data driven energy efficiency in buildings · traditional energy data collection 1. sporadic –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Data Driven Energy
Efficiency in
Buildings Nipun Batra
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Why study buildings?
People spend majority of the time inside
buildings
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Buildings contribute significantly to overall energy
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Buildings are getting constructed at rapid rate
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From buildings to
energy efficient
buildings
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A glimpse into the future Video 1
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Can data help? “If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it”
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MNIST data set
• Instigated machine vision research
• Can buildings also benefit from data?
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Traditional energy data
collection
1. Sporadic – Energy audits (once in
few years)
2. Manual – Utility companies collect
water and electricity readings
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Where does building
energy data come
from?
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Smart meters
• National rollouts
• Enable high resolution and automated
collection
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Water meters
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Ambient sensors • Measuring motion, light, temperature
• Ease of availability and installation
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Building management systems
• Computer systems for controlling heating and lighting
• Typically used in commercial buildings
• Operated by facilities
• Sense several points:
– Cameras
– Temperature for heating and ventilation control
– Light intensity for lighting control
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Soft-sensor streams
• Firewall network traffic
• Access control
• WiFi access points
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How to collect this
data?
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Sensor deployments • Well studied in prior literature
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Sensor deployment
design goals
• Low power consumption
• Wide network coverage
• Robust
• Deployment ease
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Is sensor deployment
in buildings any
different?
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Aesthetics and
occupant comfort
matters!
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Surprisingly hostile
environment
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•Occupant interaction
drops with time
•Wireless spectrum may
get clogged due to
additional sensors
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How do sensors
communicate data? • Several automation standards exist-
Modbus, BACnet, LonWork (proprietary)
– Mostly developed for automation and not for
monitoring
• At the home level powerline protocols
(X10, Insteon) also used
– Exploit existing powerline for data
communication
• Protocols such as Zigbee, 802.15.4 used
on wireless nodes
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The Internet of
Things revolution
• IP based sensor data communications
• Sensors can leverage existing service
oriented architectures
• Allows interconnection between
computers, phones and sensors
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Instrument optimally
• How much to sense?
• Where to sense?
• Consider the example of electricity
monitoring
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Spatial criterion for
optimality
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Single point
monitoring at supply
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Monitoring at circuit level
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Monitoring at individual
appliance level
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Cost-Accuracy
Tradeoff
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Temporal optimality criterion
Rate Application
Once every few years Energy auditing
Once a month Electricity billing
Once a day Commercial building power
factor checking
Once every < 15 min Automated meter reading
Several thousand
samples every second
High frequency energy
disaggregation
Cost
And
Information
content
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Instrument
optimally:
Challenges and
Opportunities
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Indirect Sensing
Kim et al. Viridiscope
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Magnetic sensor to detect
power (Kim et al. Viridiscope)
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Sound sensor to detect
refrigerator power (Kim
et al. Viridiscope)
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Utilizing existing infrastructure for
energy management (Softgreen)
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Optimal sensor
placement
• Reducing the divide between theory and
practice
• Previous research mostly based on
empirical understanding
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Interconnect sub-
systems • Buildings consist of multiple sub-systems:
– Utility (electricity, water, gas)
– Security and Access
– Air conditioning
– Lighting
• Sum of information from these sub-
systems >> information from a system in
isolation
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Softgreen revisited
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Interconnecting motion and door sensors to
thermostat to make it energy efficient
Smart Thermostat
Lu et al. Smart thermostat
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Interconnect sub-
systems:
Challenges and
Opportunities
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Application complexity
and portability • Every building is different
– Different sub-systems
– Different sensors and controllers
– Different communication protocols and BMS
• Interconnection thus difficult
• Developed applications in the past often
ad-hoc tuned to specific deployment
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Vendor locked
communication • Different sub-systems may employ vendor
locked solutions
• Making interconnections difficult
• Often simplified by putting extra gateway
devices which expose data over IP
– At increased cost
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Unstructured data
• CAD layouts, hand written notes
• Often manual overhead in obtaining
important metadata
• Krikouv et al. use image processing to
decode CAD drawings
• Need to develop structured ways of
capturing such metadata
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Inter-department
communication gap • Individuals have in-depth knowledge of
their areas
• Interconnecting requires understanding
across different areas
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A step towards easier
interconnections-
Software-oriented buildings
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• Principles of software engineering applied
to buildings
• Preparing a building stack inspired by
networking stack
Krioukov et al.
BAS
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Inferred decision
making
• Transforming data into actionable insights
• Identify inefficiencies, raise alerts
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Power outages
Earlier
customers call
utility to inform
about power
outages
From smart
meter data
utilities can
detect power
outages
immediately
Inferred
decision
making
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Lighting control
Adjust lights
according to
fixed time
interval
(decided
during audit)
using motion
sensor
Inferred
decision
making
Adjust lights
according to
ambient light,
occupancy,
individual
lighting
preference
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HVAC control
Turn on the
chillers from
9 AM to 6 PM
Inferred
decision
making
Zonal chilling
based on
occupancy
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Inference approach
categorization
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Centralized vs
Distributed
• Centralized all data resides and
processing on single machine
• Distributed data and processing on
multiple machines
• Increase in data and privacy concerns
need to look into distributed operations
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SocketWatch (Ganu
et al.) • Sits between appliance and socket
• Decides independently if appliance is
anomalous
• Conventional centralized approaches would
relay the data to a computer for the same
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Supervised vs
Unsupervised
• Supervised requires labeled data; hard to
collect
• Unsupervised work on “discovery”
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Online vs Offline
• Offline: create model once from static
data
• Online: model can adapt to incoming
data
• Imagine if Google’s indexing were to be
offline
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Ideal algorithm
• Distributed
• Unsupervised
• Online
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Inferred decision
making:
Challenges and
Opportunities
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Water Energy nexus • Energy and water two sides of same coin
• Water-energy nexus
– Water used to generate electricity
– Electricity used to treat water
• We will discuss 2 (of many) levels where
this water-energy nexus exists
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Commercial Complexes
• Different grades of water
• Internal water treatment
• Tradeoffs:
– Buying water from utility vs internal treatment (energy costs)
– Which grade of water has most energy impact
– Does rainwater harvesting help to save energy
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Residential apartments
(India) • Pump water to tank- this uses electricity
• Energy- water rate optimization
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Collection of ground
truth • Need to collect ground truth to establish
inference approach statistics
• No easy way to collect ground truth:
– Taking notes
– Video camera (highly intrusive)
– Making grad students poll regularly (not at
IIITD atleast )
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Towards simulators • Can allow for easy comparison
• Caveat: Real data is real data..Can never
be simulated fully
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Moving towards tractable
algorithms • Size of data increasing at rapid rate
• Comparable to “big” data problems
LHC: Large
Hadron
Collider
SDS: Sloan
Digital Sky
(Astronomy)
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Energy efficient buildings encompass HBCI-
Human Computer Building Interaction
Let us look into these
Involve occupants
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Occupants provide feedback
for improved computation
• Occupants (and belongings) as sensors:
– Cell phones ubiquitous. Used for:
• Energy apportionment
• Localization
• Occupancy control
– Body sensing (too intrusive)
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Computation to
provide feedback to
occupants
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Energy dashboards
Broad understanding of energy consumption
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Personalized
feedback
[PlotWatt interface]
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Novel interaction
Energy memento Power aware
cord
Borrowed from Pierce et al. Beyond energy monitors
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Water awareness
Video 2
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Involve occupants:
Challenges and
Opportunities
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Privacy concerns
The smart meter alone can reveal a lot of information, more so when interconnected
Opportunity
To develop privacy preserving architectures
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Indifferent occupant
attitude • Occupants do not often pay for their
electricity (eg. in commercial buildings)
Why bother?
• Even when they pay, interest fades with
time
• Critical to develop mechanisms for
sustained interactions (Maybe need to
take help from the HCI folks)
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• Till now all the energy efficiency exists
ONLY on paper
• Intelligent operations translate these into
real actions
• Requires interaction with control system-
which is complex. Let us discuss through
an example
Intelligent operations
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Peak demand
flattening
• Electricity demand peaks at certain times
of the day Electricity expensive at this
time
• Utilities have to bear the expenses of
firing additional generators
• Can we shift energy consumption from
peak to non-peak hours? Let us look into
two ways
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Load (Appliance)
flexibility • Loads are of two types:
– Interactive (TV, Microwave)
– Non-interactive (Fridge, AC)
• Method I: Consciously use interactive
loads in non-peak hours
• Method II: Schedule non-interactive loads
for flatter load profiles. Let us see an
example of 2 ACs
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Without scheduling
AC 2
AC 1
Time
Power
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With scheduling
AC 2
AC 1
Time
Power
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Using additional
batteries Video3
http://player.vimeo.com/video/76362710
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Intelligent
operations:
Challenges and
Opportunities
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Significant up front
cost • Buying batteries and integrating with
existing supply
• Granting additional switching capabilities
to electric appliances
• Needs governments to step up
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Complex control
environment • Bad things do happen
• Ariane V crash [Video 4]
• Real world brings unforeseen challenges
– Can’t be emulated in any simulator
– Control engineers- “If it ain’t broke, why fix
it?”
– Calls for development of reliable theoretical
guarantees that all cases are covered
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Where does
it all fit in?
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Key takeaways
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Buildings consume
significant energy,
are constructed at
rapid rate need to
look into efficiency
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“Data is the new oil”
Data can help make
buildings more
energy efficient
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5 Is of data driven
building energy
efficiency
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Instrument
optimally to get
data
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Interconnect sub-
systems to exploit
relationships
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Inferred decision
making to translate
data to insights
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Involve occupants
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Intelligent
operations to realize
the other four Is
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Golden Rule
Sophistication must match
across the five Is for optimal
energy efficiency
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Thank you