BIO 201: Anatomy and Physiology ILAB SCHEDULE

Fall 2009, Sections 10614, 10616, or 57588Dr. Angela K. Mick

Date: Topic Exercises

Aug 25,27 Body Orientation Terms; The Skull SaladinChps 3 and 8Atlas

Sep 1,3 Vertebral Column, Sternum, & Ribs

Sep 8,10 Muscles of Neck, Head, & Face; Histology - Epithelial Tissues

Sep 15,17 Review; Histology - Connective TissuesMini-Practical I

Sep 22,24 Practical I (100 points)

S 29, O 1 Bones of Shoulder and Upper LimbMuscles of the Chest, Back, & Shoulder

SaladinChps. 4,5,10Atlas

Oct 6,8 Muscles of the Arm; Histology – Epidermis & Related Tissues

Oct 13,15 Review; Mini-Practical II

Oct 20,22 Practical II (100 points)

Oct 27,29 Bones of Pelvis and Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Abdomen and Lower Extremity

SaladinChp. 10Atlas, Chp.8

Nov 3,5 Muscles of Lower Extremity; Histology - Muscle

Nov 10,12 Review; Mini-Practical III

Nov 17,19 Practical III (100 points)

Nov 24,26 Begin Brains (Models, Sheep), Spinal Cord Models; Histology-N.S. SaladinChp. 14

Dec 1,3 Sheep Eye, Eye and Ear Models; Review; Mini-Practical IV

Dec 8,10 Practical IV (100 points)

***This schedule is tentative and is subject to change at the discretion of your instructor. ***

BIO 201 Anatomy and Physiology IBIO 201 GCC Practical 1 Page 1

Practical Exam I Please do not touch or point at bones, plastinized parts, or models with pens or

pencils - use only broom straws or wooden cotton swabs.

Human Plastinates: These are human tissues. Please treat these specimens with respect and care. You must sign specimens in/out. Only handle them while wearing non-latex gloves. Keep pens and pencils far away. Be gentle.

Identifying Bones: Bones will either be articulated or disarticulated. You should be able to identify these bones in either state.

o Bones Boxes: Make sure you have the correct bones in the boxes before you leave lab.

Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology Revealed [APR]– all the muscles can be

visualized in APR, and you will need to identify the muscles on the models, plastinated specimens, and in APR. The sooner you use APR while learning this material, the easier the material will become.

You are responsible for recognizing all the bolded functions in the muscles; these functions are taken from APR and may be slightly different from what Saladin lists.

APR shows the written function and has animations of those functions for most of the muscles on the lists.

Histologyo The slides will be shown in lab and there are also references to APR where

you can also review the histology. It is recommended that you review the histological specimens not only on APR, but also the web. This can be done by using keywords and any of the popular web-browsers.

References:o Text: Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function

5th edition by Saladin o CD or web site: Anatomy and Physiology Revealed [APR]

o Optional Histology Atlas: A Photographic Atlas of Histology by Michael

Leboffe

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AXIAL SKELETON

CRANIAL BONES (Saladin pgs, 245-258) Be able to identify these bones and inherent features in an intact skull or

separately.

Frontal Bone (1)o coronal sutureo frontal sinus

Parietal Bones (2)o sagittal sutureo middle meningeal vessel impressions

Temporal Bones (2)o squamosal sutureo external auditory meatus (external acoustic meatus)o mandibular fossao zygomatic processo styloid process (note: attachment for muscles of tongue, pharynx and hyoid)o mastoid process (note: contains air sinuses) o jugular foramen o carotid canalo middle meningeal vessel impressions o petrous part

Occipital Bones (1)o lambdoidal sutureo sutural bones (Wormian bones)o foramen magnum o occipital condyleso external occipital protuberance

Sphenoid Bone (1)o greater wings o lesser wings o optic forameno sella turcicao pterygoid processes

Ethmoid Bone (1)o crista gallio cribriform plate o perpendicular plate o middle nasal conchae

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FACIAL BONES (Saladin, pg 245-256) Mandible (1)

o bodyo mental forameno alveolus (alveoli) o ramuso mandibular forameno coronoid processo mandibular notcho mandibular condyle

Maxillae (2)o infraorbital forameno maxillary sinuso palatine process (note: anterior part of hard palate)o alveolus (alveoli)

Palatine Bones (2) (note: posterior part of hard palate)

Zygomatic Bones (2)Nasal Bones (2)Lacrimal Bones (2)Vomer (1)Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)Hyoid (1)

THORACIC CAGE (Saladin, pg 265-266)Sternum (1)

o manubriumo body (gladiolus)o xiphoid process

Ribs (12 pairs) differentiate between:o true ribs (1-7)o false ribs (8-12)

floating ribs (11-12) (note: these are false ribs not connected to sternum) o on each rib:

head neck tubercle shaft

Costal Cartilages

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN (Saladin, pg 259-267)

Parts of Vertebrae [Identify on Lumbar, Thoracic, and Cervical (except axis and atlas) vertebrae]o body (centrum)o vertebral archo laminao pedicleo vertebral forameno spinous processo transverse processo superior articular process and facet o inferior articular process and faceto intervertebral foramen (note: formed by the intervertebral notches of two adjoining

vertebrae)o intervertebral discs

Cervical Vertebrae (7)o atlaso axis

dens or odontoid processo vertebra prominens (note: seventh cervical vertebra has the largest spinous process) o transverse foramen (note: pair in each cervical vertebra that conducts vertebral

arteries)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)o costal facets

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

Sacrum (note: 5 fused sacral vertebrae) sacral foraminasacral canalsacral hiatus (note: inferior opening to the sacral canal) auricular surface (note: site of sacroiliac joint with pelvic girdle)

Coccyx (note: 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae)

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MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND NECKSaladin Text (pg) 326-344

Muscles of the Face and Neck

Actions of Muscle

platysma elevates and creases neck; depression of lower lip and angle of mouth

sternocleidomastoid rotates and flexes head

levator scapulae elevation of scapula (shrugging shoulders); lateral flexion of neck

scalene lateral flexion and rotation of neck

trapezius

elevation, medial rotation, adduction and depression of scapula

splenius capitus rotation of head; extension of head and neck

sternohyoid depresses hyoid bone

sternothyroid depresses larynx

thyrohyoid elevates larynx & depresses hyoid bone

omohyoid depresses hyoid bone

mylohyoid elevates floor of mouth

digastric elevates hyoid bone; depresses mandible

masseter elevates mandible

buccinator compression of cheek

temporalis elevation of mandible

orbicularis oris closes mouth; puckers lips

frontalis elevation of eyebrows

orbicularis oculi closes eyelids

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MUSCLES OF THE DEEP BACK, POSTERIORSaladin Text (pg) 344-346

Muscles of the Back, Posterior

Actions

Spinalis (of Erector Spinae)

lateral flexion and extension of vertebral column

Longissimus(of Erector Spinae)

lateral flexion and extension of vertebral column

Iliocostalis(of Erector Spinae)

lateral flexion and extension of vertebral column

Histology for Practical 1References:

Epithelium: Saladin (pg 155-160), Atlas of Histology (Cpt 3), APR (histology) Connective Tissue: Saladin (pg 161-170), Atlas of Histology (Cpts 4 & 5)

Epithelial Tissues Simple squamous epithelium

o Simple cuboidal epitheliumo Simple columnar epitheliumo Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliumo Stratified squamous non-keratinized epitheliumo Stratified squamous keratinized epitheliumo Transitional epithelium

Connective Tissueso adipose connective tissue

adipocyteso dense regular connective tissue (note: also called white fibrous tissue)

fibroblasts collagenous fibers

o dense irregular connective tissue fibroblasts collagenous fibers

o loose areolar connective tissue fibroblasts collagen fibers elastic fibers

o reticular connective tissue fibroblasts

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reticular fibers

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DEFINITIONS

STRUCTURE DEFINITION

ACROMIONcomes from the Greek "akron", peak + "omos", shoulder = the peak of the shoulder; platelike extension; (acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula)

ALVEOLUS Latin referring to little cavity; pit or socket; tooth socket; (alveoli of the mandibles and alveoli of the maxillae)

AURICULAR Auri – ear, (auricular surface of sacrum and auricular surface of the innominate bone)

CANAL tubular passage or tunnel in a bone; (carotid canal)

CONCHASpanish for “shell”; shaped like an elongated sea-shell (inferior nasal conchae bones, middle and superior nasal conchae of the ethmoid)

CONDYLE rounded knob that articulates with another bone; (occipital condyle, mandibular condyle)

CORACOID resemblance to crow’s beak; (coracoid process of the scapula)

CORONAL coronal plane – perpendicular to sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; (coronal suture)

CORONOID Corono – crown; (coronoid process of the mandible, coronoid process of the ulna)

CRIBRIFORM cribri- sieve, strainer; (cribriform plate of the ethmoid)

CRISTA GALLI crista – crest; (crista galli of the ethmoid)

FACET smooth, slightly concave or convex articular surface; (articular facets of vertebrae)

FORAMEN hole through a bone, usually round; (foramen magnum of the skull)

FOSSA shallow, broad or elongated basin (mandibular fossa)

FRONTALfrom Latin “frons” which means forehead; (frontal bone and frontal lobe)

HEAD prominent expanded end of a bone; (head of rib, head of femur, head of humerus)

HIATUS natural fissure or opening in a stucture; inferior opening to sacral canal (sacral hiatus); opening in diaphragm through which the esophagus travels (esophageal hiatus)

LAMINA thin, flat plate; (lamina of vertebrae)

MEATUS opening into a canal; (acoustic meatus of the ear)

OCCIPITAL Latin “occipit” which means back of the head; (occipital bone and occipital lobe)

ODONTOID Odonto – tooth; tooth-like projection; (odontoid process of the axis)

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STRUCTURE DEFINITION

PARIETAL Latin “parietlis” means of a wall; (parietal bone and parietal lobe)

PEDICLE Latin meaning “small foot”; a stem or stalk of tissue that connects parts of the body to each other, (vertebral lamina)

PETROUS related to or resembling a rock (petrous portion of temporal bone)

PROCESS any bony prominence; (mastoid process of skull)

PROTUBERANCEa bony outgrowth or protruding part; (external occipital protuberance)

RAMUS Latin meaning “branch”; perpendicular portion; (ramus of the mandible)

SAGITTAL sagittal plane – passes vertically through the body or organ and divides it into right and left portions; (sagittal suture)

SELLA TURCICA

means a Turkish saddle; saddle-shaped depression;(sella turcica of sphenoid)

SINUS cavity within a bone; (frontal sinus of the frontal bone)

SPINE sharp, slender or narrow process; (spine of the scapula)

STYLOID stylus – pen used by ancient Greeks and Romans to write on wax tablets; (styloid process of temporal bone, styloid process of the ulna, styloid process of radius)

SUTUREmeans to join; immovable joint between skull bones; (saggital suture)

TEMPORALLatin “temporlis” from Latin “tempora”, pl. of tempus, temple. Of or relating to the temples of the skull; (temporal bone and temporal lobe)

TRANSVERSE transverse plane – passes across the body or organ perpendicular to its long axis; divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions; (transverse process in vertebra)

TUBERCLEsmall, rounded process; (greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus)

VOMER means “plowshare” referring to its resemblance to a blade of a plow; (vomer bone)

XIPHOID derived from the Greek word xiphos for straight sword; (xiphoid process of the sternum)

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