d5 stimulants physiological effects amphetamine and adrenaline (epinephrine) short- and longterm...
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D5 Stimulants
• Physiological effects• Amphetamine and adrenaline (epinephrine)• Short- and longterm effects of nicotine• Effects of caffeine
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Physiological effects
• Stimulants are chemical substances that enhance the activity of the brain and the central nervous system
• They cause increased alertness and wakefulness. In many cases they also act to decrease appetite.
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Sympathomimetic drugs• Chemical substances that mimic the effects of
the hormone adrenalin (epinephrine)• Generally they cause constriction of the
arteries and increase metabolism• Structurally similar to phenylethylamine
adrenaline amphetamine phenylethylamine
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Amphetamine derivativesSpeed
Ecstacy
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Amphetamine• Synthesised from ephedrine• Initially used to treat narcolepsy• Issued to airmen in World War II- Wakey-Wakey-
pills• Anti-depressants and slimming pills• Regular use can lead to tolerance and
dependance• Short-term effects- increase in heart rate and
rate of breathing, dilatation of pupils• Long-term effects- weight loss, constipation and
emotional instability
Ephedra plant
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Nicotine• Nicotine is an
alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae)
• It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of dry weight of tobacco
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AlkaloidsNitrogen-containing compounds found in plants with heterocyclic rings and a tertiary amine group
Cocain Nicotine
Caffeine
Morphine
Ergometrin, cf LSD
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Nicotine - Short Term• Sympathomimetic• Increases
concentration and relieves tension
• Increases heart rate and blood pressure
• Reduction in urine output
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Nicotine – Long Term
• Highly addictive• Increased risk of heart disease and coronary
thrombosis• Increased stomach acid and risk of peptic
ulcers• Chronic lung disease• Increased risk of cancer (lung, throat, mouth)
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• Cessation of smoking difficult
• Cravings • Nausea, weight
gain, insomnia, irritability, and depression
Nicotine - Addiction and Withdrawal
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Caffeine Characteristics
• Widely used stimulant found in coffee, chocolate and tea
• Added to some pain killers to speed up their effects, e.g. aspirin
• Diuretic (frequent urination)• Increases alertness, concentration and
restlessness• Can cause anxiety, irritability and sleeplessness
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• Found in chocolate• Effects similar to
caffeine• Although
theobromine does not cause harmful effects with humans, it is highly toxic to some domestic animals, including dogs and horses
Theobromine
Theobromine
Caffeine