daftar isirepository.unissula.ac.id/7442/3/3. daftar isi.pdf · bj : berat jenis c : celcius cfu/ml...
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ v
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
1DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xv
INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xvi
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum: ....................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis ..................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ...................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5
2.1 Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ................................................... 5
2.1.1 Sistematika Taksonomi .......................................................... 5
2.1.2 Morfologi ............................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Pertumbuhan dan Metabolisme Bakteri ................................. 7
2.1.4 Uji daya hambat antibakteri ................................................... 9
2.2 Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) ................ 10
2.2.1 Sistematika Taksonomi ........................................................ 11
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2.2.2 Morfologi ............................................................................. 12
2.2.3 Kandungan senyawa kimia (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)
.............................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 Mekanisme Flavonoid Daun Pandan Wangi sebagai
Antibakteri ........................................................................... 21
2.2.5 Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi....................................................... 23
2.2.6 Metode Fraksinasi Liquid-liquid extraction ......................... 25
2.3 Hubungan Antara Variabel Bebas dan Variabel Terikat ............... 26
2.4 Kerangka Teori .............................................................................. 28
2.5 Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 28
2.6 Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 29
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ..................................................................... 30
3.1 Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian .................................... 30
3.2 Variabel ......................................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Variabel Bebas .................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Variabel Tergantung ............................................................ 30
3.3 Definisi Operasional ...................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Fraksi etil asetat daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus
Amaryllifolius Roxb.) ........................................................... 30
3.3.2 Pertumbuhan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
.............................................................................................. 31
3.3.3 Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 ................. 31
3.4 Populasi dan sampel ...................................................................... 32
3.4.1 Populasi ................................................................................ 32
3.4.2 Sampel .................................................................................. 32
3.5 Instrumen dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................... 33
3.5.1. Instrumen ............................................................................. 33
3.5.2. Bahan ................................................................................... 33
3.6 Cara penelitian ............................................................................... 34
3.6.1 Fraksi Etil Asetat Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus
Amaryllifolius Roxb.) ........................................................... 34
x
3.6.2 Skrining Fitokimia ............................................................... 37
3.6.3 Uji Flavonoid Secara Kuantitatif ......................................... 38
3.6.4 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri ...................................................... 40
3.7. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................... 42
3.7.1. Tempat Penelitian ................................................................ 42
3.7.2. Waktu Penelitian .................................................................. 43
3.8. Analisa Hasil ................................................................................. 43
3.8.1. Analisis Data Skrining Fitokimia ......................................... 43
3.8.2. Analisis Data Kadar Flavonoid ............................................ 43
3.8.3. Analisis Data Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri ............................ 44
3.9. Alur Penelitian ............................................................................... 45
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................... 46
4.1 Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 46
4.1.1. Determinasi tanaman ............................................................ 46
4.1.2. Pembuatan fraksi etil asetat ekstrak daun pandan wangi ..... 46
4.1.3. Kadar air fraksi etil asetat ekstrak daun pandan wangi ........ 47
4.1.4. Uji skrining fitokimia ........................................................... 47
4.1.5. Uji Kadar Flavonoid Total secara Kuantitatif ...................... 47
4.1.6. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ........................................................ 48
4.1.7. Analisis data ......................................................................... 50
4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................... 52
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................ 61
5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 61
5.2. Saran .............................................................................................. 61
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 62
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 67
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
µg : mikro gram
μl : mikro liter
µm : mikro meter
ACYP : 2-acetyl-1-pyroline
AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AlCl3 : alumunium klorida
ATCC : American Type Culture Collection
atm : atmosfer
bj : berat jenis
C : Celcius
CFU/ml : Colony-Forming Unit per mili liter
cm : centimeter
DMSO : Dimethyl Sulfoxide
et al : et alii (dan kawan-kawan)
Etest : Epsilometer test
FEA : fraksi etil asetat
FeCl3 : Ferri (III) klorida
FMIPA : Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
g : gram
g/ml : gram per mili liter
g/mol : gram per molalitas
H1N1 : Hemagglutinin tipe 1 dan Neuraminidase tipe 2
HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSV : Herpes Simplex Virus
KCV : kromatografi cair vakum
KK : kromatografi kolom
LAF : laminar air flow
M : molaritas
MBC/KBM : Minimum Bacterial Concentration/ Kadar Bunuh Minimum
mg : mili gram
mg/g QE : milligram per gram Quersetin Ekuivalen
MH/MHA : Mueller Hinton/ Mueller Hinton Agar
MIC/KHM : Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/ Kadar Hambat Minimum
ml : mili liter
mm : mili meter
NaCL : Natrium Klorida
NaOH : Natrium hidroksida
n-heksan : normal heksan
nm : nano meter
pH : potensial hidrogen
ppm : part per million
Rf : retension factor
SEC : size-exclution chromatography
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SPE : solid-phase extraction
UHPLC : Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography
UV : Ultraviolet
UV-Vis : Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2. 1 Klasifikasi respon hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri ............................. 9
Tabel 2. 2 Pelarut dan golongan kandungan kimia yang terlarut....................... 24
Tabel 2. 3 Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Etil Asetat .................................................... 26
Tabel 3. 1 Rincian Kegiatan ............................................................................... 43
Tabel 4. 1 Hasil pemeriksaan karakteristik fraksi .............................................. 47
Tabel 4. 2 Hasil Pengujian Kualitatif Analisis Fitokimia .................................. 47
Tabel 4. 3 Hasil Uji Kadar Flavonoid ................................................................ 48
Tabel 4. 4 Hasil pengukuran diameter hambat pertumbuhan bakteri
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 ........................................... 49
Tabel 4. 5 Hasil Uji Statistik Shapiro Wilk ........................................................ 50
Tabel 4. 6 Hasil Uji Statistik Levene test ........................................................... 50
Tabel 4. 7 Hasil Uji Statistik Kruskal Wallis ..................................................... 50
Tabel 4. 8 Hasil Uji Statistik Mann whitney ...................................................... 51
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan pewarnaan gram dilihat
dibawah mikroskop pembesaran 1000x .............................................. 6
Gambar 2.2 Daun Pandan Wangi ......................................................................... 11
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Hasil Determinasi Tanaman ........................................................... 67
Lampiran 2 Perhitungan Rendemen Fraksi ........................................................ 68
Lampiran 3 Hasil Uji Kadar Air Fraksi Kental Daun Pandan Wangi ................ 69
Lampiran 4 Hasil Skrining Fitokimia ................................................................ 70
Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji Kadar Flavonoid Total secara Kuantitatif ....................... 71
Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
27853 .............................................................................................. 72
Lampiran 7 Surat Kloramfenikol Murni ............................................................ 73
Lampiran 8 Surat Keterangan Penelitian Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK
UNISSULA .................................................................................... 74
Lampiran 9 Hasil Penelitian Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK UNISSULA ............................. 75
Lampiran 10 Hasil Uji Statistika .......................................................................... 76
Lampiran 11 Dokumentasi Penelitian .................................................................. 88
Lampiran 12 Ethical Clearance ........................................................................... 94