt". ~ " ''nl

\\'d., Il I : S,qjt

"''''lrol.>I:Rr".r.T·1....1't1K Cu: '+1.4; l"b: < n ." ! : Sn; ~ .x,,: "'j!:: ...u.n l : I't":

" ," I" ; ."'"': " " 1' " "-ll:"." l" ' .""; < n ,"I ;C,,:'I.<U":" .' :", I:/JI ; · " l.Il .l

!)"l r ,>/.lt qtHsJlil'l l: t ll<j1l

lIlirlJ. "l"IJ'~us: Norlt"

I t,R l \fld' .. FJjlhl ....... ,h l)yl ".. ly

l 'r,,,,,·,• •,,, r : II,, •..,...,..l,,·Alr.I<"' ~"'tJII 1 : 1 "" I P.l h ., l .Hn .. ", ;. I( h "I h,"n , 1.I . I ,m;

..j , · u IIIIIR ~ Ilt<'. ; . 'i '"''

n'rl1l"' ! 4<;'i llAl.irn l~ ':fu~l~

1 1>1l!!I ~if; ( u: 'i 1.l : I' h: ". 1 / " ; Sn: 'i.fl n : A ll : <J.n 1</: F~ :

1I.l l n; .'i-t>: n " 4" : NI: " .n4" : Au: <n,ll l ; ell: n.o\":, ~ . " .,. ; 'In : " .o f>

fl" t"N." qu IJll kl" 'I H.i l

IlJ~iN'.rrI'~, N,"le

1111n itJc!tCIH I sim ilar III . 11<11'<' III I Jh-;lml willi

a ('f IIlH' !i hUIt. Ttl... hUll lin d the s~ "rC' rough lyIlal1)tC'd. 'Ib c blaJc Is qu ltt>Ih ld d y corrodC'tl , wllh

Irll('M< tlf t(':'llll, ' ~ ll rv l \in J: In Iht' corro";ion prod uct

on tJlIl" rRn~ .

"~, I . 'l~ , ' .: " " llloolr ,1/ . I , 'l" ;-U ~ "'. , .,, -"

n,lol~ _" "Iol"l 1../" 1 1 1.1: .' ; I <11" ' ln ' ""....hr-ad ...ll ll " ,nll:. thld\ h tll " , fmkil \ 't

~ h l.... a lltl al ll" ....1 \hallChl ,'u ll hllC t"\1~(" Thc n M ·

" ,,",--,''4 p<" "1 "f I h .' ",,,, II ' I" ~'n ll' ~: I",1 llt" an"f thr­1>l11l than Il w ( · lt W tl ~ "J~(". 'l'hc ro' Il <'r:< or the

n llll l1 ~ ed.: e I1r(' rounded . The blllJ<' ha~ 1......('/1n,mrk 'w ly t·!C'an", 1. lI iun llwr murk.. ar (' prtS<-"Il t a ll

"",'1 Ih,' Ma,k . ,n,...t vl~ t>l y "" lh~' ~i, k-<; . Roul/.h"lim; rema in " n thr- ro~l"'i hNlr-;llh thr- lugs. Th eyha ..'l' M-n I!rnunJ ........·n llfl Ih r- olh('f N~l'S '1110:,·UIllIlJ!.end 1 1.1 ~ ho'1"n ", "I ' hnt tn a lai rly sm, u lhnn l ~h and Ihl'll addltinnallv !(rot!n,1 to lortn aquite La' \'ll (, Illc, 'lbcrr - arc no ohvmus ~i~n s of

wear . Thf'r (, ar(' t'a~1~nR fa ll l1 ~ lin 11K' hUll alld

N-t1(';lIh ' l!I('" f th l· lu J!.<:.

u ~ . )-n H IIl ~ t"

\\ ·ln l ."I·! ,\ H 1) j ll\

1,,<, '1'1\\ I1j :'I\ . '~

,.

qo

, Il.J-> Ih.. "" ", ,,1'1J ~ . ~t- .",",,-b- .... I.,J ~ ' t ' .....fJ III<- _ ... · ~."..I ..

U!( ;,,;t1lH JlI.<.4S

\\l11 l\.V1AV'l 11J+lI fIOt;' I " \''''' ' ~l'''-'

It ";"' , c. ll"" " " nb<'r .. ill. ~ ~ ''' hI.'< o!>t<-tn (, ' H" Ih,· ... ,, '"

"",,,c Ih... lh~ "..""-1 ~"" I" ,""' '' .... ,j",,,,,,,,, ,1<:1"''»1 ", ,, ,, ' ~ , Ii . , lio~. , " . ~ . \> .. , .. .... ," U... 1t->.. 1:JI 1.I" " ·.. ... . I.. 'I""'I••"',·. .... · ~ , ....., ..w.--•. ,~., " ' \

142 I'!.,..n. .!,;

'i'i 'i 7 J'I....'. ; 'n",J 4u lln ,... ' ~'I I ,,-· hTl...( .•.",,"....*P" ,,,,'.w,. 'r : NUfI . '1'" ", ,, I I . h ".n,bu"" Il, ',..... " S1.".r

U "l:'" ..k-.. lrhu ",n ,tj~ "'..."'ron,,,,~: 1. " ' lIlh ,-,tIMII. 4 ·l nnWt'Jitltr; t ,j &MUIr, i.:/!;E!rOtli«'

r1, t.<I!I :" ~ : ell: 7",": Sn, .II " . t'.': " . , ,,••,,,,,,, .,, i. ""i~lr~"I · , .. 1:l IC:III ui lllC$IIJ,IIl t:"n..-"II ",," 1!ilbl. """,,>11;-:!< :. t I ll

M, ~id ;l U~ "•• jth ~),I fl . f" ugh ly ,'L1 1 in Hill' Ilt....t "ul"r Ih in ~h("(:1 oWla l. ni t' toI..<1cis <I lm"~1 sqU,Jr t' III

shupe. The hilfl Is st rdlj(ht nw fllr. 'c Is 4 Inl . '

th lr l ly corroJcJ .

' 1' ,to..'....II,.. " """"" .. " .. , ......,.."........... I',,""Io,· ..."'"

l'l ,'\TL l 'i

'i'i 'i 7 -1'r~ l r : 1.. 1<:fifth ('n nury II<:

/" ,!W'IoI'k't';N u rl, 'rum b I l . F.'..Il\<LH i< >l II ~1-")>I ( S EI '>l

"lllW ·'\m "' .-nct~ · yerl.le )

...lr ..... ,. '".·il/s: l n 'lllh ..(h~ fI. . 7,'1"' nlV,~hl" " _7 t1:

"-l.tI~. ",I. l'. 'f1'C" ''' ''''' ~' ''"'

,\ ,...I.~s''' : No>!~,,-... ~I>k vw\n~ 1>, run..", ..,lM" u/ ."'<ll>w /J' >f' . I ~ l ' lI~l1 •.r,~Su<LII I ;'''''tTlm ...m lIM fW!l' .o;.h!l: Ny'l . ~ II ;loJ ~ ' ... till, 11. \ . 1 1t ~4-1 1" ; ' K·

1:;; . 1.>:', cll.: ~ ..t..J App...nJ<I L no , S ~

Model <txc with huft, T(l u ~hJy mild.... hi nne pi "...·c" u t o f shed met al '111Cbl...k is Il h n~>:>1 sq ud rc hI

s hare .IIlJ is 11I11;k.... sl igh ll y JownwafJ~ . 11k: h" ft

Is S l ru l ~ ltL TIle pko<:c 1\ \Il'f)' th .d.ly n >fl ' oJ.'<.I

J";or1i. b of l.Umllllltt olh"'r n ldlc'r l" ls ""h"fl ' I" Ille

''' lI" r~lI vroJu''''l

1I""" ..... lh.. n..mb.-r -.r.h ' ...... r...'.t>oa·.. lr ...n '~.......-:

",.,"r~ I . ln<fudh ., I.t ~ ;",<1 ,.t>. , l-'r......!.lIt fllW "' !>\lo'

'i 'i .:;H.l'IVlt l'..rl t t'ifl:",Cr lllur r"/" "", .,..."" Nu n . 1', ~ nb l'l . t·"ulIJ.J1l..n 1l<'po"'l Nt-:,....

t)uct'<. {!ll'l..n Ll"-\..... --q.. '

"'lr<l.<I<...... ...nI$; I.('n g'h "fh~fl . 1 ·~ O:IIl

\\'r ll/ },l ; l .lg

1,f" lfl l.JI:Cupfll-'f , bnlfl l.<'rI,."..:.u· N" C!--" bl.·uw;n l1l.. ..'l ff.».l ' ''.,-,.,u ol/.v"'"i!.I1 ; 1...J..Ij( ;d'I "! lh .. SlI.lon l:..v.1''' ....: lll ifl, H" '!l, ,,,,oh.,,'.'IIUrl.IM I - l. Mll l l15. , 1I· t · l I 7: Jr.-1-'I , h

...f .: ..... ~ t "Pl-"...JI &I. n.. ... 8

(' nuk' m 1 a rc w illi h <tll , rolUl:h ly 1'111 in ' 1IIe'

pl....... "ut (If lh ill shee t m ..·t« l. Th e blOHk is ,lll\l k J

downw ards and is rou gh ly ro- tangular in sha p;.'.'[li e ha rt is cu rved and expands towards the hlp

..nJ bouom. II i" cracked th ro ugh lit nne ".. int.TIl.: pk\ 'e is Ih k U y t-orr•..kd . ' ·,,('(ld ..'s ..rsa nd .\ 1111

adhe re tou.

"k•.lt l lll .o-h..-lId. m ade of ~h l'ct meta l. very s imUdf

I" stl llp" t o 117. but Ihklcr In secuon . II is quue

hClllllly corr oded.

ru. n ' J;S139

1 1I .t<~"' . ,hb ....,,, ,........ oth ' 1 ........ ..bjr."'lr"'",..., ........' '-'' ''~ ' ' . ... loJio' i ' 44

138 f'L-IT12 'i

" 'i'i7\ ''J.. ; ,. h lnJ 'l 0d" ...r vl" ""' .., flh . ......tlu ry ....·/·r " '_.': Nil". Tomb I I . f<lut>J''' i" .. llr<:-pv>ll :-if'(, ,f" ~Il 11 \o4.. ltwId,.,m..nii

A...... "'....."'/li: /.cn Klh . l .J ..n.; .. tJ lh ..l bu u . l . 1cm ; ..1

n ltt llt lCcdl!<'".',h,m

W~I!l'hl.' " i iiA-W(u wl. !irOtUl.·AI... I!l l j ~ : ( u : 1>--\,1.; Sn: If. ,n : Fe : n lH O

Pd/r ." ,'1..,...";1;""" I ' Il l \t :I'" .>!Ih.: Suddn Govcn lllll'Il'11l:,/.oI..'!I' .I('h, .v ..... '''-I <luJ I 'I ll; K·q, . h . d •.; "'C .. I....

AI'I',~"-,, . I . n" ~ I

M, ..k l dlt: -he"J fu ug h ly m a.k uu l of th in ~h 1

mo ral. It h es II n-l " tl vd y shun hlil.k w ilh ~l'l l!y -d,i des " Ild IHl " luJUY strd lghl CUHillg o:Jge , Th~'

bun is s li ~h l l y nln. ,w e "n d the nne In iac! lug Is

IdT~l' IInJ I, lf)~ . Th... pln: e is Ihir ll y ..-orr.>thI .

'111(,0 ' i~ it ..-('lId , un un.: side .

137 PU TI 2 5

.. 5'i7'="floo v S.-.;un.:! qu"r lc'f vl'thc "l f'Lh Llut urya<:Prl"\'l'I"I'u : Nun.'famo 1,+. FuuMootlon Oq..;It NW lur

KlnIl N"""U, ..... '~"'tl$I''''''''"I s.· ''''nglh . 1, t(' ln; wlJ IIo.. t beu. I OJrn.; ;o1

c Ull m g nl lle , l. lull

\-\-'tigIU: 1 ,~ jI;

,\ l<llrr i<JI, Bnmw\1I.,j~ .. s:{"u, • ; I'b, If: Sn : t

/),'It.'' ,\,·..."a:tloM · l"l llt:tiI ..( Ih..· ~Id4" ~ :''''<T '''11d111

Ril>l."lt"lm.'t: r-.,,,I, I KS it; A-I:' . I ~ I . t.!1;l')! Ju :"' ..... I"'.,\ JlP<'TlJII I. no ....

Mod.:l <tlle-he d<! tn"J e ()ul of thi n sht"t'C mc rat. Ithas ,j slr a igh t hull with la rge lugs and 11 longbtadc with slight ly spluyed sides . The ,' UlIl n g edg e

is har dy ronve • . " h e pk.,e ls moJ.: roldy rur­

r..J l.'<.I.

-i'i'i7'i l

l lod t':I' rl thllu th ( <:n1ul) 80

1·" " ..., ,, !'<u ri , T,,' nb' I.·'.. u",J..l ..... U.' ......I :-".. I".fJ(in K H;o, douf l

.\I~<lS....c...<n.lS: 1J:118th . -1." 1'1"' ; ", tJ lh ill hu ll . s·' .... n; ..1<-'lltll>lll nl ll<:. l . I ClII

w ,;ghl: OJ ·'I1l

Alau ri.J/: lronirwl y, II : N<I1po»>lhle uw lllil 1o .-"r ro1k>flfUl, •.j 1\>·.,..151-110... , I OJl l (ti lt! , .. I.... Sud a n 1;' •• cn ' n' l"nllIl,N~"rurl<'1 Nun. U I .... <Iu4; 1.;'':<1.. '-"' . , I I .; 5nO. l.. ,

Apprtl<ll)I , "" , ~h

t.t",jd l!l e·hcad. "ery Ih ld .ly ..·tltToded and WllrpW.

II itP1Xa rs 10 hll \'t' h ad a rd a ll,'d y n a rr ow h1uJ ('

wlth ,<>pIdYOO silks ond II wide' butt w ith dun gdtC'dl u~ , onc ll(Jwlus l

'i 'i 'i 7h'1),,1.' , M..t f<l<lrlh l'~ "lll ry ..J'.. )~(/", ,,, ·t: EI·Ku/l U. Tum b t , F" urod;,ltonll<'po., t1'

In" , "f l ;n lC I..>l r<,,'<!''-L........h.\ rr"" ..rt III ~: I .'flsl h . l ·"crll. ...,J IIo" , b,, " , ' .Inn; ....

• "tl"'ll " l ~,· . I ,K., ,,"~,.,"I :;' I t:

,\ LUt .wl , It.-....'u',1,un!l",•. t ·" :<H,,, : I'tt: .. ,,,, ,,,.:S'\ :~ ,7"<l:r.· :I I. It""'\>.

IT, )

/ \i l"., ..l><j,mll."" ' 'I .1l(';lnof l h c Su J"n ( ;'-,\ W tl " '' ' n I1

II,"''' ~.I''''''''' 1.'1 10: .."," , l! ' -1; " ... "I",. API"""'" I."" ,>11

• · 1 1_· , ,, ,, ,~."...,. , ·1<~ ,.. , ~... " .... ..... "'''"., ~ .<'

• " r' ''' ''' ~l ' ",c<~""...I....c ~, Ill<'f"~,."""...,f ~,."". ~ ,~ III ,'f

1"" ' aj' I...... I"-""-"-', cop " I ,

1"1,'" n .s .14 anJ 1-1. lig . ~

l.luu; Ttur,II III,·n n.:dh"" I·,...ltld lf !['r._'loI,~ , : I I"I'\'<" JrlJo.l

!l lnt~l"m....m~ 1.·IIj1lh. 1 1 · ~"m; ...l<Ilh IIIDoln.1 1·IHm;

dl , ·" UIl 1ICcJjt<"H.'f ' 1"

WrI,p IL 1" 7 '1,61:,\ flUr rlJl,]'lI u,-=

'11J.. IH~;s: Cu: "n, ~; Ph: 1.1] ; Suo ~. ';I0l: Air ' H Il " ; Fo:" .-Il ,, ;S b:"") -I,,; NI:lIu-IlI;. \lI , ""u " ll; ( . l: ". <ll n ;

vs: ... ;,.. : -·"' IlI.'lr'" ·\, «.""1"'", t ',f>. \ ~ ..,n"1"· \ 1" h~ l h.h~

l·..I"·(IJ. ~ lI

/h/o!.~rtll«I!j. t;n1....I.otf, :\ \" LO .l 7 1. "-I 7I , l Ol-l J . IIg, 1'1;

1.Iol1['1 , ~ r'''1( \<) (1 '14 '11. Kl .1; l ~ n l"" . HMO 4( I 'I f. I L -I I I, pl , ~hL 7 : ~In,,/w..k , I ) ; K · I~ , , ra. (;...X 'J"lh l l " , '

I .. rg.: h O:iil 'Y "'H' · h ,·a d wll h n ·l.lli "dl lun g h1aJe. a

,'" n l'l' ll !'>ulf and IlIr i:C' Ih ld. lul':' . bt i-lh ~'urvcJ ill

Ih,' n lJ s , 'll lt· S~(h.~ ;uc alr ,,' >:>l Sl r llltlh l hu t ~lay

't ,u IM:.m h qu il ': sh M" ly .d Ill.' , 'u UlUI; ': IIJ ThehUll IS " ~ "" IIJ" J "It J l1' lll ;:' ..J IiI.c I Jl - ~ , Th econve x (·u ll ln .,; edg e is turn ed "li d bluurcdIh f<lllg h hea vy wea r, Th o: ptl. ....C' is lh id d y cor ­

f,.k-J . (~ p<-...'i4tlly on .llle I......~ . wher t the bull ­

lI.ut);e h,,~ bee n I..r~dy C',lI.'n """ ..y. ..oJ th" rc ~

~u ll',rr1id .,1 damage a II lIW r. lJ"mmc r ma rks ..re

ron..."..1l1 I' ll Ih(' !>l<k~ Iudl life ~ll ghl ly r.....ned .OIlC r".·c. wll k-II hu d be ·u d .·'Ill,·d hd<)f" l it.' axe's,Kijub iOorl. bcur-, 11 .:n lJeJy nn' Iscd Insenpr fon

~ '!: (';:-H ~'J h 21 = "";;-; 'c- \ q' !o\: m g Ill' Il pp...r a llJ l .. wcr r~ypl . lI ~l:rma"IrC"

",·I'·l,,·nr.·.' 1~1,,\,.-J . " I It >rtl s. lurJ ••r TlIllis ·. I.It,uhl

nbls u~ h ' lilt., "Ulh"nl lt'lly "f this Inso'npoli"n'klJ.ll"~ f ;l ph i<- ;; lI illy:'D lI..s in .liclllt-J Ih, 11 ;. II('r

.-;; -J.1I' l!: Ih,' hl" Jc WdS w,;rl<--J "11<1 ,1ll11l:;tlcJ , "n Jrhm !ll<' illS"'Tlpt io ll W;JS m"J t . dl }C-;l s{ pdrt ia lfy ,

hy " \I tl ill~ n ul m eL,,!. Ill'LI is by "ngrdv i tl ~ , "

" 'dlll ique fl....uirin~ ~ln· 1 1..,,1s " I ;; l;lnJ IltHug hlnol 1(1 hd \ 'l." 00'11 ' Il'a ildbk I.. th e Ec;.y plid llS a s

<:;,rl)' ..s Ih"''I'wtll IY'''''l'o>rld 1 ~'I ... \Jy

hh .l.l l

1 .15 I·LHI~.q , j z a rrd J.l .llg. I. e

,=,<17 (, ':

l ~"r. 1.. 1t' I' ,...;•..! . t;r...,·,' M '''''~t1 V"r~>J .i,l·r" ...."' .. ~.lln....,.I.." "Ur...-W'~"..." U 'I.c"l:lh . 14 .'1Cn,; ,,-..JIhlit !>llll . , \ ,<;,'m;

.,I t'ulIu ll/.,..JgC. lo , I ,·1lI\l!rl!J ~ L I 5 1 1. 5 ~

.\ L,'u lol. lr,m, ,,..I,/~;'; .\~ ""."; N" "" t. l; t ·,,: ' 1." ~ 11

/loIu <Jj.I' if'II'W,,,,; 1 ~ " 1t

HmllJ9T"f'hItIIuJIl( .M.I><J" 'J,,.,j"' SII I I'(.j,lI ... ..I. rl · r1

11M .l ; 1J \I L:u."' ( I~"h l. l :lll; n\'. lI - ';I.pI, ll . 'l J; 'Uf

1;", J.. (I'IJJ l. lul, n. 1 J

1..11'1:1.'. w ry tW<I\lY . ,txe· h,:aJ .....It h IO'Ill!. ~pl il y ed

h!;IJ r . " ~ l fil i gh l bull . .. nJ (alLg holJ\;l.'u Ill " S. The~i.lt'S .If, ' ~uili~hl ;lIloJ.:xp;lIld c~ \'ll ly h, wd fJs li n:, lI ll ill !l: ,....ItC lnom Ill '", r th ," bU lL 'r h<"1l:' .u e n o

11,,"g,,~. 'Ih ..· h l..<le h n"oJcruld)' ...,rr, ,,1....1 <tnd

.....a r.. .. u lI lll h.·r " r ...II\.. lIfaulb .mJ em l'L.s . 'I'11l·r,·r.,

ilh l! ' '' 'n -.lokf..bl,· SUfrao.-.: plllh l ~ . The O lf1 V(' X eul·

l in~ l.'<:Ig.: Is sh a rv ;lIlJ ~ho ....' ''' riO ck ar s ign ofwe" , . '-k l" UOI!I'<lph1.· llll 'l lys i:> l!.ls inJkull.,J lh a t

Ih ,' IlIl'l" l I:; OJ"'... ..1;IlIJ 1hill lh. · ..·u lli IlH cd!:, ' o f Ill.:

hl.. <1...,... s ~\"'I tl' h h.. f.kn C'<l

::;;:.~~:: ..,~ ., ~ ,~N,· , ,.... ~ ... . ,..... ......, "'" •••"I< . l '" " 1

PLAn : 1"

I h :.o ;~ lI r(lfl ~l<;

\\ TI Il"J,, --.U JJ ·m

,~ l 'Ml n l ';ll li~

LH

1.. ,... I',ar1~, ,,, .... ' h , ',·,, r" n ; ..I·" ....-..." .. ~, i'; ,;r l. "...nto , \ . 1'<0.. ",1"110,, , 1"-1" " " ~ \V 1<1f

"iu~ 11~1'l'I >l r1 '

M"""" m k''1L'. L"I' I:.'h ,,. h,,n. " ~,...,II ·..-",h' K ~ j1;

,l l.1f." i" /- {\ 'N""

" ,••l'1u ..;l ·":'f·r ~ : ' ·, '": ~·(' · ' ' · ' · '' '

l in.. , ., t.'1m~"~ 'If , " IJ1 11:» ' "f ll... ~, ..L." 1 ;',u~ ,,,,,, ," ' I '

",hlh~II""'''I · '''' I I')

'J ..dd if\\' ,uth h;r rt. ru ll r h1y 0 11In .111<:' p ln '(" ,1111..r Ih ill <11"'('( m~1;11 '111(' IIla,"- l.. .. lm'''' 1 ",-!IMf("

w illi ;11I Illdi'I' 'tI ~'ll ll l nJl ("1lI1 '111r h:lfI Is 1v.llki

i" ,,1 \1l ~lol lv " 11",,. 1 TlK- ['k't .(" ~ qu ilt:' I" lfU r

... .rfll<I,·.l

I ~'" 11", 0 I

'; , ' 7f , '

, .. v : "Hd-~" lUrth C", 'IUn- 11<'

1'l-,.....,~, . ..: t1-" " n " . l, ..n.. . . .-..un..l. lInn n ,,....,j' ·l ".," .,. , -.I ~.l" jl "'" rrt ''' ' ''''Nl

...'n t<u.........nl< : 1,('t,S!lh , 01 h~rl . -I .~ ''' '

1t'~'I1~ : l · ' ll.\f ..u. wl:Bn" "...' ,"r1~sl,<;Cu: ~~ ,,, : 111: ".1'>0 " ; .~l' II ." : ~ e : O. " ," : ,, ~ .

llo>(~ ,'I /1.< qHj <;I ~"' : I ~} --I j( ;lft of Ihr ~u J>.n (~"'l"l'nmrT , t '

HJI'I~'!l" 'rh!I, !.. ~ ... "

M n.l rl ll'u" wllh h4n. fOIllt:h1y cu t In 0fI{" pi n :t" ou l"f Ih ln !>h l"t"t lO('1a l. nle Ma.le I.. f'('t.-ton I!Ula f III

, h ltfl<'_Th. ·lllln I~ st fil j ~h l I-ul !> l i ll.hl l~· e _Plllltkd It/

lho.· onU,,,n . Thr- pll'('(' j\ lhkldv c'Tlrr M ed

It "' ..." II... .. .. ........ M d, ' .. "' '''''' ,....... . ~ " ...... Ih<o........n ' I. I..,-tudln-t u o and .4"

I l"n ~ !'oW ... ~"

14.6 I'I.ATt .l i

,0;"7'"/ . " ..: Mlor l-h>u' lh t 'MIIll' Y"I't "' .t": ,r\s ...,,,.nJ"' i,\I , "".. ...rn<: I "Tljt,h .~h..fc. "'·1 «<1I'o-- r ;,#tl; ; l!-.\io>I ,,~ I; l ru<J

_\, ~.I~..j " Noot I""""''''.. .....h.1I,,, .,,.... ...h,,.1-",.,., 1/"'~""'"i<"" I~J J ~ , ;lfl rtl l~!'udan C:',... ,-nmo-n ll

'W"~'<Jl'l,,, ·"' . , .n

M,,,Jrf 11)[(' wllh hAft, matk' In o ut" pfe1..-e. "'NYIhlc kly connokd. 111(' h111dr- IIppI-'a n; !o haw' moenruu~h l y rN.1an~uh.r In ~hape. Th t' hlf f! Is stnll jl,h l .

, ~... q .) , ,, , , . • nd ' 4 \ , " · '

MArr 2"

.l 7i° <;'l totlJ':rtnl.:-my II/·' hH -Nuurr alb'. ,,.mv!<'of " ' nkom\' II. found..' .....'

r\c' l !WM f...",~m~llr.~: Km.a lnhl~ ktlWh of h"fI. ~ , " <Tn

l-\.'rl'lhl : I ·7 !:...f.,v ria l: l lJ-pp.-T"" ....nnlC,l""I.,.-i' : Nut r"...-slhk nwl~ 10 ,.,",<Wino l

/. 'U''1tk4U;. jj..... , li l'l ~ i(;lft of th.- t'llyrt I'Jlfll",lIt......l'u n d J

fr.HIo.-.."rq'It"'. ........ n:nls l. .l q . f , .pl . • n . • : I"""' • . h lk. tJ1rrp1.~.. p ,lOlll lljt .....p , 2,."'l>~ to: Tt l! \-'I'lO"

l'II4'I',,,,,.,, f .~ l Q. 11: id. TW. k . r'I ,~ . 7"1e: K-f,t .' 11 _ Lt ( : lJ/ l I : fl ' . J , " - R; .",. . bnt\ rf'Nl'lh I. n to

"""-1<ldd lUI:' with h . ft , mtltzh1 y mlkk In (In('' pln"e

Dill o r ~hed ml"flll. II ha~ a I'cl ..ll\ldy ~h llHow hl;t<.k.,!Ilp:'ri n p:s1fRhlly fnHn bUll to rulllnn en d, Thc hancurv~ uulwllni\ . It Is hrok m Ilt th ree poin ts. with

II S!"'o 'li,," tn rh .. O1I. l.il c >lltd OI no tn ("r af t h (" "' .. .om

mr."<i ll~ TIu' pK-rr 1\ Ih Kkly "'IT",:J,.,j

,.I, ' fol"nuro>h--r.. Mh l l ·Mt........ ......' , " . ..., h ,....d' .....tIf-.. .-;, ,r.............""IrI<'. "' ,...odi.. jl ·· IM

148l 7 Sn ,, ',....... 1'" IIMny II

1l.·pWI NW

.\f.... . no-........" ,~. 1£'1'11. 11'1 .... h.,il . >! ' l .--m\\ 'r'iqI"' ''JII"'~Jl"/III .- l·,~ ,,,-"".mll"

A....'".,.. : N<>Ip ..... bh- .. . .-I" R ' .. ... " " " .. "I

I\", .,!".""I<III.,,, . IU( " . t ;lf' "i l l ..-~4t..," h"".,;,o(k'"FunJ ~

If,hl J.'1I, ,,,>h'f ,'-;a,,h'll i'i I. J <f. l ' .1'1 n .... I " : / 'fld' .. f rl l ,'anJ El r/ . l'" p. ilndfi1:, ,,,,, p. l-';. , ank ll;r,,, r ,,,,,.,l>ftIqint1, J f .fll':. 2'1 . ~ ; Th ·. !'l. rI.II ./! .. : K. r </ , h , .-iJ

1/1 .1 , ;' .'1: ....r lll .. . :\ I't'<'" .IhI . .." fo"M.KkI ;111' I'd l h ha O. " nltt h lv m a.k III m l(" rie l'("

" Ul of~ ITI('lal. It h;l" a rt ..teucefv \ h >tlln w.

almost r("ct.lIl Jl: u la r M,' 1k lImI an In .....ard ·r u rvi nJl:h;"fi . nw IMII I.. n:tll,...I Ih f1lll gh ln~l below I t>..h1lhk . Th("pt("cC" b< Ih ici.l \' c't,m KkJ.

' . ......04; . .. '

149044 <;"l lltlt' : M<' I'kJ'N."oJOII' rlflNrJrl ' lr .......U <lr ..

M..~"'~ ,., .~ I .." " h . , .IIn n: ... lr\l h a' ", .11_ 1. ' rm . "'cu ll1nllNR--·. , .2cm

"'~~ " ·"'llU <tf" ...,.-Rr..._.i _ J!f<l<' (: u: "-: SI1: •fJoJf..."' ." quhJI""'; '~4 t,1 1~. .. ·"" " fS I' lk nry

Wdlr.....l<")

Hlbilotp"""~:Jri>tIM"!f<-I , I J I , pi, I.• . All . '

Modd 8'o:('·hc ad m ath.· n-ut of thin sh l"l'f. ffi('la l. It

h;l ~ ~rla)'M ~hJ('S umI .. ~ Ii ~h l l y fOllC"W(' d lln r.:;"h'd

hu lt wllh Ihin Idpt"'lillg lu lt-~ . II I~ lTl<toktuldy

cr."-'-OOnt . So4lw o r fh<-O IHin g oo jtc I.. 10, 1.

l..... thor ~~"" lh.. P"oblnn .. I(' ''''' '''' <11. --1 4" ,; l ......4 11.. \ ... . 4 ' 1-'1, r rrll <rf. cI '4<' "", ~ ~ , ..:~", ,.JI;N_ " ,R,,, ,, 'f

J 504 7 7 <:jO/JoI'" N~....tln~ or 100t,.,..Pr""",.",.. , ' !.lI'lr ..-I -Ra~rI . Slle ,,11m-tnn~ of

l.lmluhol~ 1I

Ar..""..r........... ; l .m~h . h . ~ r'" : ...~Ilh ..1 hull. ~ ,<oo,: lit

.~mlnl! n:ll': t:' · ; · 7 n"

""-""hI.J~ "....,Jr""' ~ [Mill

A"..I~$js: h., ".'.0'''lJ' ' '' '''' /ff,i<IIk>n: ' ....' 7 U:lfl of 'IwoEgwJ'lf.• r>to ..eU..n

l'und ln j/~i"'l ,..pItl/ : Noot-'

Model lll(('· h l' fHI matk (If ~hed llli'litl. It has areia llvt'ly ~uat blade wl lh splayed sides and <l'>lIghtly ClJl1ve l( ('u Uln !\ t'<l ~e, lnsi !"<ldof t u ~.. there

Is a ro ugh l, cyllndt-lcltl Sflr l.C'1 fom led tl~' h " m mN ­In p; the ,"ull round. F.ndosnt III Ih e 'iOCkt1 I.. II

notrrow IW"lal Ind . rr-HUmably th<- tup W't' l ion oflhe nrt~l rul l hilfl. Th e h1w Is wa rp:'<! a nd HjZhtlyl---orrudnt 'fhton.! li n' "ITl i'l1J lT 8Ck'< In lh e skid ""od

on l h<- w..-l r't . The ('u ll lnp: edgc WII ~ ~""..ro byli~hl gr1nd lnl/. hut is nu t \'ery shitrp

" ~ro"p rJ l,""" andin>J'l..-J~ _~..."jIll .' loh rJ!lolo

T""f'I'. I., ,,;,ndllJ,,~ . lOl\tl d»U'<IL::>lheh~

f'...-1'Od. ..na.an<,mbr-fr-.l l ",.,~r-.llhell:--..n P...-..-.d

. ... d1...:!I,,"" , II .. ~. ~ l . ""-h<n . ...,.,........,. .. I ~"

...... , l11o...:1 . An ...." ' .. . .........,.,..-rvstff""""'tryH. ILlldi"".Iw~-...s apuup r-.l .........._ , ..1.td· \ VIl "" O' n . ... Il_"'·. .. . h ""fu<lIonln '.....

(Ollfllll ' I fl I I O I - '; O}

Ih~" ~h"r l - I" ~I:. ..I \ar io."I ~' . n·p,,.,,·,,....1 h er. ' ,'"I OI - H. I~ I tw ,";.r!lr:>t"'.mll ....I" I;... ' ,Ii' Ih it nt' \\

I) f\<' o f a lC!' . TI l(" lIr'f'1...- lim ;' ~ 'r il" ;,p,.,,: arm ,, .· illEI!YI" b ttll<.T l 11lIn. h ilt il W<l ~ 1' ..11~;rh l i"hn l h~

Ill<' 'I'lunccruh Dvuastv and con t lnu e·oJ ill IN'Illn ,n l!h ,Hll 111" S.'n-'l.d In k l ll Wd ;<ll\' 1'('(1,.,,1. 1111'(',lrl k'$l ,·xl'lIll '''''('lnll 'l ' S a rt·l"1'"h<lh l~' th r. ", 110\111~alllill .' Il, " III ~ h i" h w r-rc r..um l wh h .. Ih, ·rim ro!<·lIlt:'n l t h i 01hol.....d II(";1r l llC"ll, k 'r " f q u .. .." ill.1 nnd- I'IA", r,h Dyll if"fy 1....11\1:· '111C" i," pl" uw n hliMy rnof I..· t''' '' '' 'll1r" r ;<l\' ... jlll Ih ,· hO\l«' buttl1('r("I, till r("u", ,,, I,, ,1"uhIIIMl lhn' "" ' I"n~ I" Ih.·\ 1i.Mk ~ i ll......J...u" ..d tL·1lJ<-1l1 rhu~. "hlt h " fl'

p.:;u <;10, h :,\( " "' 1I1li' M'e d "I Ih ,' •.,,<1 .. , II", Th i,

1I..·" Ih 1 )~ 'l;I'iI )t . ' '11..' lh l, ,1 '~'<' ; I ' '' ''' I h<:·It>n r ' h '

Ihi~ s;4mc pll a",' , Il ruI in I h i ,~ ,.i1 .... ' i1ll'r .· j .~ 1110'lltldi !ion aJ d:lli ll l/. r-vklrm-c pro \ hk..-l hy Iw " <IS'

~"' I ;" kJ ~"J1n~s t'\ ' idc ll ll y rnJ tll a pri \' a l<'so-,lral:!(,Ibit, I.,lkklk ~ jl l ~,lom!!'lljrtrt'l llh 1)y11a'ly 1,\ f>t-. , T<lIh......• ;UI'S <'Jill hr a,MI,,1 , ..." a U·- lII"II I.I~ : " II< '

ll ~,. i ll f~..nl .. ;.t,,·III. ' !rum Ih, ' Silllle ,,· tl lt" tt:1l1r h" se-ItS th e a eca . ;<,It! the t>t h(' r .. t ... ry imro' I1..,.1",( ;<1l1pk Iroru 1'("11 d· I);jh'OI. n.....C"III!.,. l !l~:, ,\'("rc..till ;\ Thlrl t.....uh II)'nasty ~l r.II 11 I1 I . ' It.' lIJj:h l.v n ,n ·l('lnl" lI'ar y w ilh '!oi.. 1·~.vpI l ;tIl lII"l mul ;m" I" ""'wrt-ltI~~...1 \I U":I: fwm ~raH·' ;,t Kt·flllll . ~ Ik 'I"\ lm il<lr In s ll; ,('<' In th (" thl .. J ~ ahull spC'dn1(' "....1I1t r atbc-r slr rlitthl, ~ rlu~· (..-t sh!t:" '111<'earl. v ~·d ·

<knn ' mil)' l'<' !,'" m p le l("r! hy a r ('I If'I' ,':l.·B la l lo n fronniI tom b ul Ikr~ II" (pl . IS. Il ~ . ~I ' dl·pld ln p. alI" mar.-l l '" a rmed escort . Two " r lh (" .." ltlkrs 0"1')'tlil"k-»'I(~. ItI(' 1jr:1 H wkfl"-('li, ('ll '; 11I11...1 ' Yf"C' 1111..("9'; ). the -:rt"lIlJ IJ IYfI<-' wil h ""rr"...hu lt . lnuII H'!sldc-1 1t11.1 " >\'iJr ~rl "ycxl rnUlll tt ed ge. ,w i .11,,­s im Ila r III ""' \1c , Illl.['l(' 10 ' 0 1. ' The rnm tl IIIqUN;\tt>n i., d"k'd lu Ih. · la le T" d flh 1)ylla,'Y .Nll rll~'fO)IIs. .. 'Ilaffirl.... hnt 'c !w.'("n e .. ·.. ' ·.." ..1 I,,"n

w h" ll y $ 11' n m lt' '(I,. NII<-_ 1 0 .1 a nd 1<4-h "1''' f"Uf" I k.,., 9"'-'dl!l l'lI ~ r. um ('C1H'''h'r~ ~". ,, ' li t 1.,1 .... ·l>ljo\crld it. ' From a Rrllve III Ih e <.a ll "~ cem<'lt' r)'W l fl.e!l the (J x -~u n with II rer r~'l1 [ n \J <ln 01 11

~,.. hnl d in ll v.h lll I:i po'>sihl .v ffi("a llt !o he '-'11

a ~,' "r Ih k 11'fltl ~ Ip l, .J' l. li~s. \ 4 1.' '' t hl",~h Ill<'p;t i o llll~ I.. . 'mdt·, I<S Is th a i 1II1 Ih t" mu~hlv ,,," ­tnllp'..-ur y r he b..n h.. w -hnll; crt "" . fill<-. I 21."<;1,1 tn I1dl lu,- C"6SC (:'IIIl l!t {'n' t.... (' ('( I>lIIlI ... ,,~ td

pr ('l.1",-· a lC(' ·lyp"". M"<.f ,, ~t~ l ,j;, \,10''' 1 ""as il. 'm l'llt"'!'fll,n · ~rl1 \·C" r cmr lrry.~lin~ a lran..il.. ... ,,1phu<;(' hr-Iw l...n lh ., In''''l Nu bian p11....r ..f Ill(" ptlllII:fIlVt"S In l h l' t'M1y $1P a nd the elltl r>:lyf.~H>tlnn ­

I,.ro: philSC'III th r !-al(' S f(', , . Axf':'iof Ih e -.am .. It>fTl lhll \'e bo:-o.-n fn ll lHl In <:l1ll1l»rpa n' llra v(";u1 A.tl,iIri4" lind Q<iu," » ~ wdl ..s In l~ypt J iJ n ['Clll('­1C'rit'S.HtheSII'<l1(};lu" <lnd rl (I .'· t\ h<lfl fro lll onSir j: r<l \ ' (' al Milvo"" may a l...1 h ..ve oclon~ro hI~ lI('h >In (1 '0:(".' . i lu l, l,k F~ypt . Ul<tukls IlJr qJ" h."('$ 11I'v~' ho"('1' . 1I~':<lvl'"", 1 In SII' !rv rL-< ;11Il,uhl'n .' · 1Ul<l l h,,' ~orll(' ~U{" hH~ yiN<k~ 1 flU ".--lII ;llS{1<.-r lm l'll fn>m II ~r:,vc da ta hle 10 Ih.' Scv('lIf{' ("nll.l ~n8st,· .'· Ol h(,f ' .·,on Ix- :tddo.-d I.. Ihl .. rr m 't'n ·Il~ rnt COlPUS . ' '' 1(' frllm Ik ....Il i'l...n UIl (" fr.11ll'Ih chc's. " IInJ IW<t fll ll -mo.. lI)[('$ lind ....wral [lO1­le r)' lImlllme"1nl\(' mn(kl~ from 119h l " INII f, ,,,

non e- is !h ('1"(' a r('!fOlbie int.kf'C1iJcn! b'a si ~ f" rd::t l l n~ . 011(' of nil' !J-mt mo~kh" I' i n~nlhrd v.ltha l j"g · .~ IlAnll" hut regr("It<lhl ~' thl ~ i~ hroke n an J11.. rl"U<.lin jl, rr<tMc m" llf. 1111' "f'{'li mt' n fwm rkf ·~a ..... An lin Ilk nlllylnll m or.. ...f 'h e Unt.lloulld Oil

the C'" r1i('f .-ound Cllr(l('f1IM'·" 1t1:("'i" OI1C .>1 ,h("Mo'll<tR(, Jda a~.." m~'nH"IIl.,j 0 1->01\'<: i.. ~Im ll ll rf v

milnrd." f\oIh . ~t ll; n l fktl. nJly, ilrt rMalJ\'dy hlrl/.e .h t"lI\')' ,,~ ....... m ore ~u l l td lOr ('I1.rpt'n lJ)' Ih.1Il ~'al ­

,,'"l~e lhMr W)'8 1 1(-8.t'Ild.~ "t'lth~ 101 "Of 10:

"nn .... pllK'ro Jlff'C'kdy wll h hl lh.. SIl'. II h ll ~ IT l' llsU~(';'i'{ ed lh a t lh c l int: Nchtu ti<l. l rl' n<i!1H"don Ih "MU101.flgerlda ax(" , 10 2 (i'lnd kn own also from llnu n puhll9ne d 9)::(' of th (' same tn~ In Chl n 1jfol .' ·l>tlollged to tlte- Sh f('('1llh fly IlOlst, ." hul ' h<:re Isn n hitI'd evl.-klK(' 10 "u Pf'o'IJ1 Iht<: vWw. alll i h("

(',wld equally well be Ull" uf rlu- later jhmcesuhPyna~ty "in~\ whose nalll,'~ arc l~l Ircm thel'urin Canon. Tht: Idug l.ljeJ:tJIk.hrc (Monlu"IllS-1Jf)"I' 101 is al';"l unkx-atcd. hut in lhh. 01:"" the

[l<lll<'nl (,I' the l'u/Ij,mr'III'ouplc'd wtth the existcm'cof ,I monument of his at (;ehdeln may potm U IIl1kmore surely to the Thtnccnrh Uynusry. and morep.unc-nlarly 10 ilS latter part." Other axes ,If thlstype h••'ur [Oy,,1 lao.:·b." but ill each ruse tiletnsrrtptiou ts (,.fdoubtful authcrurt-lty

TIn' vartarlons in shupc that 1110: short-luggedtype ahlblts appear to hi" lurgl.'ly without slgnl­Ikalln~ .-hronulogk'llly, tlwugh there is a seggcs­lion that the form with spl<lyed Slrlllght stdcs ­blOWlt from K;;!HJll,'~ Kenna." 'JIlJ lkr.;hil"\\,:lSII01 us Iong-hvcdus that wnh lncurved std-s.whn-h Is the ouly form us yet uucstcd HI contextsrcrtainly later Ilion she curiy Sil'. ,\11 the FlMl'Xalllplks urc of this tatter Iorrn. The medial nh of106 b rare hut not unique, It j~ fuund on twoill her aXl><j of Ihb type," U~ I<'dt as Oil olle \>1" Iheftlll wabtcd [(lrm" (like 10<;1-10)

I'll\' dal';'-fllllt!<' of the huta forHl uppt:\lr~ to Ill'dln](l~1 emlrcly within (he SII', pn:>b"bly middle tolal'\ with SllInl.' overlilp lntu the Cllrly

nt,· c"rplt~ of ex,',,\{,rtl"L!\,)(:<'Iillell~ SiX from 1111," Ih~c frumOil\). ,. Iwo from &tlJbbl" " Iwo fnllll Rlfo.ok" lWOfrom Ikir cl-Billtas 100w a day lllow;"l),'4 Iwtl fromlJ"hl tbuth model". '1llL' ,if pollery. thc mher[ll('lall.'" onc from Ahydn~_" 'lIle frum ,"Iniba. H

,Inc fn'm Mo'>tag<'Jda." illlJ lHlt' frOfT1 (Jt1~(ol."

Only a few of these- an" susa·ptlblc to dDC>l'rd;ltingwithin thL' pt'rioJ. namdy: Ihe lWO ffHIn B<lJabfsh,which COlllC from Egypllul1ill.'iJ [l<in-gr<lllt'Sdatableto tlle' lil/e SII';" lh", hIM from Hall;h, whkh <lrt:unrubhsheJ but are lntlWfT 10 come frofTt thc siteof tla' N'»1h Pill<ll'c ,In,l arc mn~ucmly datableto Ill(" I,I/e s..'vcnkenth Of e-arly H\:.hl('<)nth Uyn­a",I.r;'· ;lll.1 Olle "f the exump!e$ from IItl. whit'llW;,~ fouwl with a <I,~t:er Iw..'ritx-J wllh llw !lameofl;lltg SwilJjcnn" tNrlx-rITaw I), sh:lh Ung of rile$cvL'ute.:nth l)yna:;1y," Anvrhcr, unprtWCflllllced.axe 01'Ihb Iyp'-' b-:ars lhe name of u king Smcnre.who lHay lib" be tt'nl;ll!vcly altrihut('(j to theS<lmc JyllllOil}'," '111e BM ,'olle>:lio!l shows the f,,11rJnge of wul;;{,-d forms. from the Il:'lallvely shortIhkk shapes hI llle l1;1rmwer kmgt'r ,m,~_ OulyIhe faIT 'o'anall( with thi' mid-rio is 1I0t fCpt"L'SCn­

(e{L'~ II h;JS tx·.:n ~1f1-':1(t~«-J that thl':il.' varyingpnl]l!Jrti'IllS ilre !Oignltkunl d1rono-logkally. wllhlhe 'lldfTO~'t'-St being pruO<lhly the latcsC'Q <lkil~ihlc [lfOposllion thaI b )}oil sllflki<.'lltly kst<.'dhy lW:exislingcvidellcc.

Symmdrkul al:CS with dOIll!.-ak-d lu~~. like117-')1), make thdr lirsl (kHnitc appcilf;lJl('C at

the end (>I" th" SCvclltectllh or beginning of theEil-(htL'Cll(h Dynasty, Ihe e"rlle:;t known .'>fX"dmemheing Iwo full·~lu' a~t'" from the silL' orlhe N<Jl1hl'uluc,' ullklr cl-Bulhi~." rll-ll<>1on.,1 by two f'llul1da­lion lk-po-;jt nl1Kkb of'rulhmlls1s I rrolll KUnlllk."Sinn' lhey UR' m,l<k "f llN.:nlcal '"'lflfl'-'f, 12') andI VI, Ihe lallL'r put.zl!ngly s;lld to have n..'L't1 foundoJl N;l\HT;,tb. ure al",) Iik"ly tu 0.:.early in diltt~,

po"sihly laIc SIP, Fnlln the middle of the I--'.lghl­c,<,nlh l)y,w~ty IIw eviJen,'('. in the foon both offutl<1io11;,1 a};t:'S,11l'1, fl<lflkuh,rly. Found;l\illn lko­p.rs!l models (see lK'lowi. hcmmc'l cOj'llous, and(1I,'rc arc ills" a Humber of lomh-;;cenes, In whichhurtd ilX''S of the lype Ilre ft'[lf'CSt'flled beingwiddccl by cafpenters h"willg \I.-,JUt.!." Nu. 11:1 isolle (If Iw(/ fulJ-sr/.e SIX'<.1ffiJ.'lls hl~Tjbt.-J for TUlh­Illm,(~ Ill, the "tll'-'1". ;Ib-u hufll'{L b<.'jfl~ fro-m Utemple 4:po-s.it." The o-ther d<ltabk <:"xampks lire IIhn,kt'n >lX<' [rolll Kahiin IrC'lw, "f Amc"flophis 1I11"<llld II group ,If IlO b;~ lhun nhw (<HlC <l nl<"k'l/,mdllding I;J}, from 'Anl1lrna,'· Oiller Pfllvcn­'lt1<'ed sp:dmens aIT two fmm HulwTl," whkhW{'(Csurfiln~ lin,is, alld two from t;urub.'" whkhfrom thelf dIL'hilL'Ologkill c"nteu enukl he tlthe,­EigllkL'tllh ,lj" Nillt'1e('1lth D}'llil.'ity_ 'nlcre Is simi­lilr u/lcnlil!llly about llle JaIl' nf two sl_h'h ax~

Irom UUt.'ilJt' Egypt, one from (~f" dod theother (rom Tell d-Iksy.·" and about the mouldsrco-nrly disruvered ut Serabit cH~hadlm·' Nofu[j~,it.e cxumple certainly lalc'r Hum [he E1l,:hl­ecuth Dynasty has yc-t been found, Development'lfthe fcnn within the dynasty centres on the lutts,later examples ht-'illg I()n~er and more robust thancurlier

This development finds Its ell,] In (he thic-ker.heavier axes wnh markedly expanded bulls (likeI JI-6). which probably evolved during theHarnesstde Period and may lndeed he representedIn a tomb-scene of the NIIH'IC"ClllhDynasty," II Is

difficult to put chronological ttmns on the type,however, as none of the provcnauccd examples isd'l~ly datable. Of the short squat 1I1lIiMy, like­I !1-4. two S~"IIll''l1S, from II carhe ut DCIl­

dcra." ' may he <IS early as Raml'~st><; II, but tilt'evidence is not conclusive and Ihey could beronstdcrably later. Anoth"r, fmm Merlinet HilmI,"is laIc Ranw:>sidc at the clIrllC'i1. as is it spet:lmcn[[l)m a elKhe ;;1 G,~rxh.·· which <"ouJd C'<.J.uallywell datc to Ihc Third Itl1c'flJl<'dj<i!<: i'cn...-J. Twoothers, cxcavilted ilt Medl1mlld,'~ one with it sllghllycurv,'<l butl. hlllle nc\'e'f been published and no11I~lf1IJall1Hl is aViljlilbk al ....lu( Illt'ir{·mllc};1. 'IhcIUlL~1 Jilk'd~...'Imcn is an Iroll axc, Ilke 1.33, fwm II....teruiut: a-mclc-ry at $<lldJ." _--\ similaf Inlll <lXe,pllniully hafted, from the I{amesseum,·· {'urneslll]forlunllldy frum a dIS(U1ht.-J ('(lIIt,'};l and isulluawhlc'. its Isom model onrol). f 50, From Delr d·lkilui. A p;!ralkl w the la((l'f, though made ofbrun;:.e, was kJund at Medlnd Jlabll,u but Is onlyI,~ly dalN. to the very md of the f<~ghlee-Il!h

Oynasiy OJ' later. The SDkb and RamCS$C"Hffi al:CS

haw hooked lugs., as do all Ihe knuwn fuJl---t.tz.e ironaX(><j <JfthIs type, Induding VL'ry probilhly (whenIntllcl) no. Ij3.'· The RlIlTlCS-Seum e~ample Isintcre~'1ln~ In that it shows the mdh;xl ufhllflllli:, ,)f<illill(Cof this type. _-\son~ mlghl haw ,kduced fromlhe (hkJ..ness of the h-utts, thl":'lC ilR'S were notIn:scrtcJ int<l pn'Pflred soclcis but were placed !lushagainst Ihe- surface of the haft. (he latter being cutespt'<'1<lJly thick alOllg the length of the hutt S<1ilS toL'llilblc II bew_'f to wllhsUtnd the Impact of II blowwithout splitting," Th ...only ,'L'11ain 11.'Pf('SCnlalionof this type, unfortunately ,If douhtful evident!alvalue,l,,:cursln a I'lokmakt'~llple-rdieflir Kamalcshorw-it1t:(Ill.' kiug hoWln~ il Humber of 'traditional'weilpOlls, Including an <lxe,"

Al least pllflly cont.:mporary with this squatvarIety was a longer, heavier roml, Ilke I HandI ~6_ O'ne long axe and one squat axe werc foundtogether In the cache al (~'-A'h mentioned pre-­vlously_ ThJs Gct'tch ~'lmell hilS il S-Irdight hUllwlth ,ample lugs," as doe~ II tomb-motJd uf thetype frum Abydos'" dallng /0 Ihe hHe RamessltlePerl'x1. A CUl'Vl't:l butt on Ihis Iyp<-'Is fiN! llflt"Ste-Jon all axe frum A~mllncin." from a New King­<h>lTl k·vel. pf<lwbly Rameo;s!de, It Is <lIsa found onan a};e In the Culro Mtl5t-um'" dilled by lflS<'riplklnhI Ihe Third InuffiR't:Illlte Pnl,>d, whkh Is slmllllrIII ~hapc w 1]5, (hough in lhb last CilSCthe buHis mOD: lThlrl...-dly<"tlrvt'd. An axe like the latter Isfepreselllt'd In a Suite tomb--scenc showing car·j)('tllL'fS Uf work 7f ilod in II Roman lempk-rehd albna." where It figures as une of the klng'sW<,apo-ns. Among extant example;. curvtd buUs<lre t'onfin,-d (0 bronze axes. iron UX('S alwayshave ~ralght bulLS. usuully with hO'lked lugs. like1}6. They may nut be Invurlahly [a~, Fiw full­she provennncerl examples are kll-<Jwn, the earll­cst, from Malmar, being dak'11 by (he ~n'avator tolh.: ThIrd II1~rmedi-ilte Pnlud/' and the next.from .t;anam, to Ihe Kushlk PeJi;.JtJ.'u 'Nle R"maln~

der. fmm PardS." Kuranog."' ilnJ Mc-roc" re5pec~

IIvdy< tire all prllbably of thc Meroit!c perlutJ_ II Ishnposslhk ttl hc~ Ctlllfitknt about the ..late of t lb.cxt'ept 10 s:ay that It is almost L·''rtalnly laler lhllilthe Nt!W KIngdom. The shape Is not dlagtl<JStle, asIt 15para!lc-kd In both thc M<ltmilr and Meroe IronllXe:>and l..'iroughly simuliJt<...1 III the Naputan llnd

Meroitlc mock..b (137-~6 ami 14'). and >-t:'t: IlE.;'''JHOI\\I~

Appc-ndlx I, nos, 4n--'i9). some of the later exam- WITIISPUHJJlIt\plcs of which arc ulso mede ortron The manufar- ti"l11I1liW~II,*::;'

turc 'M the an' shows rcluuvely advanced nW(ill-lurgu-al technique uhc iron ts (amurizcd andquenched), but it Is not possible (0 evaluate prup..erly the ,ignilkuncc of this. as our knowledge ofthe development ,rf Egyptian inlll-working b ver-ylncolllplde." A number of analyses of EgyptianIron tools has been carried uut in Ihc- pa;;!.."' hutallTltr.>t wholly on matcnul whose date is un-known or disputed, Among these analysed ptecc,arc IWo axes." whkh revealed stmllar churartcr-tsucs of manufurturc to t ~6, llnfcrtunatcly. bothare unprnvenunced and thcir datlng III 'ubour qoo

Il<" by t'etrtc. Ih{}u~ aC"l'pted In much suh-Sl.-'LJUCnlhtcr.nurc. is merely suppmltioll,"

Axes from foundation deposits {see Ap[ll'lIdix I)arc tlrst attested ill the Eleventh Dynasty hi thereign of Mentuh'llpe II (Appendix L n,lS. 1--1.\ <lnJ<Ire found. Iher,'afte,-, In most of the knowllJe.po..:ib dOWII u) Ihe t;'nd df Ihc New Kingdom(Appendix I. IlOS. I 4-1-J,They ~'l:'lT1 Hot to ha~'e

been incht<kd In F'..gyptl;Jn Jept:i:>i1s of (he ThJfdIntenfldhalC llod Late Pcriud~ (.'>aile po~ihly forAW'n-di" I. no, 4'iL thoHllh Ilwy rC~HIHrly occurin cmltcfllpufary Naputan ~'OHtl'Xls {Appendix I.nos. 40' 59). 11wy rC<JppcJr In Ellyptlan dcp<lSllsIn the Ptolemaic Period lAppcndj}; I, no. h<l)

Thl'S(' «xcs fOrm a spoetiul clIte!:"ly "I' m, ...ld undnccd to bo:: trcalcd wUh cautlun a~ ('vld,'n,'l' fOJ(ypc Jlllil1!':. 'nlL1r shapt.'S 00 \lot alt\lay~ reJkclconWmporary runrtiolllli usa~(', but lIlay lwrkhad,:: to Ir<lditlunal fom]$. Thj~ Is particularly !fueof th<:" un's I>flhe rdgn uf Hlltshcp~,t1t (APj)('lIJi}; I.nos. 6- I 'II. most of whkh fellnl h' Ihe okl­fashluned round form that had long bc-cll obsoletcin funl'tlun<ll <lxes. ThIs fOunU form f<JIltinu,":' tilhe f"und. sPllrlngly, In &'fl<)slts of Tu(hmosis IIIiAppt.'fIJh I. nos. Ill, :q. 1.7, 1.'il. Anl<'llOphis Il(Appendix l. no. '1 l and Tlllhm'hi~ IV (AJl1l"ndj)(L no. 3 'Il. after whkh it k supptllnted by the typ ...with splayed or incurvo:.-J sjJe;j, Thls laHer is nr.;1fOund In f<llll1dalion JcptJ:>Hs from the relKll 01Tulhm,)SJs I (AppendiX I, nu, '5) anJ lx'eolllcspn"v<lktlt with TUlhll1<lSb III fApP('flJi:I, L nos14~' WI, It Is fhe only form [(lund in dcpo~{;, posl­daflng 11K'feign of TUlhmosls IV (App: ..ndl)( L It(l~.

}f),f)o). Most of (he m' ....lels are lIlati<- ,)1'sllcdml.'lul ulld arc highly ",'IlL'lllalk In ';/lilJX'. Qutl(,<:otllillonly. pill1kul,lrly In tlte middle of the Eight­eenth Dynasty lAppendix L nus, X-t'), lH-~1

2 { 4, -n \'11, Ihe lugs !tre ,)fnllkd ;Ill" ,I cflh1dy<'ylllldnclll so,:kd substltukd, <IS 0ligillally on1"':'0, a melhoJ "I' huftlng (hat b not found in thefunctl<iIl<l1 axt'$ of thCO' pc'r!tld, SimHarly mi ....~jl1gfrum the fuU-sl2e repertulre is II form wiCh ilccntrill tllng at tlK" [{.'<If. il5 Oil !Wil models "fAmcnophls IV (App,:ndix L no. j/})_ Not 1111 the<-Ieposil IUe)i om Ill' dismissed U~ st'lll'tllulk Of

unrcprcSL'lltlltlve. hnWe\T'1". Nos. 117-18 (App.:ll­dl}; I. no. 17) llrt' rdatively well mmk and quikrhsdy imltute thl' ,.. lthlle;; of full-stu: ~pcdmt'fls

likt"11';;- NOf only iln-'Ihey ;Kcur"ldy ShillX'l'l butthey were alS<l origlnilJly hafted In il fCahsUI

manner with 1m: blade lilted into a ':i<x-ket ilndbound to the hafl wllh a leather Ih,)fl~. A k'wuthers of the SlIme dale urr ~imllilrJy realhlk(Appendl);; I. no. 1.hJ, one axc <lmong Ihem bo:.'it1~

actually of full STtc and thkkness, Other dl'posHlIXCol whkh mllY oc ~ingled uut for spe,ial mUllionafe four of Mentuhotpe II (Appendix I. no, t)

whkh an: rull·~:tt'. alld tho",-' of King Ay IAPP':ll­di~ I. no_ ul. which un' alm-OSl !ull:'-' ellough tolx' fUlidlonul and muy "riglllally hUlie l>t."t"1I llufkdhut <I~ mit quile fully w"rl:e& Ix'ill~ falhL't' 11,,(lilLe tloS tinJ 129. Such size and quality ure n,)lt<l\lIld tift"r the HKhtc ....nth DYllasty, All IheRllIfle5Sidc llnd lllier examples (Appendl:>; I, Il<l~

J<)--/}H) Ufe mlnhllu~ und nwstly wry :",·he·malic, like 1}7--t-8, III many elises wilh Ih.~ hurtanJ blatk cut !IS o:rlL' fWIn the s..tmc pie..'" of metaL

1J~~~ I , n "' \I~

Wrnllil"l A \m .lII.

1 "'l '~\ H I SlI ~'.(

;'If" ! nt 'l ll' is i 'I ,••:!i hcJ. N.. '«'(' u rI" ("t 'nclu<;in,,~ .. l; 10

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l~ p.' ...·!l1I 1;1111-1" r" b ll'" buu illld lu l!.s ",-,,'a m ee-;'ahl i~hN In the Hilm~itk-I ·('rio -.d anol Ctlfl r!r tuNI

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I~ IlH, m" , f'I 1o, . ,' . ""kl l" t"" ...km .....>l t"Ncowc",",lk­,~ UR. Ill . , I , pl , . rI, ~-I\ .It"... I"'I<,,-d. ....<I\. ! ?lj .(~ i

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,..-;{"Lt·1 and held ra SI hy II jearh..'I" Iho ng bou ndr" und the lu g.'> in ( " IlI· ...n l io llill fa ., hi ull . IInc t.p' '<:'"odly . h"w' ·I/,'r . Ihe " .. reI:; slr d i;:ht , Ifill cu rved ;.~

in the ot he f lI ~ymOlt'lr1c va neues. , oj a nd the IU""

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,," ...Id.ly 1:>1".1.' III1J illh l'''''11l weakn ess In 'h edll o:n u<tIL-d W<tl:.t . 'lIa l..c.-s n unhkely t ha t II IOIl~

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~l .· ", •.,] f Ulling ,'"J h . ...' I o;h-bb j, WdS III(" maj"rhall le--.a ~ ll 1'11 1-"-' of the fj t:,tl l.....ll1h n ynil sl)' .onJpc rh ap:; of t!l{"Nl 'W KllI l/d.)ffl as II "-·holc_Pro l/ell 'anced spedmms e lls l ill .;( .~ abunJdllCC. a n llm ·ocr ,J( th em wllh "[>t"11w,,Fi. b lad e:; I~..-; ......h.1W !.Th~ earlks t ('xum pk s ('on ~ l sl "rone from Thebes"Jnd ,me from (}.tJrus III Nub ia!' uiltlng to th el?iHiy Elghleenth Dy nu sty . COn fffil POr a ry withInc51.' is u "'{X'\'inwn t U 'l:IlIil k d tit CaZi.l In P<lks ­l in e." A~C'oi f\ tl <lbk til th e 111">1 ha l( or middle of th eSil nl l: J ym . My ;Ire t wo frum Aby dos lin dudin g11Ij7 )." on e ( ..d 1 from .\ n ihol.... l >UlL.a." a uJl.luglll."ish'" in N ub ill. a nd u run her Clomple frnmTh dll:s. '· ...·h il h Is J o tohle In Ih e rd~n uf TUlh ·

m' ''' is III. T"'t1 ,"h<:~ e n· d l/lIl..... III ();.oJru.. ilI'CJ ..let..!. line 10 Tu thmlls is rnor Itok'1", Ih e Otlk'1" rodl,' la ... f-)!o'hlft ·tlth n)'o"~y. ,.. "Chis 101:.1 Is theta tL'S1 clatcJ ( xa m ple ye r Itn ,'St ctJ. I£ss usdulty.·o n ll'u ,"lJ ;m: Iw,1 (rum St:m lla IUUL' 1·)J!.h IL...·n t h

llyn.,,,, )', " Ih L' ot h ,' r Ne.... K i ll~Jom I , " ull<>lhcrfn -'fll c,a:7..a" "-)~htemlh DynaslY). U11C' frumRik h" joo Infor ffldl illo l dod one- from t .e:u.ln e InSyri a " (J al... un n :f1dinl . fo ud d illOll, a m ou kl rur11K- prnJuL1hm .. r , til ...,,<: uf dus !.1Ik! \O! as tli~ ·

, ·uwrc,J In d N.---w II:lo lldom k ilN al fl sh m Ullcl n

1St....pl. is. tI!p. J ilnJ 41.' -An tlnpn)\lena m W t>ul cluso: l y."J a l ~d C'!Lampll:"' o f

Ih~ Iy f'<.' l ~ I Sf>. whi fh ht' tt f'S a n insoipl ion In·J lflrUllg thilt th L' pit"t;e wa~ a gjrt \.lI II :><:rvingso ldk r from King Amenophl s II ." SevL'I1lIeo nle m ·porury rL1Jn:..,;rotaUftlIS, dmo ng which pl. ~ I. figsI and .1, 1lr" pn, bd bl y I tl be Included, wnflnn Ih lttrhe form wus In L·" mmOl I use as a WCilpon by lh em idJk· of lh e ~)lth l L't'1l1h J)y na1>ly . ' · Am on g theedanl <::tilm p/t'"li th«c iii no d ear evidence lhallhere was a n y 100. rt etl tk \ dopmt n t or Ihe rrnmw ll hlo th e dynas;ty.

Sine.. r1l'1 .. :>io , k s.p.:c101( n hd S yt"l l:orrll' 10lI~hl lntll ~·to n ho-:;t1,:umy J ah"tl 10 Ih e Rum t"$s iJel' e1'1oJ Of" Idu:r . Ihe 1:viJ<.·na (or the su bsequenlu"" ge tlod o.kvd.1pm<.'fl( of Ihe f(l"n cJmlles ~Il '

tirc ly from~lllH':lIu . n i ls el.'lJen a, hl.I"Kdyfrom Ih e m ltn y m ihtary ...:",n rs .J! lhe Nt-w "':ing ­dom, It b cupiOu.s bUl t(C'o t"rully unrella bk. UtolltllIs ~ly depk1aJ dearl y t-noui:h 10 a lto",· ~Uft

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rilu~h l )' conternpcra rv wuh thr- SN-oll u In l!:'r ­m rdtare Pertod llnttl rccc nuv I(I t' . n:"p nnKilyfrum a p"r iW(" a l ~hdliVunli . hlld n. '('11 Ihi' ,,"l yroru\-o:nant'l"d ~ p<'t:i n l('n knun-II fru m I'~...rt . II hf" ,.. f! v ,1, ,,,'u m,' n IN hul hilS al \4'<IYs ",,",' II Ih ' IUlitlllllkdy In bd .. n~ I" l hl" SII' "" lh.. !t1l...1, uf IIIf'lIIah-rll,1 f"ull,1 In Ih<- 5->' " 1<' ,·,.n wl•.,-y , Th is ~"r '

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UIWltlnll In th l' «Am(' rq :.illn (,f (he rlf'lt ll< ;;1 lh t·sill' of Te ll el-IMb' a, Th l ~ en'ill'a Hon hilS vleklr da wdl·d'lh'ti .....rics or ~u,h H~ I:~. "'1111" d 'rlll;l llyil l.·u l lt'; . l hI ,,, '" 1.1 ' (' i -It . (r"m k·tf.·I...F n ill Ih, '~Ue. ", lI leh <l, ·(~'ntt ni!. I" Ihe 1"1('.<1<1'''' sp;m til .'1I)'l "' >5 I' e rind In I-'gypl,' t'Ullhn. I" J IH"d . l·vj·

ik' n("e fllr US Ul'("101\'II rds Ih l' t'u d of Ihl ' p.1'l.•.uh asOCton dnlved from e )(a m in lltkm (If IIII' d llllllf th e~l ain Thchan kin g. &qelw n rc . of thc la ll" Sc'ven ­la- nth Il)·namy. wh ich h a s OCmon~lnt tc-d Iha t aIUlm t>cr o r Ih e ...ou n d" In Ihe ~k ll ll Il.f'Il' \ '("fl/

l'\n*'ut"tly m.lJ.k hy Jt ch lstl·,h a pro a l l: of Ih lS')'1"'<'. ' :->I.nn" r \I;uund " h lOH' 1"''('11 , .o..cn' {.,j Inlm 'ltlw" d.ull rwm an SIP burln l ;1/ '1',.\1d" Mwi'- 'h l"~ . ·

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C01llnrrll t ( 170-2)

II !S !lot f" = lblc It> be J hso lu ld y ccna tn a bout til!.''>fl~in il l n atu re .If 17" , H,.,lh 4W.s \lntl > l a\'''~ <IreL" ••wn I" 11m'", Ix OCII Ind u ,),.... am un l( th e Wfl .,;lIi"" 'n as OJ I C", .. nt b)' the lIog.· bUI l l a~c 1 7 U IIIb.' the buu -...."'1 ul an I>u'--h" rl r•.rbcr th ..n uf ..SI " \I~ . .... ib , l lI>pt, is more ..h a r...·' .'TISIh: uf th ef. ,rcolCf.' r ot Ill<' .I."1Ir illi"n a p.:ortku lllr ly ctoscp,Hillld h J>fot'llkJ hy tht' W.~ ..k-n hafH..nJ fromti ll' lomh ,If TUlhmu .,b IV, whnh IS In sa U·ll..,J 111

the sante pI"l'<' with l ilt, km g's I'rt '~ ' '' ''' 11 pl.ll'dU1ll in ... I,Ucl'lltRlell l . '

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" ~I'lhl'r IO llh h.m au· ·h,·..Js-. ..b", " Ill.' la fl' " "'w" II,' ~" , .. II 400. ,,-' . u -t- 'i l. the u,r..·r~I' ·t' t....illJ( lh"fIh., ", . ....kll h..fb h,..1tk't,.I~.>J """' I>Y. 1.·.. \·lnl1 ..nl)Ih. · hl." I,"!; a lld II,,' .'lld pk-"l~ . In J d.tu lr or a~f" 'du t~'l1 ,,,",,.1 ;KIU; tlly tit fll,It'I' "" .. h;,fl, 1''' 11­I'! U Ml ' l ' proof is lad;: lll ~ . but snuv d more-rP llu rlf ·iUif ,-,Xl'lilll ,llio ll kJr their (un d l,' n 11<15 )' d ro Ill'[' r ur o ll .. .I,,1 !in.1Il I" ' l· ) ~ugl"t·..li' '' l Is ;h·.·(1'\.,,11,,' 1" '.

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r}u..-h·jl parts ~ElJ th e hole pn JJIH'l"(l l ~ t.."Sl

1I,\li"l 'dbk- ther e than else wh ere . It t!Oi lll pUr liltl l In i-nsure Ihol t ;Illy "iunpks ItH'

n 'pn,,,.·nlill ivl' IIf Ihe .-om p'1:'>l llu ll u l thellhj ed .1'0,I wlm lt" ,IIlJ Ih .lI the y Ju n u l

con unn UIl-,' .'prrusltlll pru,lll~l s . There fore anIlli li i ll drilling WIl:o,.made unti l "r igh t lIl e l ; tl

IlUll in g" w er e ;'Ppi IH'Uf , ""fi lia lly I h i lln .... bk­afu - a It·w llIi11 illl e ln.-s. Th is prd hlli ll ilry

mat er ia l \V , IS drscar dod and the Jrill lllg"u lI,ill uet! un til d further 111- l.' Img ha dh.." 'll l"Olh"("ktl E, ., h sa mple wi.lllllis::;o )lw tJ inaq ua regia lit mtxt ure of n llln.' n lril lt"ll lli lrk.IUJ Ily,lro,J llmic iJdlhl aud . .llier Ji luli u ll. uwas analyH.J using it l'l·rtln-"1mt'r \lIbi l l (un ic absorptlOlI spcrtrnphottunet cr .

tw elve clcuu-nt x were qll <lllllfil'J hyl,:>t.tblishl'J methods. Reference :.lall J ;lrdswe re analy sed along with each ba tch ofsnrnplcsru provid e a che ck on th e reli abilityof the technique. A detail ed dcscrtpnon of th etechnique and eq uipment used is gi vt'll byIlught':> rIal. ( , (76) . Th~ precision o f the.-\AS 'Hlitlp.is is aonul 1"' l X, rdilliv l' f.lr th t.·dellWltl s pr L'S-t.·nl ill grt"illcr than ,lUtJul 1I. ..!'X,.Hld up to \o' }{. rd illl vc for th e rt.·ul " illln gtra cl'demenls

1'11.. .ma lytlciJi pnxedur~ ad' 'Pfed fur thuSt'.u1l'fal"ISwhich wt.-rc a nillyst'(] by XKF I'o' a ~

quit e Jiffl.-·....· nL Wli h th is lCl.·h nlq ue-il IsuSlIillIy nOi necessl:lry 10 rem OliCa ~n\ple

sillt'c <t SUII" Mt" ar cil 011Ille su rfiKe can he~li. i11 l1int.-J ..hr l"t:l ly . 1I()~ evt'r , 1t is t.'S:>o-·ll tl il l, ln

" H.k r ICl ltbta ln Ihc..· b..-sl poo;siblt' 9l:t:u ral:Y, furlIw .In ·a u IIlI,"r t'xam ina lic" l ,,,hoIUI .!·· l lnmin ,llOI lUcll' r l lu u nJl' rgn ~Iml' prlnrtl....·pilriiticlIl ln <lnk r 10 rl·mu ....t.·l:urru slb llpwJucb a nd :.ur face irre~ulartlks. This wa slIorma tly ach lt:"'('J by ~t:r.. plE l ~ with a St:a lpdu r a jeweller 's knife und poli s h in g wilhsilico n t.:arhkle fld lll:f"10 produ ce Il lhf l

sllr f;.J<·c. Til.: <m Ollys ls w us J"('p(' lI t ffl , (I ll the~HlH' spot. <lher furtht'f polish ing. un tilil<',XTltilhlc ag rt",:ln.'l lt b,'tWt'('ll l'un :lol:'l'u th 't'r..su lts IMJ IX"CII uhl. lin..oJTh~ inslru nll' lll u.....t was d Lilll: Syslt'ms

Illl.'l.k l.l <)o('ncrgy-ths!X"N IiCX·ruysp,·d w m.'IN t'qu ipp.'tI wilh u tn -\V \ .r ilVlui", IIVCnl lhlg d l .! "'iI..V. A gent 'HlId" Sn llll itlll ' If shn U.... ' IPJlilnll uS " nJll"d m iq u.· b givl'n by 11,,11('I ,II. t ' Y7 l ) ;)oJfur1hcr d"l o-lils ul' lilt' alMlytlcetl pr"('~urc

II s...,.1hc·n' <Ire tti"'l'11by ('lilA-di l l Y7h l. Infiltl ll lr.. bk' ,' ircums Cilllct'S, willi Sl)UnJhmnUj;CIlt.'1IUSml'lul , th e pre.:bitl" <If lhe XKFh",:hni4ue ha s bc.'l'O fuu nd to t"lt:' .......u l 1%

ilh.\o lu te I'x "II co mp.lnen ts III t!l,' <tll"yiltl(Jve ..htill t IO'K,!Jml uhl' ul I t ' - 'i" '7:,rdali\'L' for tho& til ~ lwer con l,.'c nl r<l ti llns .

lloWC W f. inl h is pilrtkul:Jr :>:t ud y XRF ..... u!>t.'1 u ployet.las a bOlek-Up tech nlqu c fur th inulld ,'orr"Jcd urtduc t-s, neither of which arellkely to pr()vlJe ideal surfaces fur ulHllysis ofIll(' unJerlylng meta l. 'I11crd 'i.){1,.' lh~ XRrres u l1:.: qnott'tl h l're sho u ld be n'garJ l't.!1:t1txos! as scmi --.qUillltita tlve ,tnJ give Illll}' allo,.Jcr"lf~magllHude inul nilio n of lhen ml't-'Ilu ation of the alloy I:om po ncntspfl";->C n t

The full allil lytklll rt.'"Sull s ('UII Il< fo unJ inTOl bk'S I . 1.. J .. nd 4 . l·i1It'Kur iz.ni so thil t th eJatil f.lf a pdrt ll:uh-.r l:Irtdal1 ('<to be found

und er sever al he adings. Teble I is i ll fou rp.;..rrt ~ amllb:ts all the nUl k rl.d <illl h l)' Sl'l.! In(' ilt;\ Iu-~uc or rcgtsrrauon number order by('u lk-t.,tit," , Tobie 1. is ill two parts und lists allthe HM ",rld ilt'l s J ilt.." by pruccna ucc .ins.:r lplh'll or raollll,:Mbull a na lySIS a nd IhellIh.1:'< <lI[f':"dme...1by l)'!,o lllgy alon e. Table Ilists <III anefart s In dl"St:ripticJll. or type . " n leruud finall y, in Tat'll.· ~ , ;llI lh.. mlltk·1a rh.'f'H'ISilrt' lbt L'tJ t.·hrom ll'l~ka lly , Th e rccbmqueused to a na lyst" ea ch il rtdii" ( is indlc ared illth e Idh l('S.fAAS f,lr altlm it' <ihSurptl lln a ndXRF f,lr Xcray tluoH'St'en n -'I, 111e clem e nt.lat a ar e In per centa ges by wd ght exce pt forsome of the XN.Fa naly ses where o n ly aqualit a tive analysis is q uoted. III th uSt' cases• t- ' ludlcutcs that the element is present IIIsilotn iticun t a mounts and 'tr ' th ai on ly tr act'swere detected. For th e atomic absorpt ionana lyses the number of signifk'an t figur esquoted has been adjusted for companbthrywith the prectston of the ana lysis, The l'OPP'1'ligures, for cXtlmple. ha ve ht--enfOun ded tulht' IlctlrL'Slwhol e number since th e ~cblon

nf th ls Illaj'l r cle men I is <lboul J " 1.'Yu ,

Discussion of resu lts

A wst N IC. Arse nic ....-us found inco nct.'lltra tions u p to ;%. Thl"prt's(.'nc~ of th isd eme nt In Egy pt ian l 'O ppeI" <llIoy$ h<ls beennot ed since the l"arllest a na lyses (If Ih is

ma lcria l tLuc as a nd IIa m s. l~ fl .l : ..1.1&-1 7 ).Pu rth l'Ttn orc , r <-'l'cnt 'Stu dIes o f l"Uppt"r ·ba St'd;.J 1I'lys from olh l' r rt'g ltlflS l(' raddlk"l , 1'l 7h:E..ll tm ilnJ Md'::err dl, I' J76: Bar ·AJ un .l'J7 r: llnd Rr" n ig.m , 1 ~ 74 ) co nclude Ih alIhe (In::'>Cnn=of subsliin lia l am ou nt s ofi1 ..........n il' In t."Oppe r-b asnJ i1rtd al1 s wa~ o n thewh ule in ll"n1iumtl an d rillt nlt.'rd y Ih.. r~ull

IIf wurL.in g c0r'pc..'1" (lrt'S In whit"h iu senit: wa sa n aCCilk nl a l and major Impu r ily. The da tapr~Oh.'lI here Illr (he Egypt lun ma h.'r1tll lt.·llu:>: lIpp+lrt tn thi s aSSt"rtion ill IWo wa ys:

I , The gcnera lly low tn lt 'Ce1e-m("n t co n len tllf l he a r1efacts sugg~ts th at k'uched o l iJiz.ctJores were being e xploit(" fOf'th t-'irIlwIlufadurc rathcr Ihun , fut t'litlIl ple.Cllrk hed 'Pahlr rl ' orcs . Th e lult er type of ore ,whic h prlncl piilly consists of an impu re fo rmof Ihe lJlinera l telrah~hit(', muy l"lefound a tIhe ;,',One betwccn oxide (or .'urboll<ltc) lindsu lph ide ore bodies, wher e copper and ot hermelli ls - typically <Intimon y, arsenic ,bism uth, flh-'kd and stiver - have leach edfrom above and been redeposHed . 'Ib is I('tlds10 it conce nl ro tlon of these ele meOI:lln th iszone. If a J-'l/lIkrz ore is wor ked and smel teJ.the rl':>lJ lt in g met al lihou ld containt'tlrr espllnJ lng ly hignr:r levels ,,( lmpuritles ,p"rt k utudy alll lmol1Yan d bis m u th inasso dil lion with 3fSnllc. as Ihey Me C IUT I~

ever from the IIrt-'{Cra J do(:\;., 14 Ktla l.Exuml na non of the dtstrtb ut fon of urscruc.bism u th and a n timon y rcuceur rc uon s In theEl!-}' ptliHl I'~ I I:. ;md wea pon s sho ws Ih Oi t Ih,'a n timony a nd nisnl u th con teu r is t:.'n., rilll ymu ch ' '') W ('1" th an that of arsenic . n-ss lhd nwould be c.' 'IIpt'l·lt'tJ uf d Fenter: e re prexhn-t .AIS<I, there Is " " p e m ve n,rrd ;u illll hc: lwcc ndrscn k end en he r l,f lhoe t wo Cll-fllcllls ,sugge"'1ing lha l arsentc derived [mm arC'hulw ly pu re source uf its or e wa s alltlynlor co-s melred wnh the c<lpper dehberutcly.The pn ucjp a l e);cep tloll is:a mood iI);c {Cat.no . I I . Irom th e ta re Seco nd Oyn a:-;ty, wh k hco m a tns &.7% arscn tc. I fX, an timon y lindl).I 'X, bism u th :JI1J which ma y be eviden ce oftlu- usc o f all enrtched type o f ore. Theerscnt c conte nt in th is insta nce Is alsodtsuncrly htg her Ih:J1Ithat generallyobserv ed for ot her Second Dyn asty pieces,

z . The a lloying of arsentc with copper hasimportant effttl~ on thc ml't:Jllurgicalpro pert ies (If the result ing me1ill. such a sInc re asing the hardness flch levw by n llJworiillg (Chi:l rkos, Hjh7). -nlC fmll'll,min g of('l'n alll lypc.'S of artcf'Kt would he impn JVcdby th e addition of arsenic to th e t'Oppe r. Th isfdct wa s eviden tly a pprec lilloo by IheEgypt ia n Sl:nll h s. judging by the h igh level s ofitfSt.'nk In th e al loy uscJ for ~ pl-"l: i " (" (y pt' ~ ofuxe tst'e beluw. Sec llon CI. Furthcnl lore. aremark able deg ret"of t'ftnl ml was al'hk: ~·t...t inllld r manu(adure. since the a fSC'nic l'l ln lt'111Is often m tln l-.,Jly cu nst tu ll fur .. pa rt it'u larlype of a xe. Th l.. ls nu l cOllsi.slen t with Ih t.'h igher n mc elllru lions of 3l"St.'n k ~Ing tht.'re:;ult uf in lrOOlk' tion a s a n ,R'd J l'n ta limp urily fm m t he Ofc. In sut.'h eu~ m ud lgrt'atc-r variability wo ulJ becxpel' tN in lh eRn a l prOOtiC!.A~n lc dues . o f cou rsc. o,.'t.'u r In IrtlCt'

a mo u n ts even in copper Of t'S wh l~'h wou ld bel"Cl llsi de-n--d to beof h igh pUrity . Th ese smd llam ounts woulJ b.. ca rri ed O\'("r In to theme la) on smdti ll~ and it is Iht' [eft.rc nolSUrpri sing to find th<ll a rSl:nic o,xurs at !>omt:level In milit of th t-'art efa c!!> illUllys.-d. T h usluw L..· ~'d1i of arsrn k d' i nu t Ul"C.'O'sur lty impl)'delibt'rate itlloy ing. II wo uld be im portant tocstl:lllJish the <il"Sl:'nk level ~'hkh cuu ld I\('('o ns lJerceJ lll d y to bt:-a de libl-r<ttein trodu.:tion rdlh~r than an al'citkutalImrtUr ily. I lowc ver, th is is lUll a n eas yprublt'm 10 snl \'e . II migh t be .ISStUlll't.1tlm tthe I.. le r EliYPliall t1n-bnlnu s wou lli cclllia ina r~k' un ly liS a n lIdven lll iou s impu fit y lindt!J:J1 th eir a na lyses ('.m ld be used a...a !(u idein c..'Stim al ing Illc ar:;cnic impuril y lew l, Fursevera l reaSOllS, ho wev er, this approach may

not prov lJ e a reliabl e est ima te . PlrstlY.lhcadditfon of arsen ic may ha ve l'on tin ueJ Inord er 10 exploil lis ~(.J(ll'lior de-oxidizin gpro~rtles over I1n (Charles, 196 7). &"Condly ,It may have been In part <Iccklcnt<lllyintr oduced in th e form of SLrdp arscnkalcopper. Thirdly, an d JX--'fh lJps moreImportan tly , It cOllld haw been rem oveJ , orredu ced In wncen trallon , by hOI-workiugIhe t:uppcr before lllloying with tin (McKerrc lla nJ Tyk-'cote , 197 .l 1

Ins[elld , B more reli able Ind lt'iiU••n of Ihea r.;c-nlc Impu rit y 'evel may be provided by

:it 'l t N u n,·

\N'''NI~ ll, 1

, 'm AlKAI\ :..I\I\ 'WS

liN. The COll1,'I'nlrHlion \If tin in th{' El!ypllantools and weupons ~'w:min('d here rangc:s up10 I 'i'X,. wHh thl' majorily )nllw ronp;e 7~

I"'X,.Sinn' Iln docs not norml1lly O('Cllr Inassod<111on with copper ores, any apprl'cloblcamotml:,> of till would appear to Indicate IIddilX'fIlle aodilion. Ilo'Kev{'r, for Ih(>pllq:nseorC;ll('gori:zing 11 corrH.'r-On allny w, hronn'Ihe criterion th1l11l tin ('ofllenl should he at

yS lCilSI4'X, S("('lllSscmiblc, slnci' with Ihi:,> tin

,'llF\H(',\1''';AI \'i.l~

i1n{'bct.~ which .xuuatn 1Ippn'dllbll' anu.unts

01 iron, sillc~' these an- probably of unrefined

and unullovcd metal. if iron oxides <Ireuseda" IJ Ihrx in :'inH'Wll~ copper orrs. then JlIrin~

lht' pr<IC(,~'"S come ll(tlw iron is liahk to IX"rt'dllCl'd 10 thc- frcr- Illdallltl-d 10 ,Jis.v'lvc In11](' molten copper {TyJccolo: and IklYlkll luI{l)tll{'ntx'f~> I <)7Hl. only to separate 'lut usth,'ml'lalsolidili(,;,;. For cxnmpk-, Ill{' ,'opp('r­

h,l~~l lind" from the Luc Ik(lll7.l:'"gl' minhlRami smdling stre at 'Fhnna in Sinalcommonly couratn several per cent ofmdaltk Iron. extending up to I ')';{lu'rnddock , I ')Soal. and Amcltnceu (I R':I'llreports the analysis of an Eorly DynasticIngor from Ahydt);; which nllllahK'd 20--.l..l'X,Iron, Hy rc-mchtng. or rcHninf!-, copper undersuftahl,' cnnditlons the iron coutont. and thatof antimony and arsenic. ran IX"reduced{Tylenlle. I 'IRol. In the present context.tlwrcfl)r~, the three cbtccrs ortnterest lallfrom the Third Dynasty} are a model fixe(ASH Eh7l), which contains I v;% Iron,and IWIl are fragments (ASH Eh7R, ASIIE(I;9), which {'(lillaill 6.'}% and l.'),S'X, {If

iron. These vcry high lroll contents Sllgg~t

lhatthe ollje·ct.s were 1118(lc fmlll unrf'f1nedand tlll'rt'fofe unalloyed tlwlal, and lhe:11ll()UIlI of 11rscnic th;lt they {"ontain i:,> thll~

prohHhly due soldy 10 lmpurilf('$ d~rl\'ed

from the o-r('. The Ilverllj{l' arsenic contl'nl oflhe thrN' Is o.K'y", In rnlllparlson the arst'llicnllllt'nloflhe copper <lricfAt'ls from Tinma IsW'IH'rally in !ht' mngc n.t ~(j.l.'Yo. Ilow('''er, Ito,:-r1Imonalty r('aches as much as I).R'};'"

allh'lugh it r<lrcly excft'ds 1% It'rilduock,I qRnill. Tnl' Tilml,l nrc,s ar(', however, ,I

.>;("i·OIHl:lry deposH alld lhdr <-IN'nil' contenlIllay Jlol 0<'lypical o( earlit'r exploitt'dprimary rleposj(~. A t ex, arsenic contrnt WHSSttggP-<;tPd hy Craddol"k (1976) as a divisionbdwK'll H(-ci\lental impurity and ddiheraleiHldilioll for Cred ERA nwta!work <lnd IhisS('('IllS flrrforriilte in tlte pr('<;rlll in,~I<1nn'

1l(l!A"('u'r, iI JlHI~1 hl' H'Jl1elllncr('d thaI lhi~

dl\'hio!l is SOJlwwlwt arhilrmv, f<lr lhearst"nil' clllltelll ofdlfferrllt or('"Swill \'flryBr;1ll1~lIn I t Y74), for C')Ultnp!C', has sug~('stc-d

11 ~11~11!ly higlwr level {II r 'X, (}f !.'X, f"rAl'geall metfllwork. uepl'lIJlnl\ on Ihe oresrlllrl'C'. IJlWer collt'entrlltiollS of ar~ni(' InEgypliHIl mdatwork, s\l('h as comnHltllyo(nlr In First [)yna.~!y ohleC!s, mHy IX"purt!ydu{" to los...of arsenic durin;; refiningllowt-'\'cr, the maill nlUse is prooahly low('rt{'\'els oflmpufltks In the Ofe, since 11)('('ilrlkslexploitc(1 ore Dodies, TIl'an>:>t Ih('surf11(,(', lln' Ilk,,!;: In Imve suffcr("(llhegre,rl(';':t teadllllg ofimpllril!es ilnd thcrcfor('10 contain I('S~ ;)f$('nk lind olher lracc

delllt'nls,

COll('elllrarion au allnv with useful workillf:prcperues I-sproduced. Furthermore thehistogram of tin con len Is for all the Egyptianmetalwork IFlg. I) shows a J1S('llrllinuitr at~-4tX" with 11 distillCI unimodal dlstnhulitmabove thts couccntrnuon. Possible­cxplanattons Ior the occurrence of Hrit>(il<"!Sconlahllng less thnn 4');\ tin are that theyW,'H' ;lo'kknlitl tperhap:; duo:'10 Ill(' I1llxin~

of sc-rap bronze wnb copper}, that they wereexperimental. or thatthe tin W<lS addedonly10 asststtn casting hy de-<Jxidl7.in~ the alloy,rather than In modify significantly thernef allurgh-al propcrtfcs of the IinHI productThe Inner was suggested as a posslhlc reasonfor the low coucentratton ot nn in themetalwork. from Tlmna (Craddock. 191{OH)

The majority of the artefacts analysed herewhich contutn I~<: than .fX, On also containill )("8s1 1%arsenic and the amount ofarsenic present would In most cases have agreater Influence on the physical propertiesof the alloy than the tin, Some- (If these alloysare therefore most Iikr-ly 10 hH..,c ,Hiselllhruug.lllhe I!:<:C of <;otnC' snap hW117A' in lhe

m,lIlufaclure- of 11rs:enkal COptX'L U should tx"noted in the context of using SC'wp mellli fhlllalthough it Is rdatively casy to rt.'move moslo( the arscnic fnml scmp i'lrscnlcClI COPJlC'f' byheating under oxidizing conni/IOlls (arsenl,oxide sublimes at moderate temp<-raturesl,tin CHunot tx- removed from bron7,e In theSllme way, and hence S(.'f'lp hrofl7,e wouldalways confribute most of lis lin n)ll!enllolhe final aHoy,

Tin is presenl even tn sOllie E.arly DynasOcar1t'facls, For rxamrk', a Flrsl Dynaslyserrated knlfl' COfllains t ..of;;, lin (11M()606..p.a &>cond Dynasty chisel contains o. ;'y,:, iBM67')85) and fl non-fum1lonal model axc fmOlIhc Second Dynasty nmtains about 1..l'Yo jIll'V,oRo), These lllllOllllls of lin seem unlikdyto he due to lmpurilies in the originHl ore,which suggesls deHhcmtc lIlkll!ion, bllt Ihls Is(lilly spctLltiltlon. Ilowcvcr, Iwo Second

l)ynastyv('S..sclSlBM l'i,)7t llndHM {,)')7.l.)

contain resp.'<:'tively 7':{,and q.2% lin. One ofthl'Se /IlM 1 ') ')71) is a SrOllfed o\'okllllr fllld,in conlrasl to the hody, Ihe .spotll Is 1H18rsenkat copper containing no till. I{oth oftnCSt"vessel:,>are undoubtedly tntcnlloll<Jllln·broru'.{'Sand their provCn<lIlCe ther{'forcplan'S them among the earli{'"Stlln-Ilron:t,es(ound In Ev:ypl.The Irnee dcmelltcomposition of these early bronze's is,hrlWeVt'L somcwhllt ui!f('rclll from IhemajorHy of the nrtcfads analy~...l.p,)J1icularly with respect 10 lhl'ir nick ..1nmtcnls of o.l.'}'X, and o.6')',v". Ollly twoo-ther artefacts examined h('re wef'(' found 10

conlClin morc them 0.2% nickel (ASII Efi72ilnd AM 172771 clrld ncithcr arc lin-bron"e~

RlNlcrer (lg7Hllinds a simll<Jrlv Slll<-ll!proportion of Egyptian copper-basedmetillwork. wllh nickel In cxcess nfo,.l.'X, illld()Jdcht:'rg f "ph 1quoles the compo'si/ion of asingle asymmetrical bi'lHle-axe (SliM 102 iH­i) conlalnin~ all exceptlonal1'7k';(, nickel.Thl' avcmgc nickel nmfrnf of all therelllallling ar1efw'I,~ eXllrnim'll hac is.however. only lllJc-lUt n.n ~%. The dis!ll1c!iwcompo~itionof theS{' IWll early lin·lJron7,('s

kw,b OIl(' to ~uV;g{'"S' lhal llll' ":"Ilrn' of coppelused ror them was different from that of rlu­Illajority of the EgYPUOlllrucratworkexamined. llowcver there arc ,<;(l many(in·umslaIKt'S. ollwr than till" orerornposttinn Inllm'lleinl!.lhc lrHIT e!t'rlwnlcomcnt of copper-based metalwork lhat such,1sugW':'lion can onlv he ll'nllltlve

Lr.vm» n"i-Rll.ON/.r. A sllIallllHllllwr"ftheartefacts l111illy<;("(1 art' made of !eadt'{ltill­

bronze. the Ili~ht';;1 lead nllll('llt hdnll aboul.l.2'Y" IBM 6~tl')(»). The htstoaram or leadcontctu ill all artefacts (Fill_!.) vhows thntthere is a change tn Ihe distrihuth11l111around n.;·, r n.;:.. lead. Tile nrajortty c-ontain

under o. ~'X, lead uud the .lislribu(loll UIOS offut about o. 7'}~ kwt However, there ts a slightpeek in the histogram at lead cono-ntrauons<100\-'(' I%. The implk-ation is that leadcontents above I 'X, represent a deliberaleaddltton. whereas !nw{'f levels 11<1\'(' urtsenbecause ofImpurtttcs in the copper oreFurthennorc, examination of the ICiJd-llntFig. I) iI/HII(',ld-,lrSt"lli(' ll'if-(.4l distrihlllillllSsllows lhat lead rot11l'l1b abm'l" I 'X,,In'associated cxcluslvelv with tin-oron7.l.' rilllH'rthan arSl.'lllcal cop/X'r, H hiRIl I('ad conlentswere derl"ed soh'ly from Ihc cl'pper On?, Ihereshould he no spcdlk as':odatlon with 1111<1.\type,

TIle chrollolo~y o(the appllcalloll of kmledililoys is consequently tkd In wilh thai pflill­

!:m1ll7.l.'. The majority of leadt...l alloy~ an'

therefofe Mlddlc KinWJ.om <lr lakr. 1l00\'t'wrIhe two Early I)ynastk hrol17£'Sr('rerred 1011h!l\'Cmol}' atS<lhe Intenllonatlv !l'l11k...l sinn'they botll ('Imlalll morf' thall t 'X)

The addition or kwl improves lhe fluidityoflhc- mollen COppef alloy and lowers il~

mdtin~ rxlinl trrom IoN fC to ':I') (C if ahoulll% leHIIis wld .....1 to COPfWf,,){Tordinlo: toY(}un~ ( I g6 7)). Ilo\\'C'vcr, h.'C<lUSC' lead isonly sll~hlly wluhlc if! solld copper it~gr(,¥ill('S ill lilt' gr<lin hOlllH!;lrit'S onand In larv;e ,lIllOltrllls ('ould \Il"('<Ikcll lIlt'arldad.1J lsslRnilkanl, llwrdoJ"('.lhal fortool" and ",{"<I pOllS Ihe majority of Ill(" !r',ldet!IlronZ(~ nllll11in 'lilly I -\1 thhCl)nn'lltratlOlJ ,1"-,,,,-,,",1> "f II", "n,-r,,,,would probahly lIot he si~llitkiUltly irnpiliredbut wHhin lhis fall~W Ihe f1uldil y' wouldapproach til" maXillWnl which nlll hl.'achieved wilh lllis alloy, Ihus makin\!.pouring somewhal easier. It Is illh'resllll~ toIH)ll' tIle hlglllTill1111UIIls(1Il(';rrlIII S(llll(' ()f

the d('c<lrllth'I' !;11(' Period 1111't:tlwork.TIlt'c('nS('"rlHM h7 I H'll. for example. contillnsaoout I \'Yo IC:ld and Ihe h,lIHII(' oflfll' howltB~1 M\o')()) rolltain,~ ahoul .l2.(:~. For

Intrlcllle castin~s it \vnuld he ad\'illllagl'OllS10 1iSC lead-rich alloys (If this Iyr" "(llnoilllll~

Krell!er lIuldilv with r<'lalh,,'ly I(I~\' 1IH'llillg

JlOinl.

lll.rlN.~los! I)flhe copper-hil:-il'd mdalw,)rk

<lnfltys('d hCH' cOll!Hins :'>nlallHlTlOunts of

iron, ~enerll!ly It'Ss lhl1n o_S'X" whidl wouldha\e IJN'tl illtro..lllced forlllilously illllw"melting slaW' ,1l1t1 m\)(lilkd by ,lOYsuh:'><'qllel1t rdining ilnd allo)-'·Ing. Thl"

qU<llllity 01 Iron prC'4'llt In the artefacts Is,

:-;(l' :-' !ll'l"

' l 'I ' I -" I ~ \. IOUAII, '"\:'< \1 \ s.t.s

foun d duf crvncc s rn thc alloy s used forv;,r iou s d<l~"S o t' l'1tl Pl ia ll " r1('(;WIS. awl{·raJd".·.. , IY ~'lb , observed thi s f.t( d ll lppi llg

a nd cHu illg 1.1.. ls fmflllh.:r i;l. IJn furll lll illdy.llllll l' I lf th e Ej.:)'p li ;Jn d,II4o:" ~ ur I.n l\',,,,aualyscd hef t' lin' m old.: of iJ(:,,'ui(',,! n,pl'l'f :a ll are d the r t'nppt:r . lr un -hrona- . ;\ h houghmost ("on l a·i ll l ra."L~ of ;l.......-un-. th is: is un likelyIU h a l'e he Ctl lll!l:l ltio l1ul. (" lnlp<JriSolll Ilf llldr

ar seni c onuci u wnh th ose " htlp()inp; toolsdclfbcrutely ma de of urscn irulcopper wou fdther efore be ' 1 1l';lll in~ I,'Ss .

\ \ 'hen " Ill' "" lll flOi rcs Ih ,' t"u lIIp""it i, 11l "I'th .. lnJ lt 'IJ ll <l1JlI. C type s. h,, ~'tl·\l'r. rhc uJ ilfcn:llfl":> ill dllll y iJn 'll rlh n g to lISCdot...·!"lIOIC OIppilr':lll. Til l' a lloy .-l 1 ;l r" derisl i,· ~ of

Int lSl (If Ihe illJ iv id lla l a xe I ypcs ' Ir ..-vunuua ri ;'.t:J tlVl..·.-k·a L l.. ken frumlh,' J t·I••il....1

hst in Tubk- J. In th e summitry. the c"l "mncOll fi:lin ln g l b e il\'cra gc pt'rcen t,ll;c of i1f;;<."n l.

i ll ,-H"S(~n k<l r co ppe r Is t" ken only fmm A/\Sitrl i r! y St.~ on ullt ·on 'u,kJ 1ll<.'101 1 bu t I lw olllt:l(·olllm ns a lso1 ind ll J l' dalil fr' llll ~)lll{'

l"UrTu,lecl iir lt' (.lds a nd Ih os.· ' lll illy ....",1hy \ .

ritl l!uore:;t:t'lln ' , ~i m'c 1101.,.the g,'lIt 'r <l1 illlllyly p..· is nm:.iJ ,'r,..l ( ){ po.lrllClil,lf in k re s! is Ih l'

n lln p,u; sull t...:I W\'t' 1I 111,' lug lo:,'J . w un .l ;1\.:

iJnd . Il ll t·r l"llll lcm p" r ;IC'}' l y f\t."S: IU t:~I.'~I ,

pcrfor<lh-tl . r'l un d ; seg rll'· III.. I; "~"getl · hal " Il · ;

" fl d t iJllg t'd . T h.: Lh id typl ,I' lg il"11dift,·r O:ll' ·C

hC' tW('Cll (he:11I~ged . rou nd Ulld the lug g<.'I.i,(ll'r forillt'd , round tYr,':; b Ih ,l! til.' rOflner i ~

IlStWUy hl ·;.t\'it"f ; llJ d Wll~ 111>1...1primiJ ri ly ;);;"

d lUppillg In'll w here"" Ih.· liJUcr is u";II,llIy,.;m a lle r <I111l lll:h tc r . wit h lilC ill g h"I ..'S filfhiJrti ng, ami is regardl...1it S il Wl';I pt lfl , Ho l ll u f

1I11"'-;C ;1--',')<> drc rllunJ· hl;llkd w ilh " r,..hll.s lOf

, 'III"\';lI u re ,">lIl IMra hl" I " ll<llf I hl' lell~ l h ,.1'l h~ bUl L III ,·" n lf ilS!. IIIher l·tlu l'"fnj)<lr;.rywe<lp.1n typ"'s Ihe ~egnlt'nt <11. ·t ...l~e"-t>; I I Cl t1 · ,

illi d tllngeJ forms - arl' ofwlhcr a di ffer e l lt

rnrrn wit h lo n ger blade:; of lar}:!'r r"Jills <llldVr.'t' re pr ohabl y most r fli:, 'l h 'l'!y use d Wilh OJ

" I 'l~h in }: itl h llU, ll\d rc hl.<'lh;1l t Il' il :;l'r<>rdThe cu m p' Iloili' ln;d ,h ffc rt ' IICe:>hcl wl ...·ulhe

I"gg,.,j . (t Il/ li d ,mel 11K' tll l-:g l'Al. 1" "I"fi,r" lc·J ,

rounJ Iy pt>:><lH' qUitl' llliJrl.l'tJ <llId 'i,'1'1lI 10.

.Irl :se oUI .. r l hd r f(-:iJ'l-'1'lh e II.....~. , iu,'c Ih..

f"r mt'r W;IS hlleuJo."tipri m .. ri l)' a s a hlol .11 ,,1Ih t' la lt t!f a .\ it \\-'(·i1p' " I , N .tll.: . ,llhefl .r lllc'l

iJrc 111I"br Ol\l)..'S il l\ J on ly Iw,Hhi rds co u [d Ill '. k S<TlbeJ ilS (I J is li ll ct i1P.A'llin il ("o ppe r (i ,e . ,

cOIl1 Q in i r l~ lIlor e Ih ,m I'X, iJI'Sl'llicl, l ilt"a\' t!f i 1t:e i lr :<l.' ll i ,· n lllkni f••r th" """lw in g ': . 7'}:,.

Th e Idll cr a f( ' " fl' ·11lin·bwll7.l· 'IIlJ dll hili

1)0,' o{( h(' r"mJ in<le r <In' .Irso·n i,' al ,·v pp.: r

w ilh llw lti t:ll t·.. 'l\ 'cr <lgc- ; r r~,' nl.· t'l ' l l l , 'n i uf\ 'i '.~~ , \\' I1l'1I Ih .' ar :--.c 'uk .1lI.! lin ,·" n ln lh ,If

Ih t" tWtll y po..·loa rc cJr.nni u..'l1 ill d ,·I. liI IFig '"

il can I". ~l'l' II I 'M I ...11of Ih l' h;,"l c-itke"t''' n la in f!10 rl' Ih a n .!'X, of ar ,,: nic ,1Il,11lll'lII it jo r i l y off h. ·l uo ls ('oil l i l i ll 1, 'Ss (ball l' X,. IfIlw I W<lIY IX~ a rc l'" n tc-mpor.lr y lhe ll lh bJ iff,' rt!lw c-ill ;; lI' lr .... h i l ri l l ·!t 'r hl ic wo u ld tw: a1,l lo:-i,·..I ," l lt ·l lll w ,.f lh d rn·..'x ·, ·li...,· w.ilJ.:., ·...:\I l h"u~h Ih t'" , ;IH·,lin.... 1I11-:j.:I\I . f1IUIlJ " lit·:­

wi lh lllt l n · t h.m r lf, i1r:-,,·ni.".lwu o( lh l'''':tCal. 110 .... ,q and 2:; wil h \ i\'X, .m J \. 1''';,OIf"-' II;c « ':-pt·d i\,d Y•• ln · SITl,I!I,'CI han h II ~ II .. I

I<lr Ilh' ' }' Ilc' ,,".1. ahh'ltll-:h no t h;o\ 'ill l;: , 11('dlilfil(' {,'rbl it"thil l}\ holIeS. Ih ey n~etnhlt· illl'I'l:rfu ra k d form lIery d o:,;<.' ly . 1l is ,h,'n·rorl'

".. CI.XIl . • < c...l.

" IU. ').,.... II. ~

,." H. J

I I

' 4u t

u",' of some nr sentcul co ppe r and pure coppe rs ll ll p.:rs b lt"ti

The presence of 2~{, arsenic in an ,-hiedfrom the lal e l 'u'll ynit slk per iod 01"cur ly PIr-:.1

Dyn;lsly rha rpoon. I{,\ t ~ 4(j,( l 7 1 Is paruculu rlyill wre~ ill~ , si lln,~ its t'umpusll ioll sU ~K.., ls <In

ir uenuouul alloy . Th is Is ea r ly fur ,U"Sl' ll k a lc" I'p<'r ill Egypt !>1I1 nOI fi'f elscwhereln th eNcar East, For example. the finds from thel 'a \ t' o f IIIC Treasu re In [he Nah a l "'fish lll<lr,

Pnlesun c (Bar -Ade n . 1'J71 L a rc ecr her inJ a lo:' and l·.lllsist m a in ly o( ilrSl' rlk ill coppe r

a rw !a..... \\ '1111 Ill •.' ilrst:n k ..u n lt·n l r,lll~in~ III'Itl as m u, h as I l 'XI

For Illl' 1':g)'pliiJn d rl c (.1l"ls which are m udc.11'i:l1:>CIlil"iJl copper , lhc ir \'cr it~l..· ar se n iccOIl.:l.'n lr<lllu ll remai ns in the rang e ~ - l'x,upIn the Midd le Kin gdom , I'w lII Ill c Milldl('[in ~dulH onwards. with the in lmd lll·l iun of

llil-bw n:lc. the amou n t of arsen ic in ar:.en!call'nppt: r fa ll;; sligh l ly . Tht' cont t"lll!",lr<J r)-'use of:-llhs t.lll t iiJl ,HllOUlitSof ilrscni ,"al ,'oplll-'r with

li n -hr u ll"l£' .'on liHl II.:s in lo Ih e Sc,'o ndlul crlll ,-.Jiak l'e rioJ !>11 1 du rilll{ the- N,'\'\'

"':inl::d••lII a f'>Clli ,·al ('oppo:-r 'Wo'CffiS todbi:lp!-lI."oU. 11lt" U:>l' ,,( bot h allo}' ~ ~iJ I' by sidehas !-It'C1l found III requi lt' lI omMI ill t h"

N,'a r and \l iJ .-JlI' ~:.J s( ICraJJ"....k. 14 7 1l).Thl'l' \'ld e rtce prm 'itJlXl hy Ih ese d tl illyses

illdiculCSIh " l lh e int rl-'dud io n of Ihl-oro n:a:w Egypt ill ijlUmlil y pro ba bly occu rr N duringIhe Middle KIllgdo lll , a lt h ou gh It cer1ilin ly' " "I" lI r l\....1 ~ llI lr..Jka lly wd l bd ur c Ih is period111is is ill a~H'nllcn t willI u lh n :>1Jrvt!y s u fEgyptia n mela llu rgy ,

Ie, 1"'1' ,.I'!I//iolrt., /, i/I I~ ' l\lwll j 'IJIIII" I"W.>1I ,md

'Y'''''''!I.IJThe (ll o ls and weapt ln S elHlmlnl.'<i itl Ihiss ludy l',1ll be broad ly l.llviJ ed lntu IWu dasse~

(k"pt.'nJ ing on thei r u:;.ag~ : (Il thost' req u ir in g

a ~hilrp ('u lt i n g CJgl' til he dit'c live; (.a l ll lOSl'usC'.d with 1I,:h oppi l1lot al.."tlon and Ihefl'ron~

rel y in !: u ltJre 0 11 wci~hf lJOd I Otlgh n~ m lherIh <lll "h ' lr pn<."S.'i.

TIl,'lirsl ~rllup In d uJ ,"S, 'u IlIn g 1... ,ls. Sl ll'!1>IS "Jlot.'~ a nJ WO()JWII,l. illK d lis<:!s. ,m Jwc·ap .. I1'50 sm ·h as knivt'$. J a gt;e rs ilnJ :;wonh!.Iud iJlo:<.~ 11,......1 hke ~\\'urJs t. Willi.: t h e .......u lld

~r"llp illdudL"Sa u :s tl~'J mainl y ilS lools a uJco ld ,'hise ls, [11 v t~W elf th e effect:; uf Ihcconn.·rll ration .If a~t'll lc (Ill th e pr ope rt ies 01

II!; a lloy with copper , li lli' would ,' x(Il'1,:t Iha tl'u lllll g 11" lls woulJ tlt'udil (m m il hi ee.ht'fleu'l ,Ir itf'>...·nic". 501111"(' Ih is woulJ prolon g lht'Iifc' o f Ihe ~harp cUlli ll~ L'l1g... \\ h('u' il$ lh l'

il"~. l.: i .ll ,'lllm·r,·a~ ill Orll l1c" ,·.ss wou ld n ol1",· :>< , i' lIl)1'rlanl. 1:;111111a n'! Md';t·rl d l , 1' )71»

," II I II14 h.! "" I ' 7 7" .,

." ." 4".! ') 7"

"X,

",",0 . o f l'e l'Cl' l1tiJ}\e IIf llbk c lS .\ SCl I' Hr" Il;.'A:

ito'lIIs l' tl pp,' r AS' 'Il' I-lrl)n~.(;' ~.;, :\" >11' '' ;111' '}.. S.. tlll<''' '' ~ ' .. \.s u"' ·,""

11,)\\'<'\' ,'- . nol ran dom. 'HlJ when it Is

l'x;lIn ill ed dlrlll lo l,)gk>.tlly Jdilli l" IH'lh lsIlC."OJnlC apparent. l'hl":>l.' Ir ,'ll &' su l{g.,~ 1 rh utdl , lII~l"' looL pi,,,'" ill Ih,'ll'dlll fll,,~y u l

lIte l ;11pr tod illtio ll . 11 Illl: h..').lirll ll ll g of lh e

~·.:"nJ 1J)'ll i.lloIY an d JUri ng t lie-Newfo.:in~dolll lFi~ . :;}. Fur .. x'Jlnpl<.".lhl· <J \ 'l'I"illfe­iron con rcm fur lai c l'rl'J yll ,lsJic an d hr.-I!)Y fl a ~ IY tll"*"I,'lS is '1.1. l'}.:" w hen'a s forSecond Ijyuusty ohjtY ls it is o. l i'X" Itrcmatns HI th is level (except for ,I,,:{'i1SIOllil lh igh v;I!Ill's l u ll li l llw N.' w Kil1~.lom . Wlll' lI il

fa ll:':lH ;l1l ;I\'I·" Ij.:o:" l o .I-I 'X,.

I\~ u<Jh'J e bove. uud..r n 'l1...in 1"1I1lJ ili, Insmel;.tlll, · iron nMy 1)(' prllollcl·<l ..lu ri ll~ the"Illch ing . 11' coppe r . 'lh e- lt'Wl'r l" l' l.'h ,If in,r l In

Ih t" Idle " r' 'l.lyn; ."lk and Flr"t J)yn"Sly 11M )'

h.· J Ul' III li lt: II......• "I' a m ur,' pri lll ili n ' s lIld l lllg1l'l·hnil.lIlC III \\'h kh the uu-t ul was in ,'o n ladl.vilh tilt'"Iltu or sla g fOl' on ly ,I sho rt lilll edu ring I Ill' Srnd l ill f! op<'ntl iOll , l.alerjlron~~,Sl'S lIlil} ha ve iIH" ll \'l 'J Sl ll d ti li g ti ,r ,I10llKe r lim.' a uJ ;ll ;I hi~",' r 1.·lIIpt.'ralllrr' Inor , le f Itl n ..,I,~·,· tl w u lt'1Ol1"ntl e 'll ra d

' ·" lllk·r Ulli n.' cllidl" n lly . II"wel','r. Ih is w" u lJi.ll Ih .. S' Ill11' linw iIH"f,·;l"'ol.' Ih t.' qU<lll li lil ":S .. rI·t' r lil in ,}IIIt.·r d ..n Wll ls Ill'l l wuu ltl ben ,lr al ·I. ...l .1IlJ in". lrp.l r a l, 'l1 wil li Ih e ,·tll' Pl.'r.

'1'111: s ll ll:-,," II II' 111 I, l\\' (' r in'n 1'lm le lll S (If NewI\ingl!olll ull'l,dwork 1lI;1)" be IllL' r l''>u lt o f

mort' l'f1(:.·li\ 'l' rdln in g I" l'h n iqucs

I H ' /),Jlfl l, ./ljn h

M.lIl}' o f IIIl"a r ld ,tt"!'>;llla l)'So,.Jill l h is ~l lIdy

,' ,111h.' II.. k t.l ll l.1 p' lf licu lllr J YlliiSlY Uf p..' ritodhy prt ln.:Il'lII n ·. in ,,::r ipil, u, n r fltdlol:...rhr 'll;11l;tl y "h. llh" 'l>lI1 pll'lc .1.,1.1"II Ih'·SI' Jil l\'J'· Ol lill' lt!ll,...l lIh jt·. ·I:>fn .m III<.'n,-, eo JlL"(; lilt li ,1("ind llJ e.1 i ll T...hlc 1;a. ;\ :>u m llliJ f)' o f lilt", 'u lIlpw;il llUl o f lla letl itrldot ,'1s ("k en fr o lll

Ih lS l"b k' , ll1d S!Jpplt-Hll' ll tl' J by ,'\ shmo!ean~1l1xwn , I'drle MU,;,'Ulll a nd o l h e r Br it ish.\ l u se u nl lIlilt,"T"i,,1 is giv"n bd" w, '111ls Usb 'Ih,' pt.'IT" lIliJ J.:<.~ 01a rld,ldS wh lt"h ' lr eI UPIX"' . ar s" lIil',11, 'uflllt: r .1Il0 li ll -Dron ;,.•:..-\..II I,' l1" Ill I~'f ,,( ; lIl>ll p ...·, II I ~ 'lll'" " f i li i ' gi l/lip:.

is s rll'-tll, li n: II, ,'d l l:> HIl ,j pc:rn.' rl l ' I ~ I"S gin:"n

slu.u lJ fxoH'g"nktl ,l~ u n l)' ;Ippnu;illla le . The',11I"y Sll ll lll la f Y- in dll.k, l)llih \KF :I1lt1/\ ,'\ S11;11;1, "-h. ·rt ·a s lh l' 1ll,' ,111 ,I""'ni,' illl ll l ill.." o lt-Ills a rlOdnivl'd Oldy !nun those

a l le fa " ls iHw lys". 1 hy i\ .'\:-iI II g"Il I' r ;t l ll lt'll , co r r".'r ilIU.l a r:,.cn k.,ll

. 1'I'I)('r \\' ,·r .: IIMIlII)/ 11:.<'.1 up h I Ille n n; l

Ih 'II,ISly , ;U1J Ilw n ar Sl'llic...I ,·up pt'r Illl lil lh t"

h':I-:ill ll in~ o f tl\l" "'1i,MIt' l\i llI-:d"lIl . \\"111"11 li n ­!>f, IIIZl' WiI\ illlf<...[un...l. II\' Ih .: Nl'W "':ill j.:,t " lll

l.r' >lI/A·W;IS II ,,· ,l••mill ill li ; . n, . ~, ' 1 I r l ll,u~ 11 li lt"

",'ri. ...!

1.1'11 n vu IH I i l"':

ln t I f..lh:IIII ..!

I\t·w l\i ll ~ll"m

1'" ,,1 Nc w "' ill j.:tl" llI

r1!1<'f/I"IIlII,wtl'r; <tIif's "{' I,l"I" lYfl!'S

No . or 1 '(,"~'t'n ( ;Jg(" of tJhjl"t' ls

iterns t' HPJX'r "5< 111 t\rnn1~'

I E) fll lt/ 'lr lr f.'{/ sOn ly Ihrt"(" i~oll Jlr td a t'ls wr it · in d llclt, l ln

lhis '<,tullv: a mlld,,1a~(' ((';11 . 11.1. I Cl IlI.; llmly~'(j hy XRL ' lIlJ IWIl fu ll-slYA' Jllit·" (I 'a l

nos . I 'n llnrl I J6 1. illl ill.\'S{"l! hy Ar\ S, Th n ' c.<:epa n lle SiUllpks 1\'('rr an llly",-'d [n lrn Ollf' o fIh('S(' <I J( (~ ICa l. Ill! 11ft }: a !fell er al <;,; lIn pk<l nt! r\.,... iludill-nTL:I I s;un plt's l a ke n frlllnSt'1f'l-I(.,j pt)in t .~ 1111 a !'t.·l' l io ll n i l ffl lm lht' 01 \ ('

f,tr n Wlall ng r;tphic ('\a rn i n i l ll' ll l , Atl, lil i()!la l

d " nwn ts we're' nw'l.,,"rt"(l in IIws{' l"tll' rsa m ples wh k h a rt' no l t.\lIoh -J ill l/Il' milinr("sillt.. r;,ol"s IOll ly IIH' j.:CIWfil ! s;lm pl(' d;lIa;If(' ~1Vl'n ther r l " lUi rh("<:(' ;lf e th("r.-fltn ' jlin 'nin fuJI hclm v. loA<,lh ef w il li Ih(' (lill n IIll (' Ill.

no , I ~ I for n ll ll p ;a isllll

Th t' resuUs uh", illl 'd fur <;iun p l('<; I \ hl l ,lIu lI J h h arT:"d i",,' lsS("{!il l Jcla il i ll l Ilt' r ('po,r l onthe-m('lalln~rilphi t ' (' \ a m in a l i. >n n f th.. a'ltt·s.11,c I r i l {'t ' l'! t'm {"n l cn m pt l<;i l i' ll ' <:(\f( ' ill, n us .

axe !tl,.de!s nre so srual l ,Ifld 011('/1 1I(';I\'il..,n MT,tUell it was n ul I.......-<-i ltk i ll m usl t'll~ "" IIIfl'llll l\ 't' II rl'pt (,,<;(, fll alt n ' m ..la! ,\;,m pl., forrlh,mi(' ahSll,.p llu n a na ly.,is . In <;m' ll {'.lSt~ .\ .

r a v !Il1u l't"S, '('Il CC was re sortedto ;t11t1, in

c-onsequence. u m lpirrlson s nrc !)(,<;,.,i hk on ly

o n 111(' lJ..·* 'If the ma j, ' r nllov I" pt.' rall w rth a n IItt";,wlll al pt:'f, ....·n tagt>HIll;f"!t:s-il l,lI1<l:

Nt·\ll' rt hd l'Ss . Ih i" llf"tl\ 'id t'S sUm, 'k ll l

inf ltnna tton fll r sor m' ~1'1I('r,,' ("ompi,riso ns 1(1

be made .Th("rn m pk lr d ala on th r- a~ .. r m.. II·I ~ ar c

inch llln i in l';I lok 4 . ,HId ,I ..uunuarv " fi ll('OIl1n}'!. USI..J f" r th e ,de\lan l lIlnJd~ a nd furt"qu iva wn l fUl' t11" 1lI11I}'pt"'i i~ grvcn bokuv .

A s mode l.. ar e non ·fun e lillllal iJlUJ cbjd l\'con srructcd {rum shee t ruc rnl. it wo uld ha~ ('!IN'n d l(," I'\' r a nd ('asic r 1ll1l"C pun ' n ' r rc rra th er th a n a lloy s for thdr !J\ilnuf' KI IIH".Il lII,'l'{·v(·r. a<;(·;III flt"<;I't'n ff<lmlh('

rompa risou . II is gel lf'rillh -'the ca ,'iJ." th a t

models 11 ((' l1Iau(' fm m IHl:lllls of Ih ....same

cnm f't l'iil illll as th eir (1I11-~i7.t.' n lUnlrlp ilr!sW h('n'lliffcn 'lI ces 1k'J...-c-ur In Iht,pr.. poruons of th e va etou s aU' l) I) f't"i tlSO 'l1 fora part h'ular ax!" an d llJolk l Ior rn . lh l'" th l.'mo re nrd HlI(' type tends to II<' 11M'll ror 1111'

mod e l. In ter es tingl y. <l fou n. l::ltlun &:pnsitnJ(ltld of l l1 lt~co l.(lltl nJIYf1t' f l lr Ilj Rh6 1.",·h kh W lI S an ,I(('hak f..n n \Il: lll' n d t'p ll)"ih 'llIn l h(' fj~hlN.·n l h f)yll asl y. is in eom(1l lSlh llllmor e IIl e Ilw ea rlk r 1 1I ~ l!.t'l l. rou nd ;lXI'Sr;lfhcr lh JJlI lI w (' ll rfl' Il I <;Ylnlllef rk u ll yp"

.....it h <;pla p 'd or illeu n '!'\! ~iJo."S , w h ich wert·

pr t'dominall ll .y m aJ(' . ,f bHI!J'l..t' . T hl' (,<lrl iC'r

lu ~g('J . rou nd mo, leI" ana l 3-'~ W t'r e llltls'l,<: im ll:rr ill for m Dn d r nm po,s-ili llfl to I n C'

lut: l! cJ . rounu 111,, 1:<> fil l h('r Ih a n Ill(' sitn ila rly

~h"Vt'tJ per-rOf'a led ba lt l(' -"u <'STh t>l' \·-idrll n · SIl ~l1-'·<;I.", Ih l'n'furt ,. Ih 'l l

n w dcl s Wl'n ' hl l t' f1l ill ll i t ll ) ' llIaJl' I' l lIlI: sa mt '

a!lo.... spl'd lin lliol1<: a', thei r fUrld l,u1ilf

(·oll nk rpOI r ls. Cllm pnsl li llll wa s Ih N I' f" rl' ;1II

Impor1;ml r"!r l tlf Ih ..ir tYJ',,,I,,~y , a m i l'\' l"T~'

a <:pe'('l " f lhe " rt d ';l" ! WIIS 1·ll plcd . II 1<;in fae'lpt",:-;il->/(' lh a l m.lt1d .. \\ ('r{' nl'U1ufad un "t.lfro m lhei r uiscarJC'd Dr de !H" ' rat d y oroh n­do w n rull-siy.£' eq u I\"llknls

\ttl,kl l-:~n~ l fln ar1\'f., (1s h iH'{' als.l l->tt-n;lIl a lvSt..,j hv Ofddx'rjl j I 'J 7h l all d ~ l addin I 'j

(//. ll ,) lt n ·

'}.'';l.h

111..1

9 '

'0;. .. "11...·" .. ,

I I' X

LX

L'

R6

6," 7 II

" 4"1'l7

"

9 ' 9IX l '

4 4 ••., X,

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4'1.1 44

'"K,iOO

""40 fl n

Pr'nTllla~(" of ",1'*'('IS

COPPl.'f Hrome ASl1 ~ t

II

( IJ ) M.~/"" I/I."..r{l('IS

III OldtJil in n III fundion a l ;1rt cffu1 s. , 4 llloJ da rtd"t' l:'if.<u e1' And .. v t.-o<;,~11 w ('f{' Ind udffi InIhe wnrey _Th e m OI,k I.. h ;1\'(' rh t"<;;ilnc

I )'pnl,~kOl I das:'<ifk a lh ll1 a s Ih l'i r fU/I. ·t ion <l1

('o u IlIl'r p<lrts cll1rl uiITt'r fm m Ihc rn o ll ly InslU". It Is th e rt,rOfe of in lert':'it In Cllm p;.lfe th c

cn mpo<;it ion of a model willi it:"cq ul va lt'n lfu ll-si n° ,'OUl1lt' rpa rt , 1 IIl \l\i C' ~' {·r . f-ot.....·<lll <;(" l h t'

ro lnl o f dmeren cc which may he st~n lllnlll i

is th a t th ree-of t he tools n 'nt . nos . t J I an d1] 5 and.lu' \0 94 4 1are made orlc edcdbron ze ttnd se vera l of lh e rl:"lllidm kr ('Hu la ;/I;,ppn't-Iat.k a mo unt s of lead. 'rtr c W CapO ll :'i

a rt" a llnormal hrOn1.l":'i t ·o ll lal n iJlt.:on ly t ract'

amoun ts of lead and seem to he ra rher moreclosely cnntrullcd a lloys

W he re th ere SN'mS In be no dlst tncrd iffere nce of fnrm le-twren axes used ;l<;loolsur as Wl'a r " IIS th l' ("rUer i" " ..f ..i".c isImportfmt . ft'l l:' Il~h t rt'adily wk ltkJ we6p" nbein g dis ll ng ul sh a bk' frn m the h t' il v lc r t'll liTh t".. lInv dl!fcr t"lln -s us......-i;lll'd wi lh Ihl s ar ('wt"ll t'''(e m pl1fk....1hy t .....o II Xc:'i ( ,r t f ll,' sa llll"symmelrica l lype ICat. II.~ . 10 -1- Clnd 10 ) 1.bl-.lh from the J;am~ 10m". Thl' iir..l , wh ich isl<lrge Hlld r m " llhfy In f(' n t!("(i a ,~ " l onl, l'imade of copP<'r Iw ith a sm HIl imw u n l lJfa rse n ic I Wht·r"'il" Ihl:" !W<·jlnd. <;m a ller tr<iu l("·a xr i<;m ::lde Ilf bn m 7.(' nJllI;ltni o~ 1 1 .1 % lin .

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