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The Darfur Conflict[ 14 ][ 15 ]was aguerrillaconflict orcivil warcentered on theDarfurregion ofSudan. It began in February

2003 when theSudan Liberation Movement/Army(SLM/A) andJustice and Equality Movement(JEM) groups in Darfur took up

arms, accusing theSudanese governmentof oppressing non-ArabSudanese in favor ofSudanese Arabs.

One side of the conflict was composed mainly of the official Sudanese military and police, and theJanjaweed, a

Sudanesemilitiagroup recruited mostly from theArabAbbala tribes of the northernRizeigatregion in Sudan; these tribes are

mainly camel-herdingnomads. The other combatants are made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruitedprimarily from the non-Arab MuslimFur,Zaghawa, andMasalitethnic groups. Although the Sudanese government publicly

denies that it supports the Janjaweed, it has been providing financial assistance and weapons to the militia and has been

organizing joint attacks targeting civilians.[ 16 ][ 17 ]The Sudanese government uses oil revenues to fund a military capacity that is

in turn, used to conduct war in Darfur. Oil revenues collected from companies around the world fund the civil war as well as

violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. Sudan's oil wealth has played a major part in enabling an

otherwise poor government to fund the expensive bombers, helicopters and arms supplies which have allowed the Sudanese

government to launch aerial attacks on towns and villages and fund militias to fight its proxy war in Darfur.[ 18 ]

There are various estimates onthe number of human casualties, ranging from under twenty thousand to several hundred

thousand dead, from either direct combat or starvation and disease inflicted by the conflict. There have also been mass

displacements and coercive migrations, forcing millions into refugee camps or over the border and creating a largehumanitariancrisisand is regarded by many as agenocide.

The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February, 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue

further peace.The JEM has the most to gain from the talks, and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan.[ 19 ]However,

talks have been disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating th e

February agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, has said they will boycott further negotiations.[ 20 ]

In Darfur, over 5 million people have been affected by the conflict. [ clarification needed]

[edit]Timeline

[edit]Origins of the conflict

The conflict's origin goes back to land disputes between semi-nomadic livestock herders and those who practice sedentary

agriculture.[ 21 ]The usage of the terms "Arab" and "Black" has been opposed, because all parties involved in the Darfur

conflictwhether they are referred to as 'Arab' or as 'African,' are equally indigenous and equally Black.[ 22 ][ 23 ]

Since the population of Darfur is predominantly Muslim, conflict is not about race or religion, but about resources as the nomadic

tribes facing drought are going after the territory of sedentary farmers.[ 24 ]

[edit]Arab Apartheid

Beginning in 1991 elders of the Zaghawa people of Sudan complained that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid

campaign.[ 25 ]Sudanese Arabs, who control the government, are widely referred to as practising apartheid against Sudan's non-

Arab citizens.[ 26 ]The government is accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and

ethnic cleansing against non-Arabs in Darfur.[ 26 ]

American UniversityeconomistGeorge Ayitteyaccuses the Arab government of Sudan of practicing apartheid against black

citizens.[ 27 ]According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks - Arab apartheid."[ 28 ]Many

African commentators join Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.[ 29 ][ 30 ][ 31 ][ 32 ][ 33 ]

Boston Globe columnist Fred Jacoby has accused Sudan of practising apartheid against Christians in what is now South Sudan

"where tens of thousands of black Africans in the country's southern region, most of them Christians or animists, have been

abducted and sold into slavery by Arab militias backed by the Islamist regime in Khartoum."[ 34 ][ 35 ]

Alan Dershowitz has pointed to Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation

"apartheid."[ 36 ]Other distinguished people who have accused the regime in Sudan of practising "apartheid" against non-Arabs

include former Canadian Minister of JusticeIrwin Cotler.[ 37 ]

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[edit]Beginning of the conflict

The beginning point of the conflict in the Darfur region is typically said to be 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself

theDarfur Liberation Front(DLF) publicly claimed credit for an attack onGolo, the headquarters ofJebel MarraDistrict. Even

prior to this attack, however, a conflict had erupted in Darfur, as rebels had already attacked police stations, army outposts and

military convoys, and the government had engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in theMarrah

Mountains. The rebels' first military action was a successful attack on an army garrison on the mountain on 25 February 2002

and the Sudanese government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June

2002. Chroniclers Julie Flint andAlex de Waalstate that the beginning of the rebellion is better dated to 21 July 2001, when a

group ofZaghawaandFurmet inAbu Gamraand swore oaths on theQur'anto work together to defend against government-

sponsored attacks on their villages.[ 38 ]It should be noted that nearly all of the residents of Darfur areMuslim, including

theJanjaweed, as well as the government leaders inKhartoum.[ 39 ]

On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town ofTinealong the Chadian border, seizing large quantities of supplies and

arms. Despite a threat by PresidentOmar al-Bashirto "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already

deployed both to the south, where theSecond Sudanese Civil Warwas drawing to an end, and to the east, where rebels sponsored

byEritreawere threatening a newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields toPort Sudan. The rebel tactic of hit-and-run

raids to speed across the semi-desert region proved almost impossible for the army, untrained in desert operations, to

counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating.[ 40 ]

At 5:30 am on 25 April 2003, a joint Sudan Liberation Army(SLA) andJustice and Equality Movement(JEM) force in 33 Land

Cruisers enteredal-Fashirand attacked the sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, fourAntonovbombers and helicopter

gunships (according to the government; seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and

technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including the commander of the air base, aMajor General. The success of the raid

was unprecedented in Sudan; in the 20 years of the war in the south, the rebelSudan People's Liberation Army(SPLA) had never

carried out such an operation.[ 41 ]

[edit]The Janjaweed enter the conflict (2003)

The al-Faioyioshir raid was a turning point both militarily and psychologically. The armed forces had been humiliated by the al-

Fashir raid and the government was faced with a difficult strategic situation. The armed forces would clearly need to be retrained

and redeployed to fight this new kind of war and there were well-founded concerns about the loyalty of the many Darfurian non-

commissioned officers and soldiers in the army. Responsibility for prosecuting the war was given to Sudanese military

intelligence. Nevertheless, in the middle months of 2003, the rebels won 34 of 38 engagements. In May, the SLA destroyed a

battalion atKutum, killing 500 and taking 300 prisoners; and in mid-July, 250 were killed in a second attack on Tine. The SLA

began to infiltrate farther east, threatening to extend the war intoKordofan.

However, at this point the government changed its strategy. Given that the army was being consistently defeated, the war effort

depended on three elements: military intelligence, the air force, and theJanjaweed, armedBaggaraherders whom the

government had begun directing in suppression of aMasalituprising in 1986-1999. The Janjaweed were put at the center of the

newcounter-insurgencystrategy. Though the government consistently denied supporting the Janjaweed, military resources were

poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as aparamilitaryforce, complete with communication equipment and some

artillery. The military planners were doubtlessly aware of the probable consequences of such a strategy: similar methods

undertaken in theNuba Mountainsand around the southern oil fields during the 1990s had resulted in massive human rights

violations andforced displacements.[ 42 ]

The better-armed Janjaweed quickly gained the upper hand. By the spring of 2004, several thousand peoplemostly from the

non-Arab populationhad been killed and as many as a million more had been driven from their homes, causing a major

humanitarian crisis in the region. The crisis took on an international dimension when over 100,000 refugees poured into

neighbouringChad, pursued by Janjaweed militiamen, who clashed with Chadian government forces along the border. More

than 70 militiamen and 10 Chadian soldiers were killed in one gun battle in April. AUnited Nationsobserver team reported that

non-Arab villages were singled out while Arab villages were left untouched

The 23 Fur villages in the Shattaya Administrative Unit have been completely depopulated, looted and burnt to the ground (the

team observed several such sites driving through the area for two days). Meanwhile, dotted alongside these charred locations are

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