cycles of energy and matter - mr. raupe's...
TRANSCRIPT
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CyclesofEnergyandMatter
Everythingiscycledthroughouttheplanet!
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* Everythinginnatureiscycledthroughouttheentireplanet.Sincematterandenergycannotbecreatedordestroyed,itischanged,ortransformedintomanydifferentthings.
* Whataresomeexampledofcyclesthatyoualreadyknowof?
CyclesinNature
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* Thewatercycleshowswatersjourneyasitcirculatesonourplanet
WaterCycle
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* Plantstakeinwaterandcarbondioxideandmakeoxygenandglucose* Plantsandanimalstakeinoxygenandglucoseandmakecarbondioxideandwater
Photosynthesis/CellrespirationCycles
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NitrogenCycle
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* Plantscannotusenitrogenintheair* Plantsusenitrogeninsoil(fertilizers)* Decomposers(fungi)breakdowndead/decayingmatterlike
leavesanddeadanimalsintouseablenitrogen* Bacteriaconvertnitrogenintheairtouseablenitrogeninthesoil* Plantsusenitrogentomakeimportantmolecules(proteins)
foranimals
* Animalsreturnnitrogentotheenvironment(urine&animalwaste)
NitrogenCycle
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CarbonCycle* Carbonisanotherelementthatiscycledthroughouttheenvironment.* Carbonistakeninbyplants(photosynthesis)* Carbonisreleasedbyplantsandanimals(cellularrespiration),fossilfuelemissions(carsandfactories)* Morethingsreleasecarbonthantakeincarbonfromtheatmosphere
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* Eachpartoftheplanetisgivenadifferentnamedependingonwhereitis.
* Geosphere–consistsofthesolidpartoftheearth* Hydrosphere-consistsofallthewateronearth* Atmosphere–consistsofalltheairandgasesthatsurroundtheplanet* Biosphere-consistsoftheotherthreespherestogetherwherelivingthingsarefound(thewholeplanetwithallliving)
Whereareallthingscycled?
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Geosphere,Hydrosphere,Atmosphere,Biosphere
Allthingsarecycledinone(ormore)oftheseareasoftheplanet!
Geosphere
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* OneofthemajorlawsofphysicsthatultimatelyexplainswhythingsarecycledistheLawofConservationofEnergy/Matter
* Thislawstatesthatenergyandmattercannotbecreatedordestroyed.Theenergyormattercanonlybetransformedfromonekindofenergy/mattertoanother* Oritcanbetransferredfromoneplacetoanother
Whyarethingscycled?
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* Whatdoesthismean?* Allthings(carbon,water,nitrogen,oxygen,energy,etc.)arerecycledontheplanet.
* Nonewcarbon,water,oxygen,energyismadebrandnewonearth,itsimplygoessomewhereelseorismadeintoanewthing.* Example:takingcarbondioxideandwaterandtransformingitintoglucoseandoxygen(likeinphotosynthesis)
Whyismatter/energycycled
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* Energyisanotherthingthatiscycledinnature.* Allenergyultimatelycomesfromthesun* Sunlightenergyistransferredtoplantsthattransformsunlightenergyintochemicalenergycalledglucose(processofphotosynthesis)* Thatenergyistransferredtoanimalswhentheyeatplants
* Energypyramidsandfoodchainsshowthiscyclingofenergy
EnergyCycle
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FoodChains
* Foodchainsshowtheflowofenergyfromoneorganismtothenext
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EnergyPyramidEnergyPyramidsshowthetransferofenergyfromorganismtoorganismTheenergymovesfromthebottomofthepyramidtothetopEachlevelisknownasatropiclevelProducers–thingsthatmaketheirownfood(plants)areatthebottomHerbivores(primaryconsumers)–animalsthateatplantsCarnivores(secondary/tertiaryconsumers)–eatanimals
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EnergyLoss
* Noticethatthebottomofthepyramidwheretheproducers(plants)areismuchlargerthanthetopwherethetopcarnivoreis
* Whydoyouthinkthis?
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Energylossandthe10%Rule* Energyislosteachtimeyoumoveupatropiclevel
* Infactonly10%oftheenergyisavailabletothelevelabove-Thisisknownasthe10%rule
* 90%oftheenergyineachtropiclevelislostmostlyintheformofheat
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Lossofenergyquestion
* Knowingthe10%rule,howmuchenergyisavailableatthesecondtropiclevel?_____
* Howmuchisavailableatthethird?______
___?
___?
1000
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Biomass
* Biomassreferstothemassoflivingthingsateachtropiclevel.
* Whatdoyounoticehappenstothebiomassasyoumoveupthetropiclevels?
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Biomass
* Theamountofbiomassdecreasesyoumoveupthepyramidbecausetheamountofenergyavailableateachlevelalsodecreases
* That’swhytherearemoreplantsontheplanetthantoppredatorslikelions,sharks,andhumans
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* Matterwhichisthestuffallthingsaremadeofismadeofsmallerpartslikeatomsandmolecules
* Atomsarecreatedwhenstarsexplode!Theintenseheatandpressurecausesmalleratomslikehydrogentofusetogethertomakelargeratomslikecarbon,oxygen,andothers
* TheseatomscancometogethertoformlargermoleculeslikeCO2,H2O,andC6H12O6
Howismattercycled?
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* Ifyouremember,oneofthecharacteristicsoflifeishavingcomplexchemistrywhichmeansyouaremadeofcertainlifemolecules
* Biomolecules–lifemolecules-makeupeverythinglivingontheplanet
* Thereare4mainbiomolecules
Biomolecules
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4Biomolecules
1.Carbohydrates–simplesugars
2.Lipids-fats,oils,andwaxes
3.Proteins–enzymesandhormones
4.NucleicAcids(DNA/RNA)
-AllBiomoleculesaremadeofsmallerpartscalledsubunits-thesecompoundsalwayscontaincarbonastheir
keyelementandusuallyhydrogenandoxygen
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Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates–simplesugarsa.subunit–monosaccharides(mono-1,saccharide–sugar)-3typesmonosaccharaides,disaccharides,polysaccharides
Examples:sucrose,glucose,cellulose,fructose,starch,glycogen,chitin* CarbohydratesaremadeofCarbon,Hydrogen,andOxygeninaratio
of:1Carbon:2Hydrogen:10xygen
Function-storingenergy(shortterm),providingshorttermenergyforthecellsoflivingthings
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Carbohydrates
C6H12O6 C5H10O5 C3H6O3
ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1 2 1
glyceraldehyde
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Lipids(fats,oils,waxes)
2.Lipids-fats,oils,andwaxesa.Subunits-fattyacids* LipidsaremademostlyofCarbonandHydrogen–non-soluable(don’tdissolve)inwaterwhichthemmakesthemnonpolarFunctions-helpsformthecellmembrane,storesenergy(longterm),insulation,regulatescellactivities
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Lipids
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Proteins
Proteinsa. Subunitscalledaminoacids* Proteinsarecomposedofoxygen,hydrogen,carbon,and
nitrogen- YouareliterallycomposedofmillionsofproteinsFunction-repairbodytissues,makesenzymes,transportsnutrientsandisasourceofenergy
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Proteins
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NucleicAcids
4.NucleicAcids(DNA/RNA)a.Subunitscallednucleotides
* Containcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,andphosphorus
Functions–storesandtransportsgeneticinformationtomakenewcells
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NucleicAcid