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PHP and MySQL
this print for content only—size & color not accurate 7.5 x 9.25 spine = x.xxx" 824 page count
Gilmore
FOURTH EDITION
Beginning
PHP and MySQLFrom Novice to Professional
FOURTH EDITION
CYAN MAGENTA
YELLOW BLACK PANTONE 123 C
W. Jason Gilmore
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Learn how to build dynamic, database-driven web sites using two of the world’s most popular open source technologies
BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS®
W. Jason Gilmore, Author of
Beginning PHP and PostgreSQL8, Beginning PHP and Oracle
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ISBN 978-1-4302-3114-1
9 781430 231141
54999
BeginningBeginning PHP and MySQL: From Novice to ProfessionalDear Reader,
PHP and MySQL have long ranked among the world's most popular technologies for building powerful web sites—and for good reason. Both offer developers an amazing array of features, yet have managed to remain very approachable even among the most novice developer. In the latest edition of this bestselling book, you'll learn all about PHP and MySQL, setting you along the path towards creat-ing the web site you've long dreamed about.
I begin with a vast overview of PHP's capabilities, starting with in-depth instructions of the installation and configuration process. Next, I devote several chapters to fundamental PHP concepts, including variables, data types, func-tions, and object orientation. I also introduce key concepts such as HTML form processing, session handling, and AJAX. This new edition also introduces you to several of PHP's latest features, including namespaces, enhanced input filtering and validation, and improved configuration options.
I then introduce many of MySQL's key features, beginning by guiding you through MySQL's installation and configuration process. Next, you'll learn about MySQL's storage engines and data types, administration utilities, and security fea-tures.. I'll also introduce you to several advanced features such as triggers, stored procedures, and views. Along the way, you'll gain insight into PHP's ability to com-municate with MySQL, and you’ll learn how to create and execute queries, perform searches, and carry out other key database tasks from within your web site.
Whether you're a newcomer searching for a thorough introduction to these popular technologies or a seasoned developer in need of a comprehensive refer-ence, this book is for you.
W. Jason Gilmore
THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN WEB DEVELOPMENT
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Beginning PHP and MySQL
From Novice to Professional
Fourth Edition
W. Jason Gilmore
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Beginning PHP and MySQL: From Novice to Professional, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2010 by W. Jason Gilmore
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-3114-1
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-3115-8
Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
President and Publisher: Paul Manning Lead Editor: Michelle Lowman Development Editor: Tom Welsh Technical Reviewer: Matt Wade Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jonathan
Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Duncan Parkes, Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh
Coordinating Editors: Anne Collett and Jennifer L. Blackwell Copy Editor: Mary Behr Compositor: Bytheway Publishing Services Indexer: BIM Indexing & Proofreading Services Artist: April Milne Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko
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The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
iii
Contents at a Glance
About the Author................................................................................................ xxix About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................................ xxx Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. xxxi Introduction ...................................................................................................... xxxii Chapter 1: Introducing PHP ....................................................................................1
Chapter 2: Configuring Your Environment ..............................................................9
Chapter 3: PHP Basics ..........................................................................................41
Chapter 4: Functions.............................................................................................91
Chapter 5: Arrays................................................................................................103
Chapter 6: Object-Oriented PHP..........................................................................135
Chapter 7: Advanced OOP Features ....................................................................159
Chapter 8: Error and Exception Handling............................................................175
Chapter 9: Strings and Regular Expressions ......................................................191
Chapter 10: Working with the File and Operating System..................................229
Chapter 11: PEAR................................................................................................257
Chapter 12: Date and Time .................................................................................269
Chapter 13: Working with HTML Forms ..............................................................287
Chapter 14: Authenticating Your Users ..............................................................303
Chapter 15: Handling File Uploads......................................................................319
Chapter 16: Networking......................................................................................331
Chapter 17: PHP and LDAP..................................................................................351
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
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Chapter 18: Session Handlers.............................................................................367
Chapter 19: Templating with Smarty..................................................................387
Chapter 20: Web Services...................................................................................411
Chapter 21: Securing Your Web Site...................................................................427
Chapter 22: Creating Ajax-enhanced Features with jQuery and PHP .................437
Chapter 23: Building Web Sites for the World ....................................................449
Chapter 24: Introducing the Zend Framework....................................................457
Chapter 25: Introducing MySQL ..........................................................................477
Chapter 26: Installing and Configuring MySQL ...................................................487
Chapter 27: The Many MySQL Clients .................................................................505
Chapter 28: MySQL Storage Engines and Data Types .........................................527
Chapter 29: Securing MySQL ..............................................................................557
Chapter 30: Using PHP with MySQL ....................................................................587
Chapter 31: Introducing PDO ..............................................................................607
Chapter 32: Stored Routines...............................................................................627
Chapter 33: MySQL Triggers ...............................................................................649
Chapter 34: MySQL Views...................................................................................659
Chapter 35: Practical Database Queries .............................................................673
Chapter 36: Indexes and Searching....................................................................693
Chapter 37: Transactions....................................................................................709
Chapter 38: Importing and Exporting Data .........................................................719
Index ...................................................................................................................733
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CONTENTS
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Contents
About the Author................................................................................................ xxix About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................................ xxx Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. xxxi Introduction ...................................................................................................... xxxii Chapter 1: Introducing PHP ....................................................................................1
History ...............................................................................................................................1 PHP 4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
PHP 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
PHP 5.3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
PHP 6 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
General Language Features...............................................................................................5 Practicality................................................................................................................................................ 5
Power ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Possibility ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Price ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Summary ...........................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Configuring Your Environment ..............................................................9
Installation Prerequisites ...................................................................................................9 Downloading Apache.............................................................................................................................. 10
Downloading PHP ................................................................................................................................... 10
Downloading the Documentation ........................................................................................................... 11
Installing Apache and PHP on Linux ................................................................................12
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Installing Apache and PHP on Windows ..........................................................................13 Installing IIS and PHP on Windows ..................................................................................15
Testing Your Installation ..................................................................................................16 Configuring PHP...............................................................................................................18
Configuring PHP at Build Time on Linux ................................................................................................. 18
Customizing the Windows Build ............................................................................................................. 19
Run-Time Configuration...................................................................................................19 Managing PHP’s Configuration Directives .............................................................................................. 19
PHP’s Configuration Directives ............................................................................................................... 21
Choosing a Code Editor....................................................................................................37 Adobe Dreamweaver CS5....................................................................................................................... 37
Notepad++ ............................................................................................................................................. 37
PDT (PHP Development Tools) ................................................................................................................ 38
Zend Studio ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Choosing a Web Hosting Provider....................................................................................38 Seven Questions for Any Prospective Hosting Provider ......................................................................... 39
Summary .........................................................................................................................41
Chapter 3: PHP Basics ..........................................................................................41
Embedding PHP Code in Your Web Pages .......................................................................41 Default Syntax ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Short-Tags.............................................................................................................................................. 42
Script ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
ASP Style ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Embedding Multiple Code Blocks ........................................................................................................... 44
Commenting Your Code ...................................................................................................44 Single-Line C++ Syntax ......................................................................................................................... 44
Shell Syntax............................................................................................................................................ 44
Multiple-Line C Syntax ........................................................................................................................... 45
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Outputting Data to the Browser .......................................................................................45 The print() Statement.............................................................................................................................. 46
The echo() Statement ............................................................................................................................. 47
The printf() Statement ............................................................................................................................ 47
The sprintf() Statement........................................................................................................................... 49
PHP’s Supported Data Types ...........................................................................................49 Scalar Data Types................................................................................................................................... 49
Compound Data Types............................................................................................................................ 51
Converting Between Data Types Using Type Casting ............................................................................. 52
Adapting Data Types with Type Juggling ............................................................................................... 53
Type-Related Functions.......................................................................................................................... 55
Type Identifier Functions ........................................................................................................................ 56
Identifiers.........................................................................................................................56 Variables ..........................................................................................................................57
Variable Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 58
Variable Scope........................................................................................................................................ 59
PHP’s Superglobal Variables .................................................................................................................. 62
Variable Variables................................................................................................................................... 68
Constants.........................................................................................................................68 Expressions .....................................................................................................................69
Operands ................................................................................................................................................ 69
Operators................................................................................................................................................ 69
String Interpolation ..........................................................................................................76 Double Quotes ........................................................................................................................................ 77
Escape Sequences ................................................................................................................................. 77
Single Quotes ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Curly Braces ........................................................................................................................................... 79
Heredoc .................................................................................................................................................. 79
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Nowdoc................................................................................................................................................... 80
Control Structures............................................................................................................80 Conditional Statements .......................................................................................................................... 80
Looping Statements................................................................................................................................ 82
File-Inclusion Statements....................................................................................................................... 88
Summary .........................................................................................................................91
Chapter 4: Functions.............................................................................................91
Invoking a Function .........................................................................................................91 Creating a Function..........................................................................................................92
Passing Arguments by Value .................................................................................................................. 93
Passing Arguments by Reference........................................................................................................... 94
Default Argument Values........................................................................................................................ 94
Using Type Hinting.................................................................................................................................. 95
Returning Values from a Function .......................................................................................................... 96
Recursive Functions ............................................................................................................................... 97
Function Libraries..........................................................................................................100 Summary .......................................................................................................................101
Chapter 5: Arrays................................................................................................103
What Is an Array? ..........................................................................................................103
Creating an Array...........................................................................................................105 Creating Arrays with array() ................................................................................................................. 105
Extracting Arrays with list() .................................................................................................................. 106
Populating Arrays with a Predefined Value Range ............................................................................... 107
Testing for an Array .............................................................................................................................. 107
Outputting an Array........................................................................................................108 Printing Arrays for Testing Purposes.................................................................................................... 109
Adding and Removing Array Elements ..........................................................................110 Adding a Value to the Front of an Array................................................................................................ 110
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Adding a Value to the End of an Array .................................................................................................. 110
Removing a Value from the Front of an Array ...................................................................................... 111
Removing a Value from the End of an Array......................................................................................... 111
Locating Array Elements................................................................................................111 Searching an Array ............................................................................................................................... 111
Retrieving Array Keys ........................................................................................................................... 113
Retrieving Array Values ........................................................................................................................ 113
Traversing Arrays...........................................................................................................113 Retrieving the Current Array Key .......................................................................................................... 114
Retrieving the Current Array Value ....................................................................................................... 114
Retrieving the Current Array Key and Value ......................................................................................... 115
Moving the Array Pointer ...................................................................................................................... 115
Passing Array Values to a Function ...................................................................................................... 116
Determining Array Size and Uniqueness .......................................................................117 Determining the Size of an Array.......................................................................................................... 117
Counting Array Value Frequency .......................................................................................................... 118
Determining Unique Array Values......................................................................................................... 119
Sorting Arrays................................................................................................................119 Reversing Array Element Order ............................................................................................................ 119
Flipping Array Keys and Values ............................................................................................................ 121
Sorting an Array.................................................................................................................................... 121
Merging, Slicing, Splicing, and Dissecting Arrays .........................................................126 Merging Arrays ..................................................................................................................................... 127
Recursively Appending Arrays.............................................................................................................. 127
Combining Two Arrays ......................................................................................................................... 128
Slicing an Array .................................................................................................................................... 128
Splicing an Array .................................................................................................................................. 129
Calculating an Array Intersection ......................................................................................................... 131
Calculating Associative Array Intersections ......................................................................................... 131
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Calculating Array Differences. ............................................................................................................. 132
Calculating Associative Array Differences............................................................................................ 133
Other Useful Array Functions. ........................................................................................133 Returning a Random Set of Keys. ........................................................................................................ 133
Shuffling Array Elements. .................................................................................................................... 134
Summary . ......................................................................................................................135
Chapter 6: Object-Oriented PHP..........................................................................135
The Benefits of OOP. ......................................................................................................135 Encapsulation . ..................................................................................................................................... 135
Inheritance. .......................................................................................................................................... 136
Polymorphism. ..................................................................................................................................... 136
Key OOP Concepts . ........................................................................................................137 Classes . ............................................................................................................................................... 137
Objects. ................................................................................................................................................ 138
Properties . ........................................................................................................................................... 138
Constants. ............................................................................................................................................ 144
Methods. .............................................................................................................................................. 145
Constructors and Destructors. .......................................................................................149 Constructors . ....................................................................................................................................... 149
Destructors . ......................................................................................................................................... 152
Static Class Members. ...................................................................................................153
The instanceof Keyword . ...............................................................................................154
Helper Functions. ...........................................................................................................154
Autoloading Objects. ......................................................................................................157
Summary . ......................................................................................................................157
Chapter 7: Advanced OOP Features ....................................................................159
Advanced OOP Features Not Supported by PHP . ...........................................................159
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Object Cloning................................................................................................................160 Cloning Example................................................................................................................................... 160
The __clone() Method........................................................................................................................... 162
Inheritance.....................................................................................................................163 Class Inheritance .................................................................................................................................. 163
Inheritance and Constructors ............................................................................................................... 165
Inheritance and Late Static Binding ..................................................................................................... 167
Interfaces.......................................................................................................................168 Implementing a Single Interface .......................................................................................................... 169
Implementing Multiple Interfaces......................................................................................................... 170
Abstract Classes ............................................................................................................171 Introducing Namespaces ...............................................................................................172
Summary .......................................................................................................................174
Chapter 8: Error and Exception Handling............................................................175
Configuration Directives ................................................................................................175 Error Logging .................................................................................................................179
Exception Handling ........................................................................................................182 Why Exception Handling Is Handy ........................................................................................................ 182
PHP’s Exception-Handling Implementation .......................................................................................... 183
SPL’s Exceptions .................................................................................................................................. 189
Summary .......................................................................................................................191
Chapter 9: Strings and Regular Expressions ......................................................191
Regular Expressions ......................................................................................................191 Regular Expression Syntax (POSIX) ...................................................................................................... 192
PHP’s Regular Expression Functions (POSIX Extended) ....................................................................... 194
Regular Expression Syntax (Perl).......................................................................................................... 198
Other String-Specific Functions.....................................................................................205
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Determining the Length of a String ...................................................................................................... 206
Comparing Two Strings ........................................................................................................................ 206
Manipulating String Case ..................................................................................................................... 209
Converting Strings to and from HTML .................................................................................................. 211
Alternatives for Regular Expression Functions ..............................................................216 Padding and Stripping a String............................................................................................................. 223
Counting Characters and Words........................................................................................................... 225
Taking Advantage of PEAR: Validate_US .......................................................................227 Installing Validate_US........................................................................................................................... 227
Using Validate_US ................................................................................................................................ 228
Summary .......................................................................................................................228
Chapter 10: Working with the File and Operating System..................................229
Learning About Files and Directories.............................................................................230 Parsing Directory Paths ........................................................................................................................ 230
Calculating File, Directory, and Disk Sizes ........................................................................................... 232
Determining Access and Modification Times ....................................................................................... 235
Working with Files .........................................................................................................236 The Concept of a Resource................................................................................................................... 237
Recognizing Newline Characters.......................................................................................................... 237
Recognizing the End-of-File Character................................................................................................. 237
Opening and Closing a File ................................................................................................................... 237
Reading from a File .............................................................................................................................. 239
Writing a String to a File ....................................................................................................................... 246
Moving the File Pointer......................................................................................................................... 247
Reading Directory Contents.................................................................................................................. 247
Executing Shell Commands ...........................................................................................249
System-Level Program Execution..................................................................................251 Sanitizing the Input............................................................................................................................... 251
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PHP’s Program Execution Functions .................................................................................................... 252
Summary .......................................................................................................................255
Chapter 11: PEAR................................................................................................257
The Power of PEAR: Converting Numeral Formats ........................................................257 Installing and Updating PEAR ........................................................................................258
Installing PEAR ..................................................................................................................................... 258
PEAR and Hosting Companies .............................................................................................................. 260
Updating PEAR...................................................................................................................................... 260
Using the PEAR Package Manager ................................................................................260 Viewing an Installed PEAR Package ..................................................................................................... 261
Learning More about an Installed PEAR Package................................................................................. 261
Installing a PEAR Package.................................................................................................................... 262
Including a Package within Your Scripts .............................................................................................. 264
Upgrading Packages............................................................................................................................. 264
Uninstalling a Package ......................................................................................................................... 265
Downgrading a Package....................................................................................................................... 266
Introducing Pyrus...........................................................................................................266 Installing Pyrus ..................................................................................................................................... 266
Summary .......................................................................................................................267
Chapter 12: Date and Time .................................................................................269
The Unix Timestamp ......................................................................................................269
PHP’s Date and Time Library .........................................................................................270 Validating Dates.................................................................................................................................... 270
Formatting Dates and Times ................................................................................................................ 271
Converting a Timestamp to User-Friendly Values ................................................................................ 275
Working with Timestamps.................................................................................................................... 276
Date Fu ..........................................................................................................................277 Displaying the Localized Date and Time............................................................................................... 277
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Displaying the Web Page’s Most Recent Modification Date ................................................................. 282
Determining the Number of Days in the Current Month ....................................................................... 282
Determining the Number of Days in Any Given Month ......................................................................... 282
Calculating the Date X Days from the Present Date ............................................................................. 283
Date and Time Enhancements for PHP 5.1+ Users .......................................................283 Introducing the DateTime Constructor.................................................................................................. 284
Formatting Dates .................................................................................................................................. 284
Setting the Date After Instantiation ...................................................................................................... 284
Setting the Time After Instantiation...................................................................................................... 285
Modifying Dates and Times .................................................................................................................. 285
Calculating the Difference between Two Dates ................................................................................... 286
Summary .......................................................................................................................286
Chapter 13: Working with HTML Forms ..............................................................287
PHP and Web Forms ......................................................................................................287 A Simple Example................................................................................................................................. 288
Validating Form Data .....................................................................................................289 File Deletion.......................................................................................................................................... 289
Cross-Site Scripting.............................................................................................................................. 290
Sanitizing User Input ............................................................................................................................ 291
Validating and Sanitizing Data with the Filter Extension ...................................................................... 294
Working with Multivalued Form Components....................................................................................... 296
Taking Advantage of PEAR: HTML_QuickForm2 ............................................................297 Installing HTML_QuickForm2 ............................................................................................................... 298
Creating and Validating a Simple Form ................................................................................................ 298
Summary .......................................................................................................................301
Chapter 14: Authenticating Your Users ..............................................................303
HTTP Authentication Concepts ......................................................................................303 Using Apache’s .htaccess Feature ....................................................................................................... 304
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Authenticating Your Users with PHP..............................................................................305 PHP’s Authentication Variables ............................................................................................................ 305
Useful Functions................................................................................................................................... 306
Hard-Coded Authentication .................................................................................................................. 307
File-Based Authentication .................................................................................................................... 308
Database-Based Authentication ........................................................................................................... 309
Taking Advantage of PEAR: Auth_HTTP................................................................................................ 311
User Login Administration .............................................................................................313 Testing Password Guessability with the CrackLib Library.................................................................... 313
One-Time URLs and Password Recovery.............................................................................................. 315
Summary .......................................................................................................................318
Chapter 15: Handling File Uploads......................................................................319
Uploading Files via HTTP ...............................................................................................319
Uploading Files with PHP...............................................................................................320 PHP’s File Upload/Resource Directives ................................................................................................ 320
The $_FILES Array ................................................................................................................................ 322
PHP’s File-Upload Functions ................................................................................................................ 322
Upload Error Messages ........................................................................................................................ 324
A Simple Example................................................................................................................................. 325
Taking Advantage of PEAR: HTTP_Upload .....................................................................326 Installing HTTP_Upload......................................................................................................................... 326
Uploading a File .................................................................................................................................... 326
Learning More About an Uploaded File................................................................................................. 327
Uploading Multiple Files ....................................................................................................................... 328
Summary .......................................................................................................................329
Chapter 16: Networking......................................................................................331
DNS, Services, and Servers ...........................................................................................331 DNS....................................................................................................................................................... 332
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Services................................................................................................................................................ 336
Establishing Socket Connections ......................................................................................................... 337
Mail ................................................................................................................................339 Configuration Directives ....................................................................................................................... 339
Sending E-mail Using a PHP Script ...................................................................................................... 340
Common Networking Tasks...........................................................................................344 Pinging a Server ................................................................................................................................... 345
Creating a Port Scanner ....................................................................................................................... 345
Creating a Subnet Converter ................................................................................................................ 346
Testing User Bandwidth ....................................................................................................................... 348
Summary .......................................................................................................................349
Chapter 17: PHP and LDAP..................................................................................351
Using LDAP from PHP ....................................................................................................352 Configuring LDAP for PHP..................................................................................................................... 352
Connecting to an LDAP Server.............................................................................................................. 352
Retrieving LDAP Data............................................................................................................................ 355
Counting Retrieved Entries ................................................................................................................... 358
Sorting LDAP Records........................................................................................................................... 359
Inserting LDAP Data.............................................................................................................................. 360
Updating LDAP Data.............................................................................................................................. 361
Deleting LDAP Data............................................................................................................................... 362
Working with the Distinguished Name ................................................................................................. 363
Error Handling....................................................................................................................................... 364
Summary .......................................................................................................................365
Chapter 18: Session Handlers.............................................................................367
What Is Session Handling? ............................................................................................367 The Session-Handling Process............................................................................................................. 368
Configuration Directives ................................................................................................369
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Managing the Session Storage Media.................................................................................................. 369
Setting the Session Files Path .............................................................................................................. 369
Automatically Enabling Sessions.......................................................................................................... 370
Setting the Session Name .................................................................................................................... 370
Choosing Cookies or URL Rewriting ..................................................................................................... 370
Automating URL Rewriting ................................................................................................................... 370
Setting the Session Cookie Lifetime..................................................................................................... 370
Setting the Session Cookie’s Valid URL Path........................................................................................ 371
Setting Caching Directions for Session-Enabled Pages ....................................................................... 371
Working with Sessions ..................................................................................................373 Starting a Session ................................................................................................................................ 373
Destroying a Session ............................................................................................................................ 373
Setting and Retrieving the Session ID .................................................................................................. 374
Creating and Deleting Session Variables.............................................................................................. 374
Encoding and Decoding Session Data .................................................................................................. 375
Practical Session-Handling Examples ...........................................................................377 Automatically Logging In Returning Users ........................................................................................... 378
Generating a Recently Viewed Document Index................................................................................... 379
Creating Custom Session Handlers ...............................................................................381 Tying Custom Session Functions into PHP’s Logic............................................................................... 382
Using Custom MySQL-Based Session Handlers ................................................................................... 382
Summary .......................................................................................................................385
Chapter 19: Templating with Smarty..................................................................387
What’s a Templating Engine? ........................................................................................387 Introducing Smarty ........................................................................................................389 Installing Smarty............................................................................................................390
Using Smarty .................................................................................................................391 Smarty’s Presentational Logic .......................................................................................393
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Comments ............................................................................................................................................ 394
Variable Modifiers................................................................................................................................. 394
Control Structures ................................................................................................................................ 397
Statements ........................................................................................................................................... 401
Creating Configuration Files ..........................................................................................404 config_load........................................................................................................................................... 404
Referencing Configuration Variables .................................................................................................... 405
Using CSS in Conjunction with Smarty ..........................................................................405
Caching..........................................................................................................................406 Working with the Cache Lifetime ......................................................................................................... 407
Eliminating Processing Overhead with isCached() ............................................................................... 407
Creating Multiple Caches per Template ............................................................................................... 408
Some Final Words About Caching ........................................................................................................ 409
Summary .......................................................................................................................409
Chapter 20: Web Services...................................................................................411
Why Web Services? .......................................................................................................411 Really Simple Syndication .............................................................................................413
Understanding RSS Syntax................................................................................................................... 414
Introducing SimplePie....................................................................................................416 Installing SimplePie .............................................................................................................................. 416
Parsing a Feed with SimplePie............................................................................................................. 417
Parsing Multiple Feeds ......................................................................................................................... 418
SimpleXML.....................................................................................................................419 Loading XML......................................................................................................................................... 420
Parsing XML.......................................................................................................................................... 421
Summary .......................................................................................................................425
Chapter 21: Securing Your Web Site...................................................................427
Configuring PHP Securely..............................................................................................428
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Security-Related Configuration Parameters......................................................................................... 428
Hiding Configuration Details ..........................................................................................430 Hiding Apache ...................................................................................................................................... 430
Hiding PHP............................................................................................................................................ 431
Hiding Sensitive Data.....................................................................................................432 Hiding the Document Root.................................................................................................................... 432
Denying Access to Certain File Extensions........................................................................................... 433
Data Encryption .............................................................................................................433 PHP’s Encryption Functions.................................................................................................................. 434
The MCrypt Package............................................................................................................................. 434
Summary .......................................................................................................................436
Chapter 22: Creating Ajax-enhanced Features with jQuery and PHP .................437
Introducing Ajax.............................................................................................................437
Introducing jQuery .........................................................................................................439 Installing jQuery.................................................................................................................................... 439
A Simple Example................................................................................................................................. 440
Responding to Events ........................................................................................................................... 441
jQuery and the DOM.............................................................................................................................. 442
Creating a Username Existence Validator......................................................................444 Determining If a Username Exists ........................................................................................................ 445
Summary .......................................................................................................................448
Chapter 23: Building Web Sites for the World ....................................................449
Translating Web Sites with Gettext................................................................................450 Step 1: Update the Web Site Scripts..................................................................................................... 450
Step 2: Create the Localization Repository........................................................................................... 452
Step 3: Create the Translation Files ..................................................................................................... 452
Step 4: Translate the Text .................................................................................................................... 453
Step 5: Generate Binary Files ............................................................................................................... 454
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Step 6: Set the Desired Language Within Your Scripts. ....................................................................... 454
Localizing Dates, Numbers, and Times . ........................................................................455
Summary . ......................................................................................................................456
Chapter 24: Introducing the Zend Framework....................................................457
Introducing MVC . ...........................................................................................................457
PHP’s Framework Solutions . .........................................................................................459 The CakePHP Framework . ................................................................................................................... 460
The Solar Framework . ......................................................................................................................... 460
The symfony Framework. .................................................................................................................... 460
The Zend Framework. .......................................................................................................................... 461
Introducing the Zend Framework . .................................................................................461 Installing the Zend Framework. ........................................................................................................... 462
Creating Your First Zend Framework–Driven Web Site . ...................................................................... 463
Summary . ......................................................................................................................475
Chapter 25: Introducing MySQL ..........................................................................477
What Makes MySQL So Popular?. ..................................................................................477 Flexibility . ............................................................................................................................................ 477
Power . ................................................................................................................................................. 478
Flexible Licensing Options. .................................................................................................................. 480
A (Hyper)Active User Community. ........................................................................................................ 481
The Evolution of MySQL. ................................................................................................481 MySQL 4 . ............................................................................................................................................. 481
MySQL 5 . ............................................................................................................................................. 482
MySQL 5.1 . .......................................................................................................................................... 483
MySQL 5.4 and 5.5 . ............................................................................................................................. 484
Prominent MySQL Users . ...............................................................................................484 craigslist . ............................................................................................................................................. 484
Wikipedia. ............................................................................................................................................ 484
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Other Prominent Users ......................................................................................................................... 484
Summary .......................................................................................................................485
Chapter 26: Installing and Configuring MySQL ...................................................487
Downloading MySQL......................................................................................................487 Installing MySQL ............................................................................................................488
Installing MySQL on Linux .................................................................................................................... 488
Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows.................................................................................... 492
Setting the MySQL Administrator Password..................................................................495 Starting and Stopping MySQL........................................................................................495
Controlling the Daemon Manually ........................................................................................................ 495
Configuring and Optimizing MySQL ...............................................................................496 The mysqld_safe Wrapper.................................................................................................................... 497
MySQL’s Configuration and Optimization Parameters.......................................................................... 497
The my.cnf File ..................................................................................................................................... 501
Configuring PHP to Work with MySQL ...........................................................................504 Reconfiguring PHP on Linux ................................................................................................................. 504
Reconfiguring PHP on Windows ........................................................................................................... 504
Summary .......................................................................................................................505
Chapter 27: The Many MySQL Clients .................................................................505
Introducing the Command-Line Clients .........................................................................505 The mysql Client ................................................................................................................................... 505
The mysqladmin Client ......................................................................................................................... 515
Other Useful Clients .............................................................................................................................. 517
Client Options ....................................................................................................................................... 520
MySQL’s GUI Client Programs........................................................................................523
phpMyAdmin..................................................................................................................524 Summary .......................................................................................................................525
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Chapter 28: MySQL Storage Engines and Data Types .........................................527
Storage Engines.............................................................................................................527 MyISAM ................................................................................................................................................ 528
IBMDB2I................................................................................................................................................ 530
InnoDB .................................................................................................................................................. 531
MEMORY............................................................................................................................................... 531
MERGE .................................................................................................................................................. 533
FEDERATED........................................................................................................................................... 533
ARCHIVE................................................................................................................................................ 534
CSV ....................................................................................................................................................... 535
EXAMPLE .............................................................................................................................................. 535
BLACKHOLE .......................................................................................................................................... 535
Storage Engine FAQ.............................................................................................................................. 535
Data Types and Attributes .............................................................................................537 Data Types............................................................................................................................................ 537
Data Type Attributes ............................................................................................................................. 543
Working with Databases and Tables .............................................................................546 Working with Databases....................................................................................................................... 546
Working with Tables............................................................................................................................. 548
Altering a Table Structure..................................................................................................................... 551
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ................................................................................................................ 552
Summary .......................................................................................................................555
Chapter 29: Securing MySQL ..............................................................................557
What You Should Do First ..............................................................................................558 Securing the mysqld Daemon........................................................................................559
The MySQL Access Privilege System.............................................................................560 How the Privilege System Works.......................................................................................................... 560
Where Is Access Information Stored? .................................................................................................. 562
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User and Privilege Management....................................................................................573 Creating Users ...................................................................................................................................... 573
Deleting Users ...................................................................................................................................... 574
Renaming Users ................................................................................................................................... 574
The GRANT and REVOKE Commands .................................................................................................... 575
Reviewing Privileges ............................................................................................................................ 581
Limiting User Resources................................................................................................581 Secure MySQL Connections...........................................................................................582
Grant Options........................................................................................................................................ 583
SSL Options .......................................................................................................................................... 584
Starting the SSL-Enabled MySQL Server.............................................................................................. 586
Connecting Using an SSL-Enabled Client ............................................................................................. 586
Storing SSL Options in the my.cnf File ................................................................................................. 586
Summary .......................................................................................................................586
Chapter 30: Using PHP with MySQL ....................................................................587
Installation Prerequisites ...............................................................................................588 Enabling the mysqli Extension on Linux/Unix ....................................................................................... 588
Enabling the mysqli Extension on Windows ......................................................................................... 588
Using the MySQL Native Driver............................................................................................................. 588
Managing User Privileges..................................................................................................................... 589
Working with Sample Data ................................................................................................................... 589
Using the mysqli Extension............................................................................................590 Setting Up and Tearing Down the Connection...................................................................................... 590
Handling Connection Errors.................................................................................................................. 591
Retrieving Error Information ................................................................................................................. 591
Storing Connection Information in a Separate File............................................................................... 593
Securing Your Connection Information................................................................................................. 593
Interacting with the Database .......................................................................................594
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Sending a Query to the Database ......................................................................................................... 594
Parsing Query Results .......................................................................................................................... 596
Determining the Rows Selected and Rows Affected ............................................................................ 598
Working with Prepared Statements...................................................................................................... 599
Executing Database Transactions..................................................................................605 Enabling Autocommit Mode.................................................................................................................. 605
Committing a Transaction .................................................................................................................... 605
Rolling Back a Transaction ................................................................................................................... 605
Summary ...............................................................................