daftar isi - unissularepository.unissula.ac.id/7508/4/daftar isi.pdfix 3.5.5 uji kuantitatif...
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.................... iv
PRAKATA ............................................................................................................... v
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... xv
INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Secara Teoritis .................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Secara Praktis ..................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Staphylococcus aureus ................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Sejarah ................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Klasifikasi Ilmiah ............................................................... 5
2.1.3 Morfologi dan Identifikasi ................................................. 6
2.1.4 Faktor Virulensi .................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan
mikroorganisme ................................................................ 10
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2.1.6 Penentuan Aktivitas Antimikroba .................................... 11
2.2 Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum. L)................................. 13
2.2.1 Klasifikasi Tanaman Kentang .......................................... 14
2.2.2 Kandungan dan Kegunaan Kentang ................................. 15
2.3 Ekstrak.......................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Ekstraksi ........................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Maserasi ........................................................................... 18
2.4 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis ............................................................. 18
2.5 Antibiotik pembanding................................................................. 19
2.6 Hubungan antara ekstak etanolik kulit kentang (Solanum
tuberosum. L) dan aktivitas antibakteri Staphylococcus
aureus ........................................................................................... 19
2.7 Kerangka Teori............................................................................. 21
2.8 Kerangka Konsep ......................................................................... 21
2.9 Hipotesis ....................................................................................... 22
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 23
3.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................................... 23
3.2 Variabel ........................................................................................ 23
3.2.1 Variabel bebas .................................................................. 23
3.2.2 Variabel tergantung .......................................................... 23
3.2.3 Variabel terkendali ........................................................... 23
3.2.4 Definisi Operasional ......................................................... 23
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel .................................................................... 24
3.4 Instrument dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................. 25
3.4.1 Instrumen penelitian ......................................................... 25
3.4.2 Bahan penelitian ............................................................... 25
3.5 Cara Penelitian ............................................................................. 26
3.5.1 Determinasi Tanaman....................................................... 26
3.5.2 Sterilisasi Alat .................................................................. 26
3.5.3 Pembuatan ekstrak etanol kulit kentang ........................... 26
3.5.4 Skrining Fitokimia ............................................................ 27
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3.5.5 Uji Kuantitatif Polifenol ................................................... 28
3.5.6 Pengenceran Ekstrak kulit kentang .................................. 29
3.5.7 Pembuatan paper disk ....................................................... 30
3.5.8 Pembuatan media mueller hinton ..................................... 31
3.5.9 Pembuatan suspensi bakteri ............................................. 31
3.5.10 Pembuatan Kontrol positif dan Kontrol Negatif .............. 31
3.5.11 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri .................................................. 32
3.5.12 Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis .................................... 32
3.6 Tempat dan waktu penelitian ....................................................... 33
3.6.1 Tempat penelitian ............................................................. 33
3.6.2 Waktu Penelitian .............................................................. 33
3.7 Analisa Hasil ................................................................................ 33
3.8 Alur penelitian .............................................................................. 34
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ..................................... 35
4.1 Hasil penelitian............................................................................. 35
4.1.1 Determinasi ...................................................................... 35
4.1.2 Serbuk kulit kentang ......................................................... 36
4.1.3 Ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang .......................................... 36
4.1.4 Uji KLT Polifenol ............................................................ 37
4.1.5 Hasil analisis senyawa metabolit dalam kulit
kentang ............................................................................. 38
4.2 Pembahasan .................................................................................. 43
4.2.1 Determinasi tanaman ........................................................ 43
4.2.2 Ekstrak kulit kentang ........................................................ 44
4.2.3 Uji Skrining Fitokimia ..................................................... 45
4.2.4 Uji Kuantitatif .................................................................. 46
4.2.5 Uji KLT Polifenol ............................................................ 48
4.2.6 Pengujian Antibakteri Ekstrak ......................................... 49
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 51
5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 51
5.2 Saran ............................................................................................. 51
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 52
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 58
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
KHM : Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum
PBP-2a : Penicillin Binding Protein 2a
MRSA : Methicillin ResistanceStaphylococcus aureus
TSST : Toksin Sindrom Syok Toksik
DNA : Deoxyribonukcleic acid
KLT : Kromatografi Lapis Tipis
mm : Milimeter
BaCl2 : Barium Clorida
H2SO4 : Asam Sulfat
mL : mili Liter
Kg : Kilogram
NaCl : Natrium Chlorida
HCl : Hidrogen klorida
Mg : Magnesium
Rpm : rotasi/revolusi per menit
Mg : Milligram
FeCl3 : Ferri klorida
BHI : Brain Heart Infusion
CFU : Colony Forming Unit
GF254 : Gel Fluoresence 254
UV : Ultraviolet
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nm : Nanometer
MH : Mueller Hinton
ATCC : American Type Culture Collection
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. 1 Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Etanol ............................................................. 17
Tabel 4. 1 Uji Skrining Fitokimia ......................................................................... 38
Tabel 4. 2 Pengukuran Absorbansi Asam Galat................................................... 39
Tabel 4. 3 Pengukuran Kadar Senyawa Polifenol Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit
Kentang ............................................................................................... 40
Tabel 4. 4 Uji aktivitas penghambatan bakteri ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang .... 41
Tabel 4. 5 Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanolik kulit kentang terhadap
aktivitas penghambatan bakteri ........................................................... 42
Tabel 4. 6 Kontrol Negatif dengan Kelompok Konsentrasi ................................. 43
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 Staphylococcus aureus (Kusuma, 2009) ............................................. 6
Gambar 2.2. Kulit kentang (Setiadi, 2009) ............................................................ 15
Gambar 2.3. Struktur Dasar Polifenol .................................................................... 16
Gambar 2.4. Kerangka Teori .................................................................................. 21
Gambar 2.5. Kerangka konsep ............................................................................... 21
Gambar 3. 1 Alur Penelitian................................................................................... 34
Gambar 4. 1 Hasil uji KLT Di bawah sinar UV 254 nm ....................................... 37
Gambar 4. 2 Hasil uji KLT Dibawah sinar UV 366 nm ........................................ 37
Gambar 4. 3 Pengukuran panjang gelombang maksimum..................................... 39
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Dokumentasi Penelitian ..................................................................... 58
Lampiran 2 Hasil perhitungan rendemen ekstrak etanolik Kulit Kentang ............ 62
Lampiran 3 Perhitungan nilai Rf ........................................................................... 63
Lampiran 4 Penetapan Kadar Polifenol ................................................................ 64
Lampiran 5 Pengukuran Nilai Absorbansi Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit Kentang ........ 66
Lampiran 6 Pengukuran Absorbansi Asam Galat ................................................. 67
Lampiran 7 Perhitungan Uji Kuantitatif ............................................................... 68
Lampiran 8 Absorbansi maksimum ...................................................................... 69
Lampiran 9 Hasil Determinasi .............................................................................. 72
Lampiran 10 Hasil Screening Fitokimia ............................................................... 73
Lampiran 11. Ethical Clearance ........................................................................... 74
Lampiran 12 Kadar Air Kulit Kentang ................................................................. 75
Lampiran 13 Surat Keterangan ............................................................................. 76