cÖvk wzk f mvj bdwbu 3 (physical geography) · awfwnz| wewfb cÖkvi lwbr Øviv mwvz f~-gÛ ji...

cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj (Physical Geography)

f‚wgKv

cÖvK…wZK f~‡Mvj n‡jv Áv‡bi †mB kvLv, hv c„w_exi mKj cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni mv‡_ ¯’vb I mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z gvby‡li AvšÍtm¤úK© m¤ú‡K© cVb-cvVb I we‡kølY K‡i| f~‡Mv‡ji †h kvLv f~-c„‡ôi wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~n †hgb : b`-b`x,cvnvo-ce©Z, gvjf~wg, mgf~wg BZ¨vw` Dcv`vbmg~‡ni MVb I iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK f~‡Mvj e‡j| GB BDwb‡U Avgiv cÖvK…wZK f~‡Mv‡ji Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨mg~n we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kie|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n

cvV -3.1 : f~-Z¡K I f~-Af¨šÍ‡ii MVb cvV -3.2 : wkjv I LwbR cvV -3.3 : f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n cvV -3.4 : f~-c„‡ôi AvKw®§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n cvV -3.5 : f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n cvV -3.6 : ce©Z cvV -3.7 : gvjf~wg cvV -3.8 : mgf~wg

BDwbU 3

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

c„ôv # 32 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

f~-Z¡K I f~-Af¨šÍ‡ii MVb (Structure of the Earth’s Crust & Earth’s Interior)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

f~-Z¡K I Gi MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; f~-Af¨šÍ‡ii MVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ wewfbœ ¯Íimg~‡ni MVb cÖYvwj I web¨vm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã f~-Z¡K, wkjvgÛj, Mo cyiæZ¡, Ak¥gÛj, ¸iægÛj, †K› ªgÛj, wmqvj, wmgv,

wkjvgÛj, evqygÛj, evwigÛj, f~wgiƒc cÖwµqv|

f~-Z¡K I Gi MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~n

m„wói Avw` Ae ’vq c„w_ex GKwU R¡jšÍ ev®úxq AwMœwcÛ wQj| †KvwU †KvwU eQi hver N~Y©biZ GB R¡jšÍ M¨vmxq wcÛ µgk Zvc wewKiY K‡i kxZj I msKzwPZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges M¨vmxq Ae ’v †_‡K Zij Ae ’v cÖvß nq| G mg‡q c„w_exi MVbKvix fvix Dcv`vbmg~n c„w_exi †K› ªfv‡M mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| A‡cÿvK…Z nvjKv Dcv`vbmg~n Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯Íixf~Z n‡q RgvU euva‡Z _v‡K| µgk c„w_exi me©v‡cÿv evB‡ii ¯Íi RgvU †eu‡a KwVbvKvi aviY K‡i hv f~-Z¡K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| f~-Z¡K MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~n c„w_exc„‡ôi me©v‡cÿv evB‡i wkjv Øviv MwVZ †h KwVb ewniveiY i‡q‡Q, Zv‡K f~-Z¡K ejv nq| f~-Z¡‡Ki Mo cyiæZ¡ 20 wK‡jvwgUvi| gnv‡`‡ki DuPz ce©Z P~ov n‡Z mgy ª ZxieZx© AÂj ch©šÍ cyiæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk (Mo cyiæZ¡ 35 wK‡jvwgUvi)| Aciw`‡K mgy ª Zj‡`‡k Gi Mo cyiæZ¡ gvÎ 5 wK‡jvwgUvi (wPÎ 3.1.1)|

wPÎ 3.1.1: gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡K (wmqvj Íi) I gnvmvMixq f~-Z¡K (wmgv ¯Íi)

gnv‡`‡ki Zj‡`‡ki f~-Z¡K gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡K I gnvmvM‡ii Zj‡`‡ki f~-Z¡K gnvmvMixq f~-Z¡K bv‡g cwiwPZ| gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡‡Ki MvVwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wmwjKb (Si) I A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi (AL) cÖvavb¨ _vKvq

GB Íi‡K wmqvj ¯Íi (Sial) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wmqvj ¯Í‡ii wb‡Pi Ask A‡cÿK…Z fvix ¯ÍiwU bvg wmgv (Sima) ¯Íi| GB ÍiwU wmwjKb I g¨vM‡bwmqvg mg„× ¯Íi| f~-Z¡K MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †gvU 15wU

cvV-3.1

f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek BDwbU-3

cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 33

wPÎ 3.1.3 : ¸iægÛj I †K› ªgÛj

wPÎ 3.1.2 : Ak¥gÛ‡ji EaŸ© I wb¤œ ¯Íi

Dcv`vb Øviv f~-Z¡‡Ki kZKiv 99 fv‡Mi AwaK Ask MwVZ| GB Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖavb 8wU n‡jv- Aw·‡Rb, wmwjKb, G¨vjywgwbqvg, †jŠn, K¨vjwmqvg, †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg| G ch©šÍ weÁvbxMY f~-Z¡K MVbKvix †gvU 105wU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb|

f~-Af¨šÍixY MVb (Internal Structure of the Earth) m„wói cÖvi‡¤¢ c„w_ex GKwU R¡jšÍ AwMœwcÛ wQj| µgvMZ N~Y©biZ GB ev®úxq AwMœwcÛ Zvc wewKib K‡i kxZj I m¼zwPZ n‡q KwVbvKvi aviY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e KwVb n‡q †MvjvK…wZ nevi mg‡q A‡cÿvK…Z AwaK Nb‡Z¡ fvix c`v_©mg~n c„w_exi †K› ªfv‡M mwÂZ nq| Kg Nb‡Z¡i c`v_©mg~n Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| me©v‡cÿv nvjKv ev Kg Nb‡Z¡i c`v_©mg~n c„w_exi evB‡ii w`‡Ki Aveib m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡e,c„w_exi DcwifvM †_‡K †K‡› ªi w`‡K wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mswgkÖ‡Y wZbwU cÖavb gÛ‡ji ev ¯Í‡ii m„wó nq| GB gÛj wZbwU wb¤œiƒc- K. Ak¥gÛj (Lithosphere) I f~-Z¡K ( Earth`s Crust) f~-c„‡ôi DcwifvM †_‡K f~-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖvq 60 †_‡K 100 wK.wg. Mfxi ch©šÍ KwVb ¯ÍiwU‡K Ak¥gÛj ejv nq| Ak¥gÛ‡ji me©v‡cÿv evB‡ii Íi A_©vr †h ¯ÍiwUi Dci Avgiv emevm Kwi, Zv‡K f~-Z¡K ejv nq| f~-Z¡‡Ki Mo cyiæZ¡ 20 wK‡jvwgUvi, gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡K M‡o 35 wK.wg. Ges gnvmvMixq f~-Z¡K M‡o gvÎ 5 wK.wg. cyiæ| gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡‡Ki cÖavb MvVwbK Dcv`vb wmwjKb (Si) I A¨vjywgwbqvg (AL) nIqvq GB ¯Íi‡K wmqvj Íi (Sial) ejv nq| Aciw`‡K, gnvmvMixq f~-Z¡‡Ki cÖavb MvVwbK Dcv`vb wmwjKb (Si) I g¨vM‡bwmqvg (Ma) nIqvq GB ¯Íi‡K wmgv ¯Íi (Sima) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq (wPÎ 3.1.2)| L. ¸iægÛj (Mantle) Ak¥gÛ‡ji Ae¨ewnZ ci †_‡K f~-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖvq 2,885 wK.wg. ch©šÍ cyiæZ¡ wewkó ¯ÍiwU‡K ¸iægÛj e‡j| GB ÍiwUi MvVwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv-wmwjKv, g¨vM‡bwmqvg,

†jvnv, Kve©b I Ab¨vb¨ LwbR c`v_©| AZ¨waK Zvc I Pv‡c GB gÛ‡ji Dcv`vb¸‡jv KwVb I Zi‡ji gvSvgvwS AvVv‡jv Ae ’vq i‡q‡Q| ¸iægÛ‡ji cÖavb ¯Íi yBwU n‡jv- (K) †jvnv I g¨vM‡bwmqvgmg„× wmwj‡KU LwbR Øviv ˆZwi DaŸ© ¸iægÛj (700 wK.wg. we Í…Z) Ges (L) Avqib A·vBW, g¨vM‡bwmqvg A·vBW I wmwjKb A·vBW mg„× wb¤œ ¸iægÛj (wPÎ 3.1.3) | M. †K› ªgÛj (Core)

¸iægÛ‡ji Ae¨ewnZ ci †_‡K c„w_exi †K› ª ch©šÍ we Í…Z ¯ÍiwUi bvg †K› ªgÛj| GB ÍiwUi cyiæZ¡ cÖvq 3,486

wK.wg.| f~-K¤úb Zi½ †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †K› ªgÛ‡ji evB‡ii Ask A‡cÿvK…Z ZijvKv‡i i‡q‡Q (2,270 wK.wg. cyiæ)| †jvnv I wb‡Kj mg„× GB gÛ‡ji MvVwbK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ cvi` I wmmv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wb‡Kj (Ni) I †jvnvi(Fe) cÖvavb¨ _vKvq GB ÍiwUi wb‡d (Nife) ¯Íi bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ wewfbœ ¯Íimg~‡ni wPÎ AsKb Kiæb|



mvims‡¶c

f~-gÛ‡ji MvVwbK Dcv`vbmg~‡ni NbZ¡ I web¨v‡mi wfwË‡Z mg Í c„w_exi Af¨šÍi fvM‡K cÖavb wZbwU gÛ‡j wef³ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- Ak¥gÛj, ¸iægÛj I †K› ªgÛj| Ak¥gÛ‡ji Dcwi Íi f~-Z¡K bv‡g AwfwnZ| wewfbœ cÖKvi LwbR Øviv MwVZ f~-gÛ‡ji cÖavb MvVwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv- wmwjKb, wb‡Kj, g¨vM‡bwmqvg, †jvnv BZ¨vw`| Ak¥gÛj KwVb I kxZj n‡jI ¸iægÛj I †K› ªgÛj µgvš‡q AwaKZi AvVv‡jv, Nb I DËß e‡j weÁvbxiv aviYv K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1. f~-Z¡‡Ki Mo cyiæZ¡ KZ wK‡jvwgUvi? (K) 10 wK.wg. (L) 20 wK.wg. (M) 30 wK.wg. (N) 40 wK.wg. 2. gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡‡Ki MvVwbK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi cÖvavb¨ †ewk? K) wmwjKb (L) g¨vM‡bwkqvg (M) Aw·‡Rb (N) cUvwmqvg 3. wb‡Pi wPÎwUi k~Y¨¯’vb¸‡jv c~iY Kiæb|

4. f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ †Kvb ÍiwU AZ¨waK Zvc I Pv‡c AvVv‡jv Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q? (K) Ak¥gÛj (L) ¸iægÛj (M) AšÍt¯’ †K› ªgÛj (N) ewnt †K› ªgÛj 5. f~-Z¡‡Ki wmwjKb I g¨vM‡bwmqvg mg„× ÍiwUi Aci bvgwU Kx? (K) wmqvj (L) wmgv (M) wb‡d (N) †gv‡nv wew”QbœZv



wkjv I LwbR (Rocks & Minerals) [

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wkjv I LwbR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; wkjv I Lwb‡Ri cv_©K¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wkjvi cÖKvi‡f` I wewfbœ cÖKvi wkjv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wkjv, Av‡Mœqwkjv, cvjwjK wkjv, iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv, LwbR, mgmË¡ I g¨vMgv|

wkjv

f~-Z¡K MVbKvix mKj Dcv`vb‡K wkjv ejv nq| wkjv big I KwVb yB cÖKviB n‡Z cv‡i| h_v: Kv`v n‡jv big wkjv I gv‡e©j cv_i k³ ai‡bi wkjv|

LwbR (Minerals) LwbR n‡jv cÖvK…wZK A‰Re c`v_©, hvi mywbw ©ó ivmvqwbK MVb Ges †fŠZ ivmvqwbK ag© i‡q‡Q| h_v: †KvqvU©R, †djmcvi, nxiv, †mvbv, cvi`, MÜK BZ¨vw`| GKvwaK Lwb‡Ri mswgkÖ‡b wkjv MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

wkjv I Lwb‡Ri cv_©K¨

LwbR wkjv 1. GK ev GKvwaK †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i mgš‡q MwVZ| 2. LwbR mgmË¡ A‰Re c`v_©| 3. LwbR KwVb I ùwUKvKvi nq| 4. Lwb‡Ri wbw ©ó ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ Av‡Q| 5. Lwb‡Ri ag© Gi MVbKvix †gŠ‡ji a‡g©i

Abyiƒc|

1. GK ev GKvwaK LwbR c`v‡_©i mgš‡q MwVZ| 2. wkjv AmgmË¡ ‰Re c`v_©| 3. wkjv big I KwVb yB cÖKvi| Z‡e ùwUKvKvi bq| 4. wkjvi †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †bB| 5. wkjvi ag© Gi MVbKvix LwbR Gi Øviv wbqwš¿Z|

wkjvi cÖKvi‡f` I wewfbœ cÖKvi wkjvmg~‡ni eY©bv : f~-Z¡K MVbKvix mKj wkjvmg~n‡K MVb cÖYvwji wfwË‡Z wZbwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb- K. Av‡Mœqwkjv (Igneous Rocks) c„w_ex R¡jšÍ Ae¯’v †_‡K kxZj nevi mg‡q Aa©MwjZ wewfbœ LwbR AZ¨šÍ ªæZ kxZj I KwVbvKvi aviY K‡i| GBiƒ‡c m„ó KwVb c`v_© ‡jv Av‡Mœqwkjv bv‡g AwfwnZ| Avevi f~wgK‡¤úi ev Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy rcv‡Zi d‡j f~-Mf© ’ DËß Aa©MwjZ g¨vMgv f~-c„‡ô †ewi‡q Av‡m| g¨vMgv f~c„‡ô †ewi‡q G‡j, Zv‡K jvfv e‡j| jvfv kxZj n‡q RgvU †eu‡a Av‡Mœqwkjvi m„wó nq| c„w_ex m„wói Avw`‡Z GB wkjvi m„wó nIqvq G‡K cÖv_wgK wkjv ev Avw` wkjv (Primary Rock) ejv nq| †hgb- e¨vmë, MÖvbvBU BZ¨vw`| Av‡Mœqwkjvi ˆewkó¨mg~n

1| Av‡Mœqwkjvi Íi †bB A_©vr A¯Íixf~Z wkjv; 2| Av‡Mœqwkjvq †Kv‡bv Rxevk¥ †bB; 3| Av‡Mœqwkjv AcÖ‡ek¨; 4| Av‡Mœqwkjv my „p I mymsnZ|

cvV-3.2

wPÎ 3.2.1: ewntR I AšÍtR Av‡Mœqwkjv



wPÎ 3.2.3 : iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv

Av‡Mœqwkjvi cÖKvi‡f` (K) ewntR Av‡Mœqwkjv (Extrusive Igneous Rocks) f~-Mf© ’ g¨vMgv Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y f~-c„‡ô †ewi‡q G‡m kxZj I RgvU euva‡j Zv‡K ewntR Av‡Mœqwkjv e‡j| e¨vmë, iv‡qvjvBU, A¨vwÛmvBU GB ai‡bi Av‡Mœqwkjv (wPÎ: 3.2.1)| AšÍtR Av‡Mœqwkjv (Intrusive Igneous Rocks) g¨vMgv f~-M‡f© RgvU †eu‡a ¯~’’j, `vbv`vi I nvjKv e‡Y©i †h Av‡Mœqwkjv ˆZwi nq, Zv‡K AšÍtR Av‡Mœqwkjv ejv nq| MªvbvBU, MÖ v‡ev, j¨v‡Kvwj_ BZ¨vw` G ai‡bi AšÍtR Av‡Mœqwkjv| L. cvjwjK wkjv (Sedimentary Rock) e„wó, evqy, Zzlvi, Zvc, mvgyw ªK †XD BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK kw³mg~n Øviv Av‡Mœqwkjv P~Y©-weP~Y© nq| GB weP~Y©xZ Av‡Mœqwkjvmg~n evqycÖevn b`xcÖevn, wngevn, mgy ª‡¯ªvZ BZ¨vw` Øviv GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b evwnZ I AcmvwiZ nq| GB evwnZ wkjv KYvmg~n f~-c„ô A‡cÿvK…Z wbPz ¯’vb †hgb n«` ev mgy ª Zj‡`‡k µgvš‡q mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| eû eQi a‡i Gfv‡e mwÂZ wkjvivwki Dc‡ii Íi¸‡jvi Pv‡c wb‡¤œi ¯Íi¸‡jv RgvU †eu‡a bZzb GK ai‡bi wkjv MwVZ nq hv cvjwjK wkjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mwÂZ nevi Kvi‡Y G‡K ¯Íixf~Z wkjv (Stratified Rocks) bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Avevi, n« ev mvM‡ii Zj‡`‡k ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mwÂZ nevi mg‡q RjR Rš‘i †`nve‡kl, Dw™¢¾ BZ¨vw` Pvcv c‡o| cÖPÛ Pv‡c GB mg Í cÖvwY I Dw™¢¾ KwVbvKvi aviY K‡i Rxevk¥ (Fossil) ˆZwi K‡i| cvjwjK wkjv‡ZB †KejgvÎ GB Rxev‡k¥i mÜvb cvIqv hvq (wPÎ 3.2.2)| cvjwjK wkjvi ˆewkó¨ 1| cvjwjK wkjv Í‡i ¯Í‡i mwÂZ n‡q m„wó nq; 2| cvjwjK wkjvq Rxevk¥ cvIqv hvq; 3| cvjwjK wkjv ùwUKvKvi bq; 4| cvjwjKv wkjv nvjKv, f½yi I Zi½ wewkó| cvjwjK wkjvi cÖKvimg~n MVb cÖYvwj Abymv‡i cvjwjK wkjv wZb cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- wPÎ 3.2.2 t cvjwjK wkjv

K. hvwš¿K Dcv‡q, A_©vr evqy, b`x, mvgyw ªK †XD BZ¨vw` bvbv cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv ÿqcÖvß Av‡Mœqwkjv evwnZ n‡q Ges wbPuz ¯’v‡b mwÂZ n‡q, RgvU †eu‡a hvwš¿K Dcv‡q cvjwjK wkjv MwVZ nq| †hgb: Ks‡Møvgv‡iU, †e‡j cv_i, †kj BZ¨vw`| L. ˆRweK Dcv‡q, A_©vr wkjv Í‡i Pvcv cov wewfbœ cÖvwY I Dw™¢‡¾i †`nve‡kl KwVbKvi aviY K‡i ˆRweK Dcv‡q cvjwjK wkjv MVb K‡i| †hgb: wjMbvBU, weUzwgbvm BZ¨vw`| M. ivmvqwbK Dcv‡q, A_©vr e„wó I b`xi cvwbi mv‡_ ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j ÿqcÖvß Av‡Mœqwkjv RgvU †eu‡a ivmvqwbK Dcv‡q cvjwjK wkjv MwVZ nq| †hgb: wRcmvg, W‡jvgvBU BZ¨vw` (wPÎ 3.2.3 t iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv)| (M) iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv (Metamorphic Rocks) f~-Av‡›`vjb, AMœy¨rcvZ , f~wgK¤úmn Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK wµqvi d‡j Av‡Mœq I cvjwjK wkjv AZ¨waK Zvc I Pv‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q GK bZzb ai‡bi wkjvi m„wó K‡i, hv‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv ejv nq| †hgb-Kuv`v iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †¯øU, MÖvbvBU iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wb‡m cwiYZ nq| iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjvi ˆewkó¨mg~n 1| iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv ùwUK hy³; 2| GB wkjv AZ¨šÍ KwVb; 3| GB wkjvq Rxevk¥ †bB; 4| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjvq †XD †Ljv‡bv Íi †`Lv hvq|



iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjvi cÖKvi‡f` Drm I MVb cÖYvwj Abymv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv yB cÖKvi| h_v- K. Av‡Mœqwkjv cÖPÛ Zv‡c I Pv‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q Av‡Mœqwkjv †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv ˆZwi nq| †hgb: MÖvbvBU †_‡K wbm (Gneiss) ˆZwi nq| L. cvjwjK wkjv cÖPÛ Zv‡c I Pv‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q, cvjwjK wkjv †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv ˆZwi nq| †hgb: †e‡jcv_i †_‡K †KvqvU©RvBU (Quartzite) ˆZwi nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Av‡Mœqwkjv I cvjwjK wkjvi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨mg~‡ni ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

f~-c„ô MVbKvix wkjvmg~n bvbv ai‡bi Lwb‡Ri mgš‡q MwVZ| wkjvmg~n wZb ai‡bi| K. Av‡Mœqwkjv, L.cvjwjK wkjv I M.iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv| KwVb, A Íixf~Z I Rxevk¥wenxb Av‡Mœqwkjv c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg wkjv| Av‡Mœqwkjv b`x, evqy, mgy ª BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK kw³mg~n Øviv ÿqcÖvß, AcmvwiZ I wb‡Pi f~wg‡Z mwÂZ n‡q, RgvU †eu‡a †h ¯Íixf~Z wkjvi m„wó K‡i Zv‡K cvjwjK wkjv e‡j| Av‡Mœq I cvjwjK wkjv AZ¨waK Zvc I Pv‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wbR¯ ˆewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i GK bZzb wkjvq cwiYZ nq|


[mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1. GKvwaK LwbR c ©v‡_i mgš‡q †KvbwU ˆZwi nq? (K) wkjv (L) cvwb (M) evhy (N) Dw™¢¾ 2. †Kvb ai‡bi wkjvq Íi †bB? (K) Av‡Mœq wkjvq (L) cvjwjK wkjvq (M) iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjvq (N) weP~Y©xZ wkjvq 3. wkjv Í‡ii gv‡S cÖPÛ Zvc I Pv‡c KwVYvKvi aviYK…Z cÖvwY I Dw™¢‡`i †`nve‡kl‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) Rxevk¥ (L) LwbR (M) ùwUK (N) avZz 4. Av‡Mœq I cvjwjK wkjv iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †Kvb wkjv m„wó nq? (K) Avw` wkjv (L) Íixf~Z wkjv (M) iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv (N) A Íixf~Z wkjv 5. †Kvb ai‡bi f~-Mf© ’ c`v_© RgvU †eu‡a Av‡Mœqwkjv m„wó nq? (K) cvwb (L) evjy (M) g¨vMgv (N) f®§



f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n (Diastrophism on the Earth Crust)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; f~- Av‡jvob cÖwµqv KZ cÖKvi Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvi djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b, axi cwieZ©b, weP~Y©xfeb, bMœxfeb, ÿqxfeb,

Ae‡ÿcb|

f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv ev f~-cÖwµqv ej‡Z bvbv cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv f~-c„‡ôi f~wgiƒ‡c AbeiZ bvbv iK‡gi cwieZ©b msNwUZ nIqv‡K eySvq| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e f~wgiƒ‡ci GB cwieZ©b cÖwµqv‡K f~-

Av‡›`vjb I f~-Av‡jvob bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ Zvc kw³, gva¨vKl©Y kw³ I †mŠi kw³i mvnv‡h¨ f~-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZwbqZ f~-Av‡›`vjb msNwUZ n‡q P‡j‡Q| d‡j f~-c„‡ô me©ÎB ax‡i, `xN© mgqe¨vcx A_ev AvKw¯§Kfv‡e f~wgiƒ‡ci cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq| wb‡¤œ f~-Z¡‡Ki cwieZ©b mvabKvix f~-cÖwµqvmg~‡ni GKwU QK †`qv n‡jv|

wPÎ 3.3.1t f‚-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv mg~n

AvKw®§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n (Sudden Changes) : f~-Mf© ’ MwjZ g¨vMgvmg~n f‚-M‡f© Zvc I Pv‡ci ZviZg¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ f~wgiƒc MVbKvix kw³i cÖfv‡e cÖPÛ Av‡jvwoZ nq| GBiƒc AvKw¯§K Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ, f~-K¤úb, f~-Af¨šÍ‡i ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U| d‡j AZ¨šÍ AvKw¯§Kfv‡e, ¯í mg‡qi Rb¨, A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^í we¯Í…Z ¯’vb Ry‡o †h e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq, Zv‡K AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqv ejv nq| AMœy¨rcvZ, f~wgK¤ú, mybvwg BZ¨vw` AvKw¯§K cwieZ©bKvix cÖwµqv| axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n (Slow Changes) : m~h©Zvc, evqycÖevn, e„wócvZ, b`x, wngevn BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK kw³mg~‡ni cÖfv‡e f~-c„‡ô e¨vcK GjvKv Ry‡o `xN© mgq Ry‡o f~wgiƒ‡ci †h cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq, Zv‡K axi cwieZ©b ejv nq| †hgb: ce©Z, mgf~wg, e-Øxc BZ¨vw` `x©N mgq e¨vcx wekvj AÂj Ry‡o m„wó nq| axi cwieZ©b g~jZ: yBfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb: (K) bMœxfeb I (L) Ae‡ÿcb| K) bMœxfeb : bMœxfeb Avevi yBwU av‡c KvR K‡i| †hgb: 1) weP~Y©xfeb : †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb A_©vr H ¯’v‡bi evqyi Zvc, Pvc, Av ª©Zv, m~hv©‡jvK, e„wócvZ cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK kw³i Øviv f~-Z¡‡Ki wkjvivwk P~Y©-weP~Y© nIqv‡K weP~Y©xfeb ejv nq| weP~Y©xfeb‡K

cvV-3.3

f~-cÖwµqv (f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv)

axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv AvKw®§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqv

f~wgK¤ú bMœxfeb

AMœyrcvZ Ae‡ÿcb

weP~Y©xfeb ÿqxfeb Acmvib



ÔAvenweKviÕ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| hvwš¿K, ivmvqwbK I ˆRweK Dcv‡q weP~Y©xfeb msNwUZ nq (wPÎ 3.3.2)| 2) ÿqxfeb : weP~Y©xfe‡bi d‡j P~Y©-weP~Yx©Z wkjvivwk e„wócvZ, b`x, wngevn, evqycÖevn I mgy ª‡¯ªvZ Øviv H ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨Î AcmvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K ÿqxfeb ejv nq| A_©vr ÿqxfeb g~jZ weP~Y©xfeb I AcmviY cÖwµqvi wgwjZ iƒc|

wPÎ 3.3.2: hvwš¿K, ivmvqwbK I ˆRweK Dcv‡q weP~Y©xfeb

Ae‡ÿcb : b`x, n«` I mgy ª Zj‡`‡k ÿqcÖvß wkjvLÛmg~n wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK kw³i mvnv‡h¨ evwnZ n‡q Ae‡ÿwcZ nq| GBfv‡e hy‡Mi ci hyM Ae‡ÿwcZ wkjvLÛmg~n RgvU †eu‡a wewfbœ cÖKvi f~wgiƒc ˆZwi nq| †hgb: e-Øxc, ‡jv‡qm mgf~wg BZ¨vw`|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqvi QKwU AsKb Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

cÖvK…wZKfv‡e f~wgiƒ‡ci bvbv cwieZ©b cÖwµqv‡K f~-Av‡›`vjb ev f~-Av‡jvob bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ Zvc kw³, gva¨vKl©Y kw³ I †mŠi kw³i mvnv‡h¨ f~-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZwbqZ f~-Av‡›`vjb msNwUZ n‡q P‡j‡Q|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1| bvbv cÖKvi cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv f~-c„‡ôi f~wgiƒ‡c AbeiZ cwieZ©b‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) f~-cÖwµqv (L) iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv (M) bMœxfeb (N) f~wgK¤ú 2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqv? (K) f~wgK¤ú (L) R‡jv”Q¡vm (M) N~wY©So (N) weP~Yx©feb 3| weP~Yx©fe‡bi Aci bvg Kx? (K) AvenweKvi (L) bMœxfeb (M) Ae‡ÿcb (N) enb 4| weP~Yx©feb I AcmviY cÖwµqvi wgwjZ iƒc †KvbwU? K) f~-Av‡›`vjb (L) mybvwg (M) axi cwieZ©b (N) ÿqxfeb 5| e-Øxc Kx cÖwµqvq m„ó f~wgiƒc? (K) ÿqxfeb cÖwµqvq (L) Ae‡ÿcb cÖwµqvq (M) bMœxfeb (N) iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvq



f~-c„‡ôi AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n (Sudden Changes on the Earth)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- f~wgK¤ú I Av‡MœqwMwi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; f~wgK¤ú I Av‡MœqwMwii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; f~wgK¤ú I AMœy¨rcv‡Zi KviY I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges f~wgK¤ú I Av‡MœqwMwii Ae ’vb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã

f~wgK¤ú,mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi, wbw¯Œq Av‡MœqwMwi, myß Av‡MœqwMwi, g„Z Av‡MœqwMwi, AMœy¨rcvZ , jvfv, g¨vMgv, Av‡Mœq MÖxev, R¡vjvgyL, Av‡Mœq n« |

f‚wgK¤ú f~-Av‡jvo‡bi mg‡q A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y f~-c„‡ôi GKwU Ask hLb nVvr wKQzÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Ku‡c D‡V, ZLb f~-Z¡‡Ki GB K¤úb‡K f~wgK¤ú ejv nq| f~-Mf© ’ †h ¯’v‡b GB K¤ú‡bi

m„wó nq, Zv‡K f~wgK‡¤úi Drm ’j ev K¤ú‡K› ª ejv nq| K¤ú‡K› ª eivei j¤fv‡e f~-c„‡ôi †h we› ywU i‡q‡Q,Zv‡K Dc‡K› ª ejv nq| mvaviYZ f~-Z¡‡Ki 32 wK.wg. Gi g‡a¨ f~wgK‡¤úi Drm ’vb _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î MfxiZv AviI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| K¤ú‡K› ª †_‡K f~wgK¤ú Pvwiw`‡K †XD-Gi gZ Qwo‡q c‡o (wPÎ 3.4.1)| f~wgK¤ú K‡qK †m‡KÛ ¯’vqx n‡q _v‡K| f~wgK¤ú gvcb h‡š¿i bvg wmm‡gvwgUvi| f~wgK¤ú‡bi †iLv †h KvM‡R AswKZ nq, Zv‡K wmm‡gvMÖvd e‡j (wPÎ 3.4.2)|

wPÎ 3.4.1 t f~wgK‡¤úi K¤ú‡K› ª, Dc‡K› ª I Zi½vKvi K¤úb †XDmg~n wPÎ 3.4.2 t wmm‡gvwgUvi f~wgK‡¤úi KviYmg~n 1. f~-Z¡K KZK¸‡jv †cøU Øviv MwVZ| GB †cøUmg~n wewfbœ w`‡K †hgb: G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ w`‡K, G‡K Ac‡ii Awfgy‡L Ges ci¯úi mgvšÍivjfv‡e mÂvwjZ nq| GBiƒc mÂvj‡bi d‡j m„ó Pvc †_‡K AvKw¯§Kfv‡e cÖPÛ K¤úb m„wó nq| f~-c„‡ô GB K¤úb f~wgK‡¤úi m„wó K‡i (wPÎ 3.4.3) 2. f~-Mf© ’ Zv‡ci d‡j wecyj cwigvY ev®ú m„wó n‡j, H ev®ú f~-Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi As‡k cÖej †e‡M av°v †`q| d‡j f~-c„‡ô f~wgK‡¤úi m„wó nq| 3. f~-Z¡‡Ki wewfbœ As‡k Zvc wewKi‡Yi d‡j msKzwPZ n‡j msjMœ GjvKvi f~-Z¡‡Ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ ivL‡Z f~-Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ wkjvivwki g‡a¨ Uvb m„wói nq| d‡j f~wgK¤ú msNwUZ nq| 4. A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Av‡MœwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi mg‡q H GjvKv †Ku‡c D‡V f~wgK¤ú nq| Ab¨vb¨ AviI KwZcq KviY †hgb: f~-Mf© ’ Pv‡ci n«vm-e„w×, wkjvPz¨wZ, f~wgaŸm, wngev‡ni PjvPj BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y f~wgK¤ú msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i|

cvV-3.4

fvix c`v_©

†cb MÖvd †ccvi

f~vgK‡¤úi d‡j m„ó f~-K¤úb



wPÎ 3.4.3 t f~-Z¡K KZK¸‡jv †cøUmg~‡ni wZbgyLx PjvPj

wPÎ 3.4.4 : †bcvj f~wgK¤ú, 2015

wPÎ 3.4.5 : mybvgx Ges I‡qf †Uªb

f~wgK‡¤úi djvdj f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j AZ¨šÍ Aí mg‡q f~-Z¡‡K e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q _v‡K| †ewk gvÎvi f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j Ni-evwo, iv¯Ív-NvU, weªR-KvjfvU©, cvwb, we y¨r I M¨vm jvBb ÿwZMÖ ’ nq| 1556 mv‡j Px‡bi †mbmvB GjvKvq e¨vcK f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j 8,30,000

gvbyl g„ZzëiY K‡ib| 1787 mv‡j fvi‡Zi Avmv‡g Zxeª

f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j cyivZb eª²cyÎ b`xi Zj‡`k DuPz n‡q b`xwU bZzb Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| 2004 mv‡j 26 wW‡m¤i fviZ gnvmvM‡i mygvÎv Øx‡ci cwðgvs‡k 9.1 wiLUvi †¯‹‡j GK fqven f~wgK¤ú msNwUZ nq| GB f~wgK¤ú I cieZ©x mybvwg Gi AvNv‡Z 1,31,000 gvbyl g„Zy eiY K‡i| m¤úªwZ 2015 mv‡ji 24 GwcÖj evsjv‡`k mg‡q ycyi 12.11 wgwb‡U †bcv‡j 7.8 wiLUvi † ‹‡ji GK f‚wgK¤ú msNwUZ nq,hvi d‡j cÖvq 4000 gvbyl g„ZzëiY K‡ib (wPÎ 3.4.4)| Rvcv‡b cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 7 nvRvi †QvU-eo f~wgK¤ú msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|

f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j f~-Z¡‡K †h cwieZ©bmg~n msNwUZ nq †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-

1. wkjvPz¨wZ I dvUj m„wó, 2. wkjv¯Í‡i bvbv cÖKvi fuvR m„wó, 3. f~-fv‡Mi DÌvb A_ev cZb n‡q b`x-LvZ cwieZ©b, cvnvo-ce©Z I Øx‡ci m„wó, 4. D”Pf~wg aŸ‡m-wb¤œ Rjvk‡qi m„wó, 5. ce©‡Zi DcwifvM †_‡K wngvbx m¤úªcvZ I wkjvcvZ Ges 6. mgy ª Zj‡`‡k f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j e¨vcK AvKv‡i mvgyw ªK †XD m„wó ev mgy ª DcK~‡j R‡jv”Q¡vm m„wó|

Giƒc R‡jv”Q¡vm mybvwg bv‡g AwfwnZ| mybvwg (Tsunami) mybvwg GwU Rvcvbx kã, hvi AvÿwiK A_© Ô‡cvZvkÖ‡qi †XDÕ (Harbour Wave)| mgy ª ev e„n`vKvi n«‡ì Zj‡`‡k f~wgK¤ú, AMœy¨rcvZ BZ¨vw` cÖvK„wZK KviY I cvigvbweK ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j DuPz I wekvjvKvi †XD DcK~‡j AvNvZ nv‡b| GB †XD¸‡jv mybvwg bv‡g cwiwPZ| µgvMZ G‡Ki ci GK †XD Avm‡Z _vKvq mybvwg-‡K I‡qf †Uªb (Wave Train) ev †XD-Gi †ijMvwo bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| 2004 mv‡ji 26 †k wW‡m¤i fviZ gnvmvM‡i Rvfv Øx‡ci wbKUeZx© AÂ‡j m„ó mgy ª

†XD‡qi

eo eo Dš§y³

f‚-K¤úb

f‚-fvM

AMfxi DcK‚j



wPÎ 3.4.7 : Av‡Mœq n«

wPÎ 3.4.6 : Av‡MœwMwii wewfbœ Ask

Zj‡`kxq f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j e¨vcK mybvwg AvNvZ nv‡b, hvi d‡j †gvU 14wU †`‡k e¨vcK cÖvYnvwb I Av_©-mvgvwRK ÿqÿwZ msNwUZ nq| f~wgK¤úcÖeY AÂjmg~n 1. cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii DcK~jxq Av‡MœqwMwi wewkó AÂjmg~n, 2. gnv‡`kxq Xvjmg~n, 3. bexb I MVbiZ ce©Zgvjv AÂj, 4. yB gnv‡`k I gnvmvM‡ii wgjb¯’j Ges 5. c~e© I cwðg fviZxq ØxccyÄ AÂj| Av‡MœqwMwii msÁv (Definition of Volcano) : f~-Mf© ’ Zvc I Pv‡ci cwieZ©‡bi d‡j f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ DËß, I MwjZ wewfbœ c`v_©, †hgb: Dò ev®ú, MwjZ wkjv, Kuv`v, avZz, f®§ BZ¨vw` cÖej‡e‡M f~-Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi As‡k Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GgZve ’vq, f~-Z¡‡Ki ye©j ¯’vb ev dvUjmg~‡ni wfZi w`‡q D³ c`v_© ‡jv Drwÿß n‡q eû yi ch©šÍ Qwo‡q c‡o| f~-c„‡ôi H wQ ª c_ ev dvU‡ji Pvicv‡k

D³ c`v_© ‡jv RgvU †eu‡a µgk DuPz ce©‡Zi b¨vq f‚wgiƒc MVb K‡i| GBiƒc ce©Z‡K Av‡MœqwMwi ejv nq| Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K †h c`v_© ‡jv evB‡i Drwÿß n‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m,Zv‡K jvfv (Lava)

e‡j| evB‡i Drwÿß n‡q †ewi‡q Avmvi c~e© ch©šÍ GB c`v_©¸‡jv g¨vMgv (Magma) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Av‡MœqwMwii Af¨šÍ‡i wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o g¨vMgv A_©vr DËß I MwjZ wkjv, Kuv`v, f®§ I ev®ú RgvK…Z n‡q _v‡K, hv‡K g¨vMgv †P¤vi ejv nq| jvfv †ei nevi gyLwU‡K R¡vjvgyL (Crater) ejv nq| †h c‡_ jvfv †ei nq †mwU‡K Av‡Mœq MÖxev (Vent) ejv nq (wPÎ 3.4.6)|

Av‡MœqwMwii †kÖwYwefvM

c„w_exi Av‡MœqwMwimg~n‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb: K. mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi (Active Volcano), L. myß Av‡MœqwMwi (Dormant Volcano) Ges M. g„Z Av‡MœqwMwi (Extinct Volcano)| K. mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi n‡jv †mB me Av‡MœqwMwi ‡hLvb †_‡K GLbI AMœy¨rcvZ nq| mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi yB ai‡bi| †hgb- †h mKj Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K AweiZ jvfv wbM©Z nq †m¸‡jv Aweivg Av‡MœqwMwi| †hgb: f~-ga¨mvM‡ii wjcvix Øx‡ci óª¤jx Av‡MœqwMwi| Ab¨w`‡K †h mKj Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ _vKvi ci gv‡S gv‡S AMœy¨rcvZ nq, Zv‡K mweivg Av‡MœqwMwi e‡j| †hgb: BZvwji wfmywfqvm Av‡MœqwMwi| L. myß Av‡MœqwMwi mg~n †_‡K eû eQi AMœy¨rcvZ bv n‡jI †h †Kv‡bv mg‡q AMœy¨rcvZ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †hgb : Rvcv‡bi dzwRqvgv| M. g„Z Av‡MœqwMwimg~n †_‡K cybivq AMœy¨rcvZ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| ‡hgb: †cv‡cv Av‡MœqwMwi| g„Z Av‡MœqwMwii R¡vjvgy‡L e„wói cvwb R‡g n« m„wó n‡j, Zv‡K Av‡Mœq n«` (Vent) e‡j (wPÎ 3.4.7)|

AMœy¨rcv‡Zi KviY : †h mg Í Kvi‡Y Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K AMœy¨rcvZ N‡U, †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc- 1. f~-Z¡K dvU‡ji Ae ’vb; 2. f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ Zvc I Pvc e„w×; 3. f~-M‡f© Zij wkjvi (g¨vMgv) Ae ’vb; 4. f~-Av‡›`vjb I 5. f~-Af¨šÍ‡i cvwbi cÖ‡ek| AMœy¨rcv‡Zi djvdj

Av‡Mœq n«

g¨vMgv †P¤vi

jvfv R¡vjvgyL

Av‡MœqMÖxev



wPÎ 3.4.8 t Av‡MœqwMwii Ae¯’vb gvbwPÎ

Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy rcv‡Zi mydj I Kzdjmg~n wb¤œiƒc- mydjmg~n 1. jvfv Rwgi De©iZv e„w× K‡i| †hgb: fvi‡Zi `wÿYvÂ‡j K…ò g„wËKvgq gvjf~wg| 2. jvfv mwÂZ n‡q wbPuy ¯’vb fivU n‡q mgZj ¯’v‡b cwiYZ nq| †hgb : DËi Av‡gwiKvi †¯œK b`xi jvfv

mgf~wg| 3. mgy ªM‡f© jvfv R‡g bZzb Øxc m„wó nq| †hgb: cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i nvIqvB ØxccyÄ| 4. jvfvi mv‡_ A‡bK LwbR c`v_© f~-c„‡ô Drwÿß nq| 5. g„Z Av‡MœqwMwii R¡vjvgy‡L n« m„wó nq| †hgb: Avjv®‹vi gvD›U AvWvKvgv| Kydjmg~n 1. AMœy¨rcvZ A‡bK mgq f~wgK¤ú NUvq| 2. jvfv Øviv MÖvg, kni I Rbc` aŸsm nq| †hgb: wfmywfqvm Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy rcv‡Zi d‡j c‡¤úB bMi

jvfvi wb‡P Pvcv c‡o|

3. AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j eo MnŸi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- 1883 mv‡j AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j mygvÎv I Rvfv Øx‡ci ga¨eZx© As‡k GK weivU MnŸ‡ii m„wó nq|

Av‡MœqwMwimg~‡ni Ae¯’vb : c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq 500wUi †ewk mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi i‡q‡Q, hvi AwaKvsk DËi †Mvjv‡a© Aew ’Z| cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Zj‡`‡k I Av‡kcv‡k AmsL¨ Av‡MœqwMwi gvjvi gZ wN‡i i‡q‡Q| GB gvjv ev ejq‡K ÔAv‡Mœq †gLjvÕ (Ring of Fire) ejv nq (wPÎ : 3.4.8)| f~wgK¤úcÖeY AÂjmg~n, fuvR I Pz¨wZRwbZ f~wgiƒc AÂjmg~‡n Av‡MœqwMwii msL¨v †ewk| Z‡e wngvjq ce©Z AÂ‡j †Kv‡bv mwµq Av‡MœqwMwii mÜvb cvIqv hvqwb|

mvims‡¶c

wkÿv_©xi KvR †bcv‡j 2015 mv‡j msNwUZ f~wgK‡¤úi ¯’vbwU gvbwP‡Î wPwýZ Kiæb|



f~-Mf© ’ MwjZ I ev®úxq c`v_©mg~n f~-c„‡ô †ewi‡q Avmv‡K AMœy¨rcvZ e‡j| AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j wbtmwiZ jvfv RgvU †eu‡a Av‡MœqwMwii m„wó nq| Av‡MœqwMwi cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| †hgb: mwµq, myß I g„Z| Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy rcv‡Zi mydj-Kzdj DfqB i‡q‡Q| c„w_ex‡Z 500 Gi AwaK mwµq Av‡MœqwMwi i‡q‡Q| cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii DcK~j wN‡i AmsL¨ Av‡MœqwMwi i‡q‡Q hv gvjvi gZ wN‡i i‡q‡Q| G‡K ÔAv‡Mœq †gLjvÕ e‡j| Av‡MœqwMwii mv‡_ f~wgK‡¤úi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1| f~wgK‡¤úi Drm ¯’j‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) K¤ú‡K› ª (L) Dc‡K› ª (M) f-~K¤úb Zi½ (N) duvUj 2| f~wgK¤ú cwigvc Kivi h‡š¿i bvg Kx? (K) †m·U¨v›U (L) wmm‡gvwgUvi (M) _v‡g©vwgUvi (N) µ‡YvwgUvi 3| f~-Z¡‡Ki †cøUmg~n †gvU KqwU w`‡K PjvPj K‡i? (K) 4 w`‡K (L) 3 w`‡K (M) 2 w`‡K (N) 1 w`‡K 4| f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j m„ó eo eo †XDmg~n Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? (K) eb¨v (L) †Rvqvi (M) mybvwg (N) R‡jv”Qvm 5| Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K Drwÿß MwjZ c`v_©mg~n‡K Kx bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq? (K) jvfv (L) g¨vMgv (M) f®§ (N) cwj

f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n cvV-3.5



wPÎ bs 3.5.2 : e„wói Øviv g„wËKvcvZ ev f~wgaŸm

(Slow Changes on Earth)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©‡b evqyi KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; e„wócv‡Zi KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; wngev‡ni KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges b`xi KvR I b`xi wewfbœ Ask m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿqxfeb, kvLvb`x, Dcb`x, ‘V’-AvK…wZi DcZ¨Kv, wMwiLvZ, eØxc|

f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n

Avgiv cvV 3.4 G f~-c„‡ôi AvKw®§K cwieZ©b cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ| GB cv‡V Avgiv f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©b cÖwµqvmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev| evqycÖevn, ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, wngevn I b`xi cÖevn BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK kw³i Øviv f~-c„‡ôi DcwifvM wePzYx©feb, ÿqxfeb I Ae‡ÿcb cÖwµqvq cwiewZ©Z nq| ‡hme cÖvK…wZK kw³i cÖfv‡e ÿqxfe‡bi ga¨ w`‡q axi cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ evhy, e„wócvZ, b`x I wngevn cÖf…wZ cÖavb| G‡`i ÿqKvh© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv:

evqyi KvR : giæ GjvKvi ï®‹, cÖvq e„wónxb I MvQcvjv wenxb nIqvq g„wËKv my „p bq| GQvov w`‡bi †ejvq m~‡h©i Zv‡c Ges iv‡Zi kxZjZvq wkjv µgvMZ msKywPZ I cÖmvwiZ nIqvi d‡j wkjvi mse×Zv wkw_j n‡q hvq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq evqycÖev‡ni AvNv‡Z G AÂ‡ji wkjvmg~n mn‡RB AcmvwiZ I evwnZ n‡q hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq ax‡i ax‡i ÿqmvab K‡i| GQvov evqy¯’ Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW I Rjxqev®ú ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq wkjvi we‡”Q` I ÿqmvab K‡i (wPÎ 3.5.1)|

wPÎ 3.5.1 : evqy cÖev‡ni w`K Abymv‡i f~wgiƒ‡ci wewfbœZv

e„wói KvR : e„wói cvwbi cÖev‡ni Kvi‡Y f~-c„ô e¨vcKfv‡e ÿq nq| cÖevwnZ e„wói cvwb wkjv‡K AvswkKfv‡e ÿq I AvjMv K‡i Ges µgk ÿqcÖvß wkjv‡K AcmvwiZ K‡i| e„wóeûj AÂ‡j g„wËKv e„wói cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ ÿqcÖvß I AcmvwiZ nq| ce©‡Zi dvUj w`‡q cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i ce©‡Zi Af¨šÍi¯’ big wkjv¯Íi‡K Aa©MwjZ K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j, Dc‡ii Íimn wb‡Pi Aa©MwjZ K ©gv³ ¯Íi wb‡Pi

w`‡K a‡m c‡o| G‡K g„wËKv cvZ ev f‚wgaŸm e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.2)| wngev‡ni KvR : wngevn Gi Pjvi c‡_ evwnZ wkjvL‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ f~-c„‡ôi e¨vcK ÿqmvab K‡i| ce©ZMv‡Î Aew ’Z dvUj I wQ ªc‡_ cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i ivwÎ †ejvq kxZj n‡q ei‡d cwiYZ nq| d‡j ce©ZMv‡Îi wkjvmg~n weP~Y©xZ n‡q cÖ ‘i¸‡jv‡K AvjMv K‡i †`q| d‡j wngev‡ni Pv‡c GwU ce©ZMvÎ †_‡K Lye mn‡RB

c~‡e©i Ae ’vb

aŸ‡m covi c‡ii Ae¯’vb g„wËKv cvZ



wPÎ 3.5.3 : wngevn Øviv m„ó f‚wgiƒc

c„_K n‡q Ab¨Î evwnZ n‡q hvq| wngev‡ni ÿqKv‡h©i d‡j `xN©w`b a‡i f~-c„‡ôi cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq (wPÎ 3.5.3)|

b`xi KvR : f~-c„‡ôi axi cwieZ©bKvix cÖvK…wZK kw³mg~‡ni g‡a¨ b`xcÖevn Ab¨Zg| b`x Zvi cÖv_wgK MwZ‡Z AZ¨šÍ ÿi‡¯ªvZv _v‡K| ce©‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nevi mg‡q b`x Zvi cÖej †¯ªv‡Zi AvNv‡Z KwVb ce©ZMv‡Î wf-AvK…wZi DcZ¨Kv m„wói cvkvcvwk evwnZ bywo, K ©g cÖf…wZi Nl©‡Y b`xM‡f© I cvk¦©‡`‡k ÿq mvab K‡i| ga¨MwZ‡Z mgf~wg‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j b`xi ÿqKvh© A‡cÿv mÂq Kvh© AwaK n‡q _v‡K| ÿqK…Z big wkjv Ae‡ÿcY I mÂq‡bi gva¨‡g bvbv ai‡bi f~wgiƒc MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e b`xcÖev‡ni mvnv‡h¨ ÿq I mÂ‡qi ga¨ w`‡q axi cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq (wPÎ 3.5.4)|

b`xi msÁv : ce©Z, gvjf~wg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D”P ’vb †_‡K e„wó, cÖ ªeY, wngevn ev eid Mjv cvwbi ÿz ª ÿz ª †mªvZavivi wgwjZ cÖevn hLb gva¨vKl©Y kw³i cÖfv‡e wbw ©ó Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡q mgf~wg ev wb¤œf~wgi Dci w`‡q †Kv‡bv wekvj Rjvkq ev n« A_ev mgy‡ ªi m‡½ wgwjZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K b`x e‡j| †hLvb †_‡K b`xi DrcwË nq Zv‡K b`xi Drm e‡j| b x hLb †Kvb n« ev mvM‡i G‡m cwZZ nq, ZLb †mB cwZZ ’vb‡K †gvnbv e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.5)|

wPÎ 3.5.4 : b xi wewfbœ As‡k ÿq I mÂq Kv‡h©i d‡j m„ó f~wgiƒc wPÎ 3.5.5 : b`xi wZbwU ch©v‡q b`x DcZ¨Kvi AvKvi I MfxiZv

b`xi wewfbœ Ask I MwZc_ †`vqve (Doab): cvkvcvwk Aew ’Z yBwU b`xi ga¨eZx© A‡cÿvK…Z DuPz cjj mgf~wg AÂj‡K †`vqve e‡j| ‡hgb: M½v I hgybvi ga¨eZ©x †`vqve AÂj| b`xm½g (River Confluence) : yB ev Z‡ZvwaK b`xi wgjb¯’j‡K b`xm½g e‡j| ‡hgb: cÙv I hgybvi wgjb ’j †Mvqvj›` D³ yB b`xi b`xm½g AÂj| Dcb`x (Tributary) : ce©Z ev n« †_‡K †QvU b`x Drcbœ n‡q †Kv‡bv eo b`x‡Z cwZZ n‡j Zv‡K †mB eo b`xi Dcb`x e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki wZ Ív I Ki‡Zvqv n‡jv hgybv b`xi Dcb`x| kvLvb`x (Distributary) : g~j b`x †_‡K †h mKj b`x †ei nq Zv‡K kvLvb`x e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki Kzgvi I MovB n‡jv cÙv b`xi kvLvb`x| b`x DcZ¨Kv (River Channel) : Drm †_‡K †gvnbv ch©šÍ †h Lv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q b`x cÖevwnZ nq †m LvZ‡K D³ b`x DcZ¨Kv e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.4)| b`xMf© (River Bed) : b`x DcZ¨Kvi Zj‡`k‡K b`xMf© e‡j|



wPÎ 3.5.7 : ‘V’ AvK…wZi DcZ¨Kv

wPÎ 3.5.8 : wMwiLvZ

b`x AeevwnKv (River Basin) : DrcwË ¯’vb ‡_‡K kvLv-cÖkvLvi gva¨‡g †h we¯ÍxY© AÂj w`‡q cvwb cÖevwnZ n‡q mgy ª ev nª‡` cwZZ nq †mB mgMÖ AÂj‡K b`x AeevwnKv e‡j|

b`xi MwZ c_ (Courses of a River) Drm †_‡K †gvnbv ch©šÍ b`xi MwZc‡_i AvqZb, MfxiZv, Xvj, †¯ªv‡Zi †eM cÖf…wZi wfwË‡Z b`xi MwZc_‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq (wPÎ 3.5.6)| h_v- (K) DaŸ©MwZ (Upper Course) (L) ga¨MwZ (Middle Course) (M) wb¤œMwZ (Lower Course) (K) DaŸ©MwZ : cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq b`x DuPz ¯’v‡b Drcbœ n‡q µgkt wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| DrcwË ’j †_‡K Avi¤f K‡i ce©‡Zi cv`‡`‡k A_©vr mgf~wg‡Z †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ Ask‡K b`xi DaŸ©MwZ e‡j| DaŸ©MwZ‡Z ÿqmvab b`xi cÖavb KvR n‡jI A‡bK mgq b`xi Xvj K‡g †M‡j A_ev AvKw®§Kfv‡e AwaK cwigv‡Y cv_‡ii UzKiv ‡f‡m G‡j b`x ZLb Zv enb Ki‡Z bv †c‡i ce©‡Zi cv`‡`‡k mÂq K‡i (wPÎ 3.5.6)| (L) ga¨MwZ : cve©Z¨ AÂj AwZµg K‡i b`x mgf~wgi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡j,Zv‡K b`xi ga¨MwZ e‡j| ga¨MwZ‡Z b`x A‡bK †ewk we Í…Z n‡jI MfxiZv DaŸ©MwZi Zzjbvq A‡bK K‡g hvq| ga¨MwZ‡Z b`x cÖavbZ mÂq K‡i _v‡K| ga¨MwZ‡Z b xi yBw`‡Ki wb¤œf~wg cwj Øviv fivU n‡q cÖvq mgZjf~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| G‡K cøveb mgf~wg e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk ’vbB we ÍxY© cøveb mgf~wg|

(M) wb¤œMwZ : b`x cÖev‡ni †kl ch©vq n‡jv wb¤œMwZ| G Ae¯’vq †¯ªvZ G‡Kev‡i K‡g wM‡q b`x M‡f©i ÿqKvh© cÖvq eÜ I cvk¦©ÿq Aí cwigv‡Y n‡q _v‡K| G ch©v‡q b`x DcZ¨Kv Lye PIov I AMfxi nq| † ªv‡Zi †eM K‡g hvIqvq cvwbevwnZ evjyKYv, Kuv`v b`xM‡f© I mgy ª †gvnbvq mwÂZ nq|

b`x Øviv m„„ó f~wgiƒc b`x yBwU Dcv‡q f~wgiƒ‡ci m„wó K‡i| ‡hgb-K) ÿqKvh© I L) mÂqKvh©| wb‡¤œ b`xi ÿqRvZ I mÂqRvZ f~wgiƒc eY©bv ‡`qv n‡jv|

b`xi ÿqRvZ f~wgiƒc (Landforms from River Erosion) ‘V’ AvK…wZ DcZ¨Kv (V-Shaped Valley) : DaŸ©MwZ‡Z b`x cÖej †¯ªv‡Zi AvNv‡Z eo eo wkjvLÛ enb K‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| G †ÿ‡Î b`xLv‡Z cvk¦© A‡cÿv wb¤œw`‡K ÿq †ewk nq| Gfv‡e µgk ÿ‡qi d‡j b`x DcZ¨Kv A‡bKUv Bs‡iwR ‘V’ AvK…wZ nIqvq G‡K ‘V’ AvK…wZi DcZ¨Kv e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.7)| wMwiLvZ I K¨vwbqb (Gorge and Canyon) DaŸ©MwZ‡Z b`xi cÖej †¯ªvZ Lvov ce©ZMvÎ †e‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| G‡Z f~-c„ô ÿq n‡q wkjvLÛ †f‡½ c‡o| wkjv¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Ges b`xLv‡Zi m‡½ msN‡l© gm„Y n‡q A‡bK ~i evwnZ nq| Gme cv_‡ii msN‡l© b`xi LvZ AviI Mfxi I msKxY© n‡Z _v‡K| Giƒc LvZ‡K wMwimsKU ev wMwiLvZ e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.8)| wmÜz b‡`i wMwiLvZwU c„w_exi GKwU Ab¨Zg Mfxi wMwiLvZ (518 wgUvi)| b`x hLb ï®‹ AÂj w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq Ges †mLv‡b hw` †Kvgj wkjvi Íi _v‡K Zvn‡j wMwiLvZ¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ msKxY© I Mfxi nq| Giƒc

wPÎ 3.5.6 : b xi wZbwU MwZc_



wPÎ 3.5.9 : RjcÖcvZ

wPÎ 3.5.10 : cjj †KvY I cjj cvLv

wPÎ 3.5.11 t cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg

wPÎ 3.5.12 t cøveb mgf‚wg

wMwiLvZ‡K K¨vwbqb e‡j| DËi Av‡gwiKvi K‡jv‡iv‡Wv b`xi wMwiLvZ MÖ vÛ K¨vwbqb (Grand Canyon) c„w_ex weL¨vZ| GwU 137-157 wgUvi we¯Í…Z, cÖvq 2.4 wK‡jvwgUvi Mfxi I 482 wK‡jvwgUvi `xN©| RjcÖcvZ (Waterfall) : b`xi DaŸ©MwZ‡Z cvwb ch©vqµ‡g KwVb wkjv I big wkjvi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡j †Kvgj wkjv ÍiwU †ewk cwigv‡Y ÿq nq| Gi d‡j big wkjv¯Í‡ii Zzjbvq KwVb wkjv¯Íi A‡bK Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges cvwb Lvovfv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡Z _v‡K| RjcÖcv‡Zi cvwb wb‡P †h ’v‡b cwZZ nq, †mLv‡b ÿq n‡q M‡Z©i m„wó nq| G‡K eZz©jvKvi MZ© (Pot-hole) ejv

nq| cvwbi Giƒc cZb‡K RjcÖcvZ e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.9)| DËi Av‡gwiKvi †m›U j‡iÝ b`xi weL¨vZ bvqvMÖv RjcÖcvZ Giƒ‡c MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

b`xi mÂqRvZ f~wgiƒc (Landforms from River Deposition) cjj †KvY I cjj cvLv (Alluvial Cone and Alluvial Fan) : cve©Z¨ AÂj †_‡K b`x hLb mgf~wg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb ce©‡Zi cv`‡`‡k wkjvP~Y©, cwj cÖf…wZ mwÂZ n‡q cÖ_‡g wÎ‡KvY I cieZ©x‡Z nvZcvLvi b¨vq f~-L‡Ûi m„wó nq, hv‡K h_vµ‡g cjj †KvY I cjj cvLv e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.10)| †hme AÂ‡j gvwU AwaK cvwb

†kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mme AÂ‡j cvwb †kvl‡Yi d‡j wkjvP~Y© AwaK ~i‡Z¡ †h‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †mme AÂ‡ji mÂq cÖk Í bv n‡q †KvYvK…wZ nq| G‡K cjj †KvY e‡j| cvwb †ewk †kvlY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wkjvP~Y© we¯Í…Z n‡q nvZcvLvi b¨vq f~-L‡Ûi m„wó nq| Giƒc cjjf~wg‡K cjj cvLv e‡j| wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k M½vi wewfbœ Dcb`xi MwZc‡_ Giƒc f~-LÛ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg (Peidmont Alluvial Plain) :

cvnvwoqv b`x ce©Z cv`‡`‡k cwj mÂq Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cvkvcvwk A‡bK¸‡jv cjj cvLv ˆZwi nq| d‡j we¯Í…Z AÂj Ry‡o bZzb wekvj mgf~wg M‡o †Zv‡j| G ai‡bi mgf~wg‡K cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.11)| evsjv‡`‡ki wZ¯Ív, AvÎvB, Ki‡Zvqv msjMœ iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi AwaKvsk ’vbB cjj mgf~wg

bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gme b`x DË‡ii wngvjq †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q G AÂ‡j mÂq K‡i cv`‡`kxq cjjf~wg MVb K‡i‡Q| cøveb mgf~wg (Flood Plain) : el©vKv‡j b`xi Dfq K~j cøvweZ n‡j, Zv‡K cøveb ev eb¨v e‡j| eb¨v †k‡l b`xi yBcv‡ki f~wg‡Z cyiæ Kuv`vi ¯Íi I cwj †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Gfv‡e A‡bKw`b cwj Rg‡Z Rg‡Z †h we¯Í…Z mgf~wg m„wó nq, Zv‡K cøveb mgf~wg e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.12)| mgf~wg ejv n‡jI Gi †Kv_vI †Kv_vI mvgvb¨ DuPz wbuPz †`Lv hvq|



wPÎ 3.5.13 : e-Øxc

evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk GjvKv cÙv, hgybv, †gNbv cÖf…wZ b`xwe‡aŠZ cøveb mgf~wg| cøveb mgf~wgi g‡a¨ A‡bK ai‡bi mÂqRvZ f~wgiƒc †`Lv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ K‡qKwU n‡jv- (K) Ak¦LyivK…wZ n« (L) evjyPi (M) cÖvK…wZK euva I (N) e-Øxc| wb‡¤œ e-Øxc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| e-Øxc (Delta) : b`x †gvnbvq †cuŠQ‡j †¯ªv‡Zi †eM G‡Kev‡iB K‡g hvq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq ‡gvnbv AÂ‡j cwj, evwj, Kuv`v BZ¨vw` Zjvwbiƒc mwÂZ n‡q f~-fv‡Mi m„wó nq| G Ae ’vq b`x wewfbœ kvLvq wef³ n‡q GB Pi f~wg‡K †eób K‡i mvM‡i cwZZ nq| wÎ‡KvYvKvi GB bZzb mgZjf~wg‡K e-Øxc e‡j (wPÎ 3.5.13)| GwU †`L‡Z gvÎvnxb evsjv e Gi g‡Zv Ges wMÖK kã Ô‡WëvÕi g‡Zv| ZvB Gi evsjv bvg e-Øxc Ges Bs‡iwR bvg ‡WjUv n‡q‡Q| ûMwj b`x †_‡K c~e© w`‡K †gNbvi mxgvbv ch©šÍ cwðge½ I evsjv‡`‡k mg¯Í `wÿYvsk M½v I cÙv b`xi weL¨vZ e-Øxc AÂj|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Drm †_‡K †gvnbv ch©šÍ b`xi MwZc‡_i wPÎ AsKb Kiyb|

mvims‡¶c :

ce©Z, gvjf~wg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D”P ¯’vb †_‡K e„wó, cÖ ªeY, wngevn ev eid Mjv cvwbi †mªvZavivi wgwjZ cÖevn wbw ©ó Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡q mgf~wg ev wb¤œf~wgi Dci w`‡q †Kv‡bv wekvj Rjvkq ev n« A_ev mgy‡`ªi m‡½ wgwjZ nq ZLb Zv‡K b`x e‡j| †hLvb †_‡K b`xi DrcwË nq Zv‡K b`xi Drm e‡j| b`x hLb †Kv‡bv n«` ev mvM‡i G‡m cwZZ nq, ZLb †mB cwZZ ¯’vb‡K †gvnbv e‡j| Drm †_‡K †gvnbv ch©šÍ b`xi MwZc_‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-(K) DaŸ©MwZ, (L) ga¨MwZ I (M) wb¤œMwZ| b`x yBwU Dcv‡q f~wgiƒ‡ci m„wó K‡i| ‡hgb-K)ÿqKvh© I L)mÂqKvh©|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1. e„wócv‡Zi d‡j ce©‡Zi wkjvivwk aŸ‡m wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g G‡m Rgv nevi cÖwµqvwU Kx bv‡g AwfwnZ? (K) wngvwb m¤úªcvZ (L) g„wËKv cvZ (M) e„wócvZ (N) ZzlvicvZ

2. b`xi ÿqKvh© †Kvb Ae¯’vq me©vwaK cwigv‡Y n‡q _v‡K? (K) cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq (L) mgf~wg‡Z cÖ‡ekKv‡j (M) ga¨MwZ‡Z (N) †gvnbv gy‡L

3. cvkvcvwk Aew ’Z yBwU b`xi ga¨eZx© A‡cÿvK…Z DuPz cjj mgf~wg AÂj‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) b`xm½g (L) b`x DcZ¨Kv (M) †`vqve (N) b`xMf©

4. AZ¨šÍ msKxY© I Mfxi wMwiLvZ‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) eZ©yjvKvi MZ© (L) RjcÖcvZ (M) K¨vwbqb (N) V-AvK…wZi DcZ¨Kv

5. cvnv‡oi cv`‡`kxq AÂ‡j b`xi mÂqKv‡h©i d‡j m„ó †KvYvK…wZi f~wgiƒc‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg (L) cÖvK…wZK euva (M) e-Øxc (N) cjj †KvY



ce©Z (Mountain)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- ce©‡Zi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ce©‡Zi †kÖwYwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã fw½j ce©Z ,Av‡Mœq ce©Z, Pz¨wZ- Í~c ce©Z, j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z|

ce©Z c„w_exc„‡ô DuuPz-wbPuz êwPÎ¨gq f~wgiƒcmg~n‡K c„w_exi evwn¨K MVb e‡j| wb‡¤œ f~-c„‡ôi cÖavb f~wgiƒcmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|

c„w_exi cÖavb f~wgiƒcmg~n (The Main Landforms of the Earth) f~-c„‡ôi bvbv iK‡gi AvK…wZ I MVbMZ êwkó¨‡KB f~wgiƒc e‡j| f~-c„‡ôi i‡q‡Q DuPz ce©Z, mgZj f~wg, gvjf~wg A_ev Mfxi mgy ª| GQvov wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi D”PZv, eÜziZv Ges Xv‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †fŠ‡MvwjK w`K w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j c„w_exi mgMÖ f~wgiƒc‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- (1) ce©Z (2) gvjf~wg (3) mgf~wg| GB cv‡V ce©Z m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qv n‡jv|

wPÎ 3.6.1 : ce©Z,gvjf~wg,mgf~wg ce©Z (Mountains) mgy ª mgZj †_‡K AšÍZ 1,000 wgUvi-Gi AwaK DuPz, mywe¯Í…Z, Lvov Xvjwewkó wkjv¯Í~c‡K ce©Z e‡j| Aci w`‡K, mgy ªc„ô †_‡K 600 †_‡K 1,000 wgUvi DuPz, ¯^í we Í…Z wkjv¯Í~c‡K cvnvo e‡j| ce©‡Zi f~-cªK…wZ eÜzi, Xvj Lye Lvov Ges mvaviYZ P~ov wewkó nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ce©Z wew”Qbœfv‡e Ae ’vb K‡i| †hgb- c~e© Avwd«Kvi wKwjgvbRv‡iv| Avevi wKQz ce©Z A‡bK¸‡jv c„_K k„½mn e¨vcK GjvKv Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| †hgb- wngvjq ce©Zgvjv|

ce©‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Mountains) DrcwËMZ êwkó¨ I MVb cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z ce©Z cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_v- (K) fw½j ce©Z (Fold Mountains), (L) Av‡Mœq ce©Z (Volcanic Mountains), (M) Pz¨wZ- Í~c ce©Z (Fault-block Mountains) Ges (N) j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z (Dome/Laccolith Mountains)|

cvV-3.6

mgf~wg

gvjf~wg

mgy`ª mgZj

ce©Z gvjv



wPÎ 3.6.3 : Av‡Mœq ce©Z

Pz¨wZ-šÍ~c ce©Z

dvUj

wPÎ 3.6.4 : Pz¨wZ- Í~c ce©Z

(K) fw½j ce©Z : ¯Íixf~Z cvjwjK wkjv cvk¦© fuvR c‡o †h ce©Z MwVZ n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K fw½j ce©Z e‡j| Gwkqvi wngvjq, BD‡iv‡ci Avím, DËi Av‡gwiKvi iwK, `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi Avw›`R ce©Z fw½j ce©‡Zi D`vniY| mgy ª Zj‡`‡ki wekvj AebwgZ ¯’v‡b `xN©Kvj a‡i wecyj cwigvY cwj G‡m Rgv nq| Dc‡ii cwji Pv‡c AebwgZ ’vb AviI wb‡P †b‡g hvq| cieZx© ch©v‡q cvk¦©eZx© my „p f~wgL‡Ûi cÖej cvk¦©Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y DaŸ©fuvR I wb¤œfuv‡Ri m„wó nq| we Í…Z GjvKv Ry‡o G mg¯Í DaŸ© I AatfuvR msewjZ f~wgiƒc wg‡jB fw½j ce©Z MwVZ nq (wPÎ 3.6.2)| wPÎ 3.6.2 : fw½j ce©Z m„wói avc mg~n

wkÿv_©xi KvR c„w_exi cÖavb yBwU fuvR ce©Z m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wjLyb|

(L) Av‡Mœq ce©Z : f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ g¨vMgv f~-c„‡ô dvUj w`‡q †ewi‡q G‡m dvU‡ji Pvwiw`‡K RgvU †eu‡a DuPz †gvPvK…wZi (Conical) ‡h f~wgiƒc ˆZwi K‡i, Zv‡K Av‡MœqwMwi e‡j| Av‡MœqwMwi †_‡K D`wMwiZ c`v_© mwÂZ n‡q I RgvU †eu‡a Av‡Mœq ce©Z m„wó nq (wPÎ 3.6.3)| GwU mÂqRvZ ce©Z bv‡gI cwiwPZ| BZvwji wfmywfqvm, †Kwbqvi wKwjgvbRv‡iv, Rvcv‡bi dzwRqvgv Ges wdwjcvB‡bi wcbvUz‡ev ce©Z Av‡Mœq ce©‡Zi D`vniY|

Pz¨wZ-¯Í~c ce©Z : f~-Av‡jvo‡bi mgq f~-c„‡ôi wkjv Í‡i cÖmviY Ges ms‡KvP‡bi m„wó n‡j f~-Z¡‡K dvU‡ji m„wó nq| Kvjµ‡g dvUj eivei f~-Z¡‡Ki Dc‡ii wkjvmg~n µ‡g ¯’vbPz¨Z nq, hv Pz¨wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| f~-Z¡‡Ki G ’vbPz¨wZi d‡j GKwU wekvj wkjv LÛ Dc‡i ev wb‡Pi w`‡K m‡i hvq| Pz¨wZi d‡j DuPz nIqv Ask‡K ¯Í~c ce©Z e‡j (wPÎ 3.6.4)| fvi‡Zi weÜ¨v I mvZcyiv ce©Z, Rvg©vwbi eø vK d‡i÷, cvwK Ív‡bi jeY ce©Z Pz¨wZ-¯Í~c ce©‡Zi D`vniY|

Av‡Mœq f®§, jvfv, M¨vm BZ¨vw`i D`MxiY

jvfv mwÂZ n‡q Av‡Mœq ce©Z MwVZ n‡”Q|

g¨vMgv MnŸ‡i mwÂZ g¨vMgv



(N) j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z : f~-Af¨šÍi †_‡K MwjZ wkjv ev g¨vMgv wewfbœ Dcv‡q f~-c„‡ô †ei n‡q Avmvi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ‡ÿ‡Î g¨vMgvmg~n euvav †c‡q f~-c„‡ôi evB‡i bv G‡m f~-Z¡‡Ki wb‡P RgvU ‡eu‡a DaŸ©gyLx Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y ùxZ n‡q f~-Z¡‡Ki Askwe‡kl M¤yR AvKvi aviY K‡i| Gfv‡e m„ó k„½wenxb mvgvb¨ Lvov Xvj wewkó I ¯^í AÂj e¨vcx we Í…Z GB ce©Z‡K j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z e‡j (wPÎ 3.6.5)| Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óªi †nbix ce©Z Gi D`vniY| wPÎ 3.6.5 : j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z

wkÿv_©xi KvR wewfbœ gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z fw½j ce©Zmg~n wPwýZ K‡i wek¦ gvbwPÎ AsKb

Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

c„w_exi evwn¨K MVb ej‡Z f~-c„‡ô DuuPz-wbPz êwPÎ¨gq f~wgiƒcmg~n‡K eySvq| †fŠ‡MvwjK „wó†KvY ‡_‡K c„w_exi mgMÖ f~wgiƒc‡K (1) ce©Z (2) gvjf~wg (3) mgf~wg-GB wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| GB cv‡V ce©Z I Gi †kªwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| DrcwËMZ êwkó¨ I MVb cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z ce©Z cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_v-fw½j ce©Z,Av‡Mœq ce©Z, Pz¨wZ-¯Í~c ce©Z I j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| c„w_ex c„‡ô DuPz-wbPzu êwPÎ¨gq f~wgiƒc‡K Kx ejv nq ? (K) c„w_exi Af¨šÍixY MVb (L) c„w_exi evwn¨K MVb (M) c„w_exi evqygÛj (N) c„w_exi evwigÛj 2| †fŠ‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY †_‡K c„w_exi mgMÖ f~wgiƒc‡K KZ fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq ? (K) yB (L) wZb (M) Pvi (N) cuvP 3| wngvjq ce©Z †Kvb †kÖwYi ce©Z? (K) fw½j ce©Z (L) Av‡Mœq ce©Z (M) Pz¨wZ- Í~c ce©Z (N) ÿqRvZ ce©Z 4| GKwU wekvj AvK…wZi wkjvLÛ ’vbPz¨Z n‡q I DuPz n‡q †Kvb ai‡bi ce©Z m„wó K‡i? (K) Pz¨wZ- ‘c ce©Z (L) fw½j ce©Z (M) ÿqRvZ ce©Z (N) mÂqRvZ ce©Z 5| wb‡¤œi †KvbwU j¨v‡Kvwj_ ce©Z †kªwYi ce©‡Zi D`vniY? (K) wngvjq ce©Z (L) wcbvUz‡ev ce©Z (M) eø vK d‡ió ce©Z (N) †nbix ce©Z

j¨v‡Kvwj_



wPÎ 3.7.1: gvjf~wg I Gi msjMœ Ab¨vb¨ f~wgiƒc

gvjf~wg (Plateaus)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- gvjf~wgi msÁv Rvb‡eb Ges gvjf~wgi †kÖwYwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg, cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg, gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg|

gvjf~wg

ce©Z †_‡K Kg D”PZvi Z‡e mgf~wg †_‡K AwaK D”PZvi Lvov Xvjhy³ we ÍxY© mgZj f~wg‡K gvjf~wg e‡j (wPÎ 3.7.1)| gvjf~wgi D”PZv kZ wgUvi †_‡K K‡qK nvRvi wgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| c„w_exi e„nËg gvjf~wgi D”PZv 4,270 †_‡K 4,190 wgUvi| K‡jviv‡Wv gvjf~wg‡Z me©v‡cÿv `xN© I Mfxi wMwiLvZwUi bvg wgÛvbvI LvZ| Ae ’v‡bi wfwË‡Z gvjf~wg wZb ai‡bi| h_v- (K) ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg (L) cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg (M) gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg | (K) ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg : ce©‡Zi ga¨Lv‡b GB cÖKv‡ii gvjf~wg †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| GB gvjf~wgi D”PZv cÖvq 3,000 †_‡K 4,500 wgUvi n‡q _v‡K| wZeŸZ gvjf~wg GKwU ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg| GB ce©‡Zi DË‡i Kzbjyb I `wÿ‡Y wngvjq ce©Z Ges c~e©-cwð‡gi Ab¨vb¨ ce©Z wN‡i Av‡Q| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi ewjwfqv, ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †gw·‡Kv Ges Gwkqvi g‡½vwjqv G ai‡bi gvjf~wg|

wPÎ 3.7.2: cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg wPÎ 3.7.3: gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg

(L) cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg : Du”y ce©Z ‡_‡K bvbv ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK kw³i Øviv ÿqcÖvß wkjvivwk Gi cv`‡`‡k mwÂZ n‡q †h gvjf~wgi m„wó nq Zv‡K cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg e‡j| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi cvZv‡Mvwbqv cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg (wPÎ 3.7.2)| (M) gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg : mvMi ev wb¤œf~wg cwi‡ewóZ we ÍxY© D”Pf~wg‡K gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg e‡j| G ai‡bi gvjf~wgi m‡½ ce©‡Zi †Kv‡bv ms‡hvM _v‡K bv| †¯úb, A‡÷ªwjqv, †mŠw` Avie, wMÖbj¨vÛ, G›UvK©wUKv Ges fviZxq DcØxc Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY (wPÎ 3.7.3)|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wek¦ gvbwP‡Î wZeŸZ gvjf~wg, cvgxi gvjf~wg I `wÿYv‡Zï gvjf~wg

wPwýZ Kiæb|

cvV-3.7



mvims‡¶c

ce©Z †_‡K Kg D”PZvi Z‡e mgf~wg †_‡K AwaK D”PZvi Lvov Xvjhy³ †XD †Ljv‡bv we ÍxY© mgZjf~wg‡K gvjf~wg e‡j| Ae ’v‡bi wfwË‡Z gvjf~wg wZb ai‡bi| h_v- (K) ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg (L) cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg (M) gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg| wZeŸZ gvjf~wg GKwU ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg| ce©‡Zi ga¨Lv‡b GB cÖKv‡ii gvjf~wg †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi cvZv‡Mvwbqv cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg| mvMi ev wb¤œf~wg cwi‡ewóZ we ÍxY© D”Pf~wg‡K gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg e‡j| fviZxq DcØxc Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1| ce©Z †_‡K Kg D”PZv wewkó Lvov, DuPz mgZj f~wg‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) n« (L) mgf~wg (M) ce©Z (N) gvjf~wg 2| wZeŸZ gvjf~wg †Kvb †kÖwYi gvjf~wg? (K) ce©Z gaëZx© gvjf~wg (L) cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg (M) eëw”Qbœ gvjf~wg (N) gnv‡`kxq gvjf~wg 3| cv`‡`kxq gvjf~wg †Kvb Ae ’vq m„wó nq? (K) fw½j ce©Z m„wói mg‡q (L) ce©‡Z ÿqKv‡h©i d‡j RgvK…Z wkjvi Øviv (M) f~-Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j DuPz n‡q (N) jvfv mwÂZ n‡q 4| K‡jviv‡Wv gvjf~wg‡Z me©v‡cÿv `xN© I Mfxi wMwiLvZwUi bvg Kx? (K) gvwiqvbv LvZ (L) wgÛvbvI LvZ (M) MÖ vÛ K¨vwbqb (N) WvDwK dë



mgf~wg (Planis)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- mgf~wgi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges mgf~wgi †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mgf‚wg, ÿqRvZ mgf~wg I mÂqRvZ mgf~wg|

mgf‚wg

mgy ªc„ô †_‡K ¯^í D”PZvq g„ y Xvjwewkó mywe¯Í…Z f~wg‡K mgf~wg e‡j| wewfbœ f~-cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqv ‡hgb- b`xcÖevn, wngevn I evqyi ÿq I mÂq wµqvi d‡j mgf~wgi m„wó nq| g„ y Xvj I ¯í eÜziZvi Rb¨ mgf~wg K…wlKvR, emwZ wbg©vY, iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx| we‡k¦ mgf~wg AÂ‡j me©v‡cÿv Nb RbemwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| DrcwËi ai‡bi wfwË‡Z mgf~wg‡K cÖavbZ yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq †hgb-ÿqRvZ mgf~wg I mÂqRvZ mgf~wg| ÿqRvZ mgf~wg (Erosional Plains) : wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK kw³, †hgb-b`xcÖevn, evqycÖevn Ges wngev‡ni ÿqwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡bv D”Pf~wg ÿqcÖvß n‡q, wbPuy n‡q ÿqRvZ mgf~wgi m„„wó nq| A¨vcv‡jwkqvb cv`‡`kxq

wPÎ 3.8.1: ÿqRvZ mgf~wg m„wói ch©vq mg~n mgf~wg, wdbj¨vÛ I mvB‡ewiqv mgf~wg G ai‡bi ÿqRvZ mgf~wg| evsjv‡`‡ki gaycy‡ii PZ¡i I e‡i› ªf~wg ywU ÿqRvZ mgf~wgi D`vniY|

mÂqRvZ mgf~wg (Depositional Plains) : wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK kw³ †hgb- b`xcÖevn, evqycÖevn Ges wngevn cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv ÿqcÖvß cwj, evjyKYv, a~wjKYv evwnZ n‡q wb¤œ AÂjmg~‡n mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| Giƒ‡c mwÂZ n‡Z n‡Z Kvjµ‡g †h mgf~wg m„wó nq, Zv‡K mÂqRvZ mgf~wg e‡j| †hgb- b`xi cwj Ae‡ÿc‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó cøveb mgf~wg, b`xi †gvnbvi KvQvKvwQ G‡m b`x mÂ‡qi gva¨‡g m„ó e-Øxc, kxZcÖavb GjvKvq wngev‡ni MÖve‡iLv Øviv mÂqK…Z cwj †_‡K M‡o IVv wngevn mgf~wg|

cvV-3.8



wPÎ 3.8.2: b`x †gvnbvq m„ó e-Øxc wPÎ 3.8.3: cøveb mgf~wg

wkÿv_©xi KvR we‡k¦ mgf~wg AÂjmg~n †Kb me©v‡cÿv Nb RbemwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q?

Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

mgy ªc„ô †_‡K ¯^í D”PZvq g„ y Xvjwewkó mywe Í…Z f~wg‡K mgf~wg e‡j| wewfbœ f~-cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqv ‡hgb- b`xcÖevn, wngevn I evqyi ÿq I mÂq wµqvi d‡j mgf~wgi m„wó nq| wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK kw³ †hgb- b`xcÖevn, evqycÖevn Ges wngev‡ni ÿqwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡bv D”Pf~wg ÿqcÖvß n‡q wbPuy n‡q ÿqRvZ mgf~wgi m„„wó nq| A¨vcv‡jwkqvb cv`‡`kxq mgf~wg GKwU ÿqRvZ mgf‚wg| cÖvK…wZK kw³ †hgb- b`xcÖevn, evqycÖevn Ges wngevn cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv ÿqcÖvß cwj, evjyKYv I a~wjKYv evwnZ n‡q wb¤œ AÂj mg~‡n mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| Giƒ‡c mwÂZ n‡Z n‡Z Kvjµ‡g †h mgf~wg m„wó nq, Zv‡K mÂqRvZ mgf~wg e‡j|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b| 1. mgy ª mgZj †_‡K ¯í D”PZv wewkó f~wgiƒc‡K Kx ejv nq? (K) mgf~wg (L) gvjf~wg (M) ce©Z (N) mgy ª 2. b`x cÖev‡ni †Kvb Ae¯’vq e-Øxc MwVZ nq? (K) Drm gy‡L (L) ga¨eZx© Ae ’vq (M) mgf~wg‡Z (N) †gvnbv gy‡L wPÎ ywU ch©‡eÿY K‡i 3 I 4 b¤i cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

wPÎ 1 wPÎ 2 3. wPÎ 1-Gi f~wgiƒc evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb AÂ‡j †`Lv hvq? (K) mgy ª DcK~j AÂ‡j (L) cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j (M) wm‡j‡Ui wUjv AÂ‡j (N) gaycyi Mo AÂ‡j 4. wPÎ 1 I wPÎ 2 Df‡qi f~wg MwVZ nq- (K) cwj mÂq‡bi d‡j (L) jvfv mÂq‡bi gva¨‡g (M) Pz¨wZi d‡j (N) f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j



P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : 1 evsjv‡`k gwnjv dzUej `j †bcv‡j †M‡jb| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j Zviv eo ai‡bi f~wgK‡¤úi Ke‡j c‡ob| d‡j †Ljv evwZj K‡i †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| K. AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq? L. f~wgK‡¤úi c~e©vfvm †Kb cÖPvi Kiv nq bv? M. †bcv‡ji DË‡i †Kvb ce©‡Zi cv`‡`‡k f~wgK¤ú nq I †Kb? N. f~wgK‡¤ú evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

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DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.1: 1. (L) 2.(K) 3. (K) gnvmvMixq f~-Z¡K (L) gnv‡`kxq f~-Z¡K (M) KwVb Ak¦gÛj (N) Aa©MwjZ g¨vMgv ¯Íi, 4.(L) 5.(L) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.2: 1. (K) 2. (K) 3. (K) 4. (M) 5. (M) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.3: 1. (K) 2. (K) 3. (K) 4. (N) 5. (L) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.4 : 1. (K) 2. (L) 3. (L) 4. (M) 5. (K) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.5 : 1. (L) 2. (K) 3. (M) 4. (M) 5. (N) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.6 : 1. (L) 2. (L) 3. (K) 4. (K) 5. (N) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.7 1. (N) 2. (K) 3. (L) 4. (M) cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3.8 : 1. (K) 2. (N) 3. (K) 4. (K)

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cÖvk wzk f mvj bdwbu 3 (physical geography) · awfwnz| wewfb cÖkvi lwbr Øviv mwvz f~-gÛ ji...

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