d } Ç w í x & ] v ] z / } v } z } v µ ] À ] Ç î x z...
TRANSCRIPT
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Today:1. Finish Ionosphere Conductivity2. Relate Auroral Currents with Ionospheric currents
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What is Conductivity?
• The scalar conductivity σ is defined as the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength σ = J/E. For a resistive medium this is just the Spitzer conductivity:
• To get the components look at • So, σ can have many components:
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(Another way to derive scalar conductivity)
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Conductivity when particles gyrate
σ becomes a matrix
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Now lets relate the ionospheric currents, to the field aligned magnetosphericcurrents:To start: How does the Aurora Work?
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Substormstarts here
DE aurora
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The Auroral Currents
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Today
• Review Aurora and substorm• Begin atmospheric electrodynamics
• Cosmic rays• Lightning and thunderstorms
Note, missed classes can be made up by writing a 1-2 page summary of the material presented on that day, based on the on-line pdf file for the missed lecture: see http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/bobholz/ess471-503/lectures/
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Current Conditions: SuperDarn radars
http://superdarn.jhuapl.edu/rt/map/index.html
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Substorm starts
Southward E-field before substorm (and after)
After substorm starts, B-field determined by Hall Currents
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Energetic Electron beam
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Discovery paper (Mozer et al, 1978)
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Parallel
Electric
fields
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Great Red Aurora
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Jupiter aurora
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Cosmic Radiation
June 2006
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Astronomy Picture of the Day 2006 August 14
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Solar Flare can produce 1030 ergs
• But a single Galactic Cosmic Ray can be over 1020 eV allby itself
30
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neutron monitors
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Cosmic Rays are the prime source for ions in the atmosphere
+,- ions generated per second per cubic centimeter
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Cosmic Ray energy fluxcomparisons