curs incepatori
DESCRIPTION
curs limba engleza -incepatoriTRANSCRIPT
The English alphabet
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To spell[tu spel] – a spune pe litere, a ortografiaDouble[dabl] == dublu
Ex.: Please spell your name, sir.=Spuneti-va numele pe litere , domnule My name is Francis Steel.= Numele meu este Francis Steel. Ef ar ei en si ai es es ti dabəl i el Tt: se pronunta [dabəl ti]
First Name/Christian
Name
Middle Name
or(Middle Initial)
Last Name/Surname
Elizabeth Mary M WindsorJohn Wesley W Sinclair
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Ex. 1: Spuneti pe litere urmatoarele nume: Susan Brown: Michael Slevin: Catherine Foster:Sunetele urmate de “:” sunt mai lungi.Litera anterioara se pronunta mai lung:
Feel[fi:l], school[sku:l], sheaf[∫i:f]
Numeralul cardinal (The cardinal numeral)
1.one 2.two3.three (thir*)4.four5. five(fif*)6. six7. seven8. eight9. nine10. ten
11. eleven12. twelve13. thirteen14. fourteen 15. fifteen16. sixteen17. seventeen18. eighteen19. nineteen20. twenty
10. ten20 twenty30. thirty40. forty50. fifty60. sixty70. seventy80. eighty90. ninety100. hundred1000. thousand
Million = millionBillion= milliard
Numerele de la 1 la 12 se invata pe dinafara.Pentru formarea numerelor de la 13 la 19 se adauga terminatia TEEN[ti:n] la sfarsitul cifrei ce corespunde unitatilor.Ex: Four+TEEN=> fourteen Six + TEEN=> sixteen Seven + TEEN=> seventeen Atentie la modificarile survenite in radacina cuvantului datorita adaugarii lui TEEN. Astfel, pentru 13 .thir+ TEEN=>thirteen 15. fif+TEEN=> fifteen 18. se ortografiaza cu un singur T: eighteenPentru formarea zecillor de la 20 la 90 se adauga TY[ti] Ex: six+TY= sixty Seven+TY= seventyAtentie la : 20. twenty
30. thir+TY
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40. for+ TY 50. fif+TY 80. ortografiat cu un singur T: eighty
Pentru formarea numerelor se procedeaza astfel:24= douazeci si patru= twenty four sau twenty-four73=saptezeci si trei= seventy three1245= one thousand two hundred and forty five7865= seven thousand eight hundred and sixty five Sau seven thousand eight hundred and sixty- five
Numerele se compun la fel ca in limba romana.OBSERVATIE:1. Intotdeauna HUNDRED este urmat de AND. (and=si)2. Hundred, thousand, million, billion nu iau forma de plural daca sunt folosite in formarea numeralelor: 200= two hundred (nu hundreds)3000=three thousand (nu thousands)456.579=four hundred AND fifty six thousand five hundred and seventy nine
CITIREA ANILOR:Intai se citesc primele 2 cifre(ca numar), apoi urmatoarele doua. Anii se vor citii ca un numar obisnuit in cazul in care cifra sutelor sau cifra zecilor este zero.
Ex: 1998= nineteen (19) ninety eight (98)1585= fifteen(15) eighty five(85)1659=sixteen(16) fifty nine(59)Dar:2001= two thousand and one2008=two thousand and eight703= seven hundred three
A.D.[ei di]= Anno Domini= dupa ChristosB.C.[bi si]= Before Christ= inainte de Cristos
Virgula si punctul zecimal:1.700.000 dolari = $ 1,700,000 ----in romana folosim punctul iar in engleza virgula pentru delimitare.3,52%= 3.52% (per cent)= three point five two per cent0,3=0.3= nought point three
Pentru citirea numerelor de telefon fiecare cifra se spune separat. Cifra zero se citeste ’Oh’.
105 - one oh five
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Se face pauza dupa grupuri de 3 sau 4 cifre.
376 4705 - three seven six, four seven oh five
Scrieti urmatoarele numere:13=15=18=27=76=176=475=4367=98.765= 6,75%= 0.23=1.784.325=
Scrieti urmatorii ani: 1988=1659=2005=1900=
Pronumele personal (personal pronoun)I (ai)= eu – se scrie intotdeauna cu litera mareYou= tu, dumneavoastraHe =el – folosit pentru persoane de sex masculinShe =ea - folosit pentru persoane de sex femininIt = el/ ea – folosit pentru animale, obiecte , bebelusi, fenomene ale naturii, impersonalWe =noiYou= voi They =ei/ ele
YOU – tu , voi, dumneavoastra Pentru exprimarea politicoasa se foloseste you dar pe cat posibil folosim, in
adresare directa : DOMNULE, DOAMNA, DOMNISOARA astfel:-Daca nu urmeaza numele persoanei:SIR[sər] =domnuleMADAM[mædəm]= doamnaMISS[mis]= domnisoara-Daca urmeaza numele persoanei folosim: MR.[mistər]= d-le MRS[misiz]= d-na MISS[mis]= d-ra
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-Lady[leidi] si gentleman[gentlmæn] se foloseste cand se face referire la alta persoana decat interlocutorul si nu urmeaza numele persoanei.
Ex: Thank you, sir= multumesc domnule Good bye, madam= la revedere doamna
How are you, miss?= Ce mai faceti domnisoara?Sau Thank you, Mr. Smith= multumesc domnule Smith Good bye, Mrs. Johnson= la revedere doamna Johnson
How are you, miss Carter?= Ce mai faceti domnisoara Carter? I know the lady= O cunosc pe doamna The gentleman is Spanish= domnul este spaniol
It : pentru animale: Where is the cat? It is here. =Unde este pisica? Este aici.
pentru obiecte: This is a book. It is blue.= Aceasta este o carte. Este albastra. pentru bebelusi:The baby is happy. It is smiling. Bebelasul este fericit. Zambeste.
Pentru fenomene ale naturii: It is snowing. Impersonal: It is real.
Verbul to be (a fi)I am[ai æm]= eu suntYou are[iu ar]=tu estiHe is[hi iz]=el esteShe is[∫i is]=ea esteIt is [it is]=el/ea esteWe are[ui ar]=noi suntemYou are[iu ar]=voi suntetiThey are[dei ar]=ei/ele sunt
Verbul to have(a avea) I have[ai hæv]= eu amYou have [iu hæv] tu aiHe has[hi hæz]= el areShe has[∫I hæz]=ea areIt has[it hæz]=el/ea areWe have[ui hæv]=noi avemYou have[iu hæv]=voi avetiThey have[dei hæv]=ei /ele au
Varsta in limba engleza se exprima cu verbul to be(a fi) si nu cu to have(a avea): How old are you?(hau əuld ar iu )= Ce varsta aveti?/ Cati ani ai? I am _____ years old. (ai æm ____ iərz əuld)= Eu am….ani. Ex:. I am 43 years old.[iərz əuld] He is 32 years old. Katy is 5 years old. Mr. Carter is 55 years old.
Ex: Traduceti in limba engleza:1. Steve are 27 de ani.2. Dumneavoastra aveti 36 de ani.3. Domnul Art are 45 de ani4. Cati ani are domnul Brown?5. Domnisoara Jackson este aici(here).6. Noi avem carti(books).
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7. Ei au solutii(solutions).
Exercitii :1. 876=2. 25.898=3. 112.977=4. 1967(an)=5. 2004(an)=6. 7.65 %=7. 0.45=8. Spuneti pe litere propriul nume:9. Doamna Smith are 38 de ani.10. Noi avem calculatoare.(computers).
Vocabulary :Tall(tב:l)= inaltShort(∫ort )= scund, scurtNice[nais]=frumosSmart(smart)=desteptA /an = un, oCar[ca:r]= masinalong[lבng]= lungMany friends[mæni frændz] = multi prieteniProducts=produse
A brother[braðər]=un frateA computer=un calculator
Company= companie, firmaManufacturer= producatorTurnover=cifra de afaceriOf= de Employees=angajatiFrom= din, de la
Exercitii: Faceti propozitii cu cuvintele de la vocabular folosind verbele to be si to have:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.9.10.
Translate into Romanian :1. The company has a turnover of four million euros.
2. The company has forty-eight employees.
3. The manufacturer is from Romania.
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Obs. Adjectivele in limba engleza se plaseaza in fata substantivelor ale caror insusiri le determina.A good product= un produs buna-articol nehotarat---un/ ogood- adjectivproduct- substantivul
In consecinta si adjectivele ce arata posesia se vor plasa in fata substantivelor.
Adjective posesive
My[mai]= meu, mea, mei , mele
My computer is black.My lamp is nice.My job is good.My secretary is here.
Your[ior]=tau, ta, tai, tale
Your brother is a manager.Your friend is 35 years old.Your hobby is football.Your products are expensive.
His[his]=lui
His oppinions are good.His job is near here.His wife is a nurse.His bussines is successful.
Her[hər]=eiHer account is 125452Her offer is more interesting.Her agenda is full.Her job is interesting.
Its[itz]=lui/ei
Its failure is predictable.Its walls are blue.Its leaves are green.Its cover is white.
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Our[auər]=nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre
Our company has 1200 employees.Our schedule is full.Our desks are here.Our office has four rooms.
Your[ior]=vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre
Your coats are green.Your education is good.Your phone number is 114578Your books are at home.
Their[ðeər]=lor
Their structure is complicated.Their wages are low.Their inner coating is brown.Their secretary is very intelligent.
Vocabulary:Agency[eigiənsi]=agentieProject[prבgəct]=proiectOffice [בfis]=birou la serviciu (incapere)Study [stadi]=birou acasaDesk [birou]=birou, pupitru
Ex:. Traduceti in engleza:Slujba luiSalarul eiSecretara lorDirectorul nostruProdusele voastreParerile lorProiectul meuBiroul nostruPupitrul tau
Colours
White[uait]=alb
Pink[pinc]=rozRed[red]=rosuOrange[בringi]=portocaliu
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Green[gri:n]=verdeYellow[iæləu]=galbenBrown[braun]=maro
Blue[blu:]=albastruGray[grei]=griBlack[blæc]=negru
Dark[darc]------intuneric, inchis(in cazul in care se combina cu culorile)Light[lait] ------lumina, bec, usor ( greutate),deschis (folosit cu culorile)
Dark brown= maro inchisLight blue = albastru deschis
Ex: Scrieti :Roz deschisRosu inchisPortocaliu inchisMaro deschis
Vocabulary :Cable [cheibl]=cabluAnd [ænd]=siInsulation[insulei∫n]= izolatieWood[u:d]=lemnEnvelope[ænvəlop]=plic
Plastic=plasticPaper=hartieWool=lanaLeather=piele
The colour of the cable is green and yellow.= Culoarea cablului este galben cu verdeThe wood is brown.=Lemnul este maro.The colour of the insulation is light blue= Culoarea izolatiei este albastru deschis.The envelope is white.= Plicul este alb.
Traduceti:Plicul este albastru.Culoarea cablului este verde cu rosu.Maro cu verdeGalben cu rosuAlbastru cu gri To be[ tu bi]- a fi ----aceasta forma corespunde formei de infinitiv a verbuluiPrezent Afirmativ
I am=You are=He is=She is =It is=We are=You are=
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They are=
Negativ : se formeaza adaugand particula not[nבt] dupa verb.
I am not= I’m not=You are not=you’re not=you aren’t=He is not=he’s not= he isn’t=She is not=she’s not= she isn’t=It is not=it’s not=it isn’t=We are not=we’re not=we aren’t= You are not=you’re not= you aren’t=They are not= they’re not=they aren’t=
Formele contrase isn’t si aren’t:-Verbul si particula not se scriu intr-un cuvant iar in loc de o se pune ‘.-Se pronunta [iznt] si [arnt]
Interogativ : se face prin inversiuneAm I?=Are you?= Is he?=Is she?=Is it?=Are we?=Are you?=Are they?=
To have [hæv]– a avea
Afirmativ I have= You have=He has=She has=It has=We have=You have=They have=
Negativ : adaugam not dupa verbI have not= I haven’t=You have not= you haven’t=He has not=he hasn’t=She has not= she hasn’t=It has not=it hasn’t=We have not=we haven’t=
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You have not= you haven’t=They have not=they haven’t=
Formele contrase se fac prin alipirea lui have cu particula not ;in loc de o se pune ‘.Se pronunta:Haven’t[hævnt]Hasn’t[hæznt]
Interogativ : se face prin inversiune
Have I?=Have you? =Has he? =Has she? =Has it? =Have we? =Have you? =Have they? =
To do[du] = a face
Afirmativ
I do[du]=You do=He does[daz]=She does=It does=We doYou do=They do=
Negativ : se adauga not
I do not= I don’t[dəunt]=You do not= you don’t=He does not= he doesn’t[daznt]=She does not=she doesn’t=It does not= it doesn’t=We do not= we don’t=You do not=you don’t=They do not= they do’t=
Interogativ: se face inversiune
Do I?=
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Do you?=Does he?=Does she?=Does it?=Do we?=Do you?=Do they?=Exercitiu: Traduceti verbele to be, to do , to have- conjugate la prezent
Who , what, where, when, why, howWho [hu:]= cine –folosit pentru persoaneWhat[uבt]= ceWhat time[taim]=la ce oraWhere[ueər]=undeWhen[uæn]=candWhy[uai]=de ceHow[hau]=cat, cumWhose[hu:z]=ale/ai/a cui—pentru persoaneWhom[hu:m]=pe care/cine, carui –pentru persoaneWhoever [huevər]= oricineWhenever[uenævər]=oricandWhatever[uatævər]=orice/ ma rog,in fineWhichever[uiciævər]=oricare
Wherever[uæreəvər]=oriundeHowever[hauævər]=oricum, totusi
How – se foloseste in combinatii cu unele adjectiveHow much? [hau maci]= cat de mult, catHow much is?=cat costa?How many? [hau mæni]= cat de multeHow long?[hau lבng]=cat de lungHow tall?[hau tבl]= cat de inaltHow short?[hau ∫ort ]= cat de scurt/ scundHow low?[hau lau]= cat de josHow high?[hau hai]= cat de susHow strong?[hau strבng]=cat de puternicHow far ?[hau far]=cat de departe
Vocabulary:
Wire[uaiə]=sarmaBuilding[bilding]=cladireTemperature[tempriciər]=temperaturaSignal[signal]=semnalDecision[disijn]=decizieThread[θred]=ata, firCable[cheibl]=cabluWave[ueiv]=unda, valGood[gu:d]=bunFactory[fæctəri]=fabricaPlant[plænt]=uzina, fabrica, plantaThere[deər]=acoloHere[hiər]=aiciFree[fri:]=gratuit, liberLetter(s)[lætər(z)]=scrisoare(scrisori)Meeting[mi:ting]=sedinta, intrunire
Indoor= interiorOutdoor= exteriorFlame retardant= cu intarziere marita la propagarea flacariiPower energy distribution= distributia energiei electriceFixed installations= instalatii fixeUnderground= impamantat, metrou(engl)Aluminium foil=folie de aluminiuCopper tape= banda de cupruOuter diameter= diametrul exteriorSingle core=unifilarMulticore= multifilarFlexible cables= cabluri flexibileInner sheath= manta interioara
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Obs.: adjectivele in limba engleza au forme invariabile de singular si plural, masculin, feminin. Exceptie fac: much=mult,multa si many=multi, multe This[dis]= aceasta, acesta – indica apropierea That [dæt]=acela, aceea- indica departarea These[di:z]=acestea, acestia –pentru apropiere Those[dəuz]=aceia, acelea- pentru departare Few[fiu]=cateva, cativa Little[litl]=putin, putinaTraduceti in romana:Who is this?=Where are those?=Whose are these?=When is the show?=What is there?=Why is it free?=
How much is the wire?=How high is the building?=How low is the temperature?=How long is the cable?=How strong is the wave?=How far is the factory?=
Traduceti in engleza:Cine sunt aceia?=Ei sunt domnul si doamna Smith.=Ale cui sunt acestea?=Ale cui sunt aceste scrisori?=Cand este sedinta?=Unde este fabrica?=De ce este ?=Cat costa cablul?=Cat de sus este temperatura?=Cat de buna este decizia?=Cat de departe este uzina?=Cat de puternic este semnalul?=Cat de lung este firul?=Ce este mantaua interioara?=Cat costa banda de cupru si folia de aluminiu?
Vocabulary Documents= documenteKey=cheieColleague = coleg
Step=pasCareer=carieraExpensive=scump
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Cheap=ieftinNecessary= necesarInteresting=interesantInterested= interesatShow on TV= emisiune la TV/ spectacol de televiziuneFavourite= preferatApartment/flat=apartamentBussiness= afacereLetters=scrisori/ litere
For me =pentru mineClient=clientCustomer= clientCustoms =vamaIdea= ideeSolution= solutieOffer=ofertaLast offer= ultima ofertaBest= cel mai bun, cea mai buna
Traduceti si faceti conform modelului :
Este acesta domnul Brown?=Is this Mr. Brown?Yes , this is Mr. Brown.No , this isn’t/ is not Mr. Brown.
Sunt acestea documentele voastre?=Este acela colegul nostru?=Este acesta un pas important in cariera ta?=Este aceasta cheia de la biroul nostru?=Este aceasta afacere buna pentru tine?=Sunt aceste scrisori pentru mine?=Sunt acesti domni(gentlemen) clientii nostri?=Sunt aceste carti interesante?=Este aceasta necesara?=Sunt acele hartii importante?=Este acel barbat seful tau?=Este aceasta ideea ta?=Este aceea cea mai buna solutie?=Este aceasta ultima ta oferta?=
Can, must, may
Se numesc verbe modale sau modal defective.Se aseamana cu verbele auxiliare prin faptul ca:
- se folosesc cu inca un verb- isi fac singure negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not- isi fac singure interogativul prin inversiune cu subiectul
Nu se aseamana cu auxiliarele in sensul ca:- se traduc- nu formeaza timpuri ci arata abilitatea, capacitatea, posibilitea etc… ca o actiune
sa se intample
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- nu au forma de infinitiv- au aceesai forma la toate persoanele- au expresii verbale care le inlocuiesc la timpurile la care nu au forma- nu sunt niciodata urmate de to
can[chæn]=be able[eibl] to= a putea, a fi in stare sa, a fi capabil sacan not= can’t[cant]= cannot[chænבt]may[mei]= be allowed[əlaud] to= be permitted[pərmitid] to= a putea, a i se da voie, a-i fi pemismay not =mayn’t[meint]must[mast]=have to=a trebuimust not=mustn’t[masnt]
Vocabulary:
to read[ri:d]= a citito write[‘rait]= a scrieto listen[lisn]= a ascultato speak[spic]= a vorbito talk[tבc]= a vorvi, a discutato ring[ring]= a sunato accept[əcsæpt]= a acceptato sign[sain]= a semna
to meet[mi:t]= a intalnito ask[asc]= a cere , a intreba, a rugato answer[ansər]= a raspundeto test[tæst]= a testato drink[drinc]= a beato put[put]= a puneto hear[hiər]= a auzito see[si:]= a vedea
Rooms can be bright or dark, large or small.Houses may be big or small, high or low, new or old.Persons may be young or old, strong or weak, fat or thin, tall or short.Maountains may be high or low, young or old.Streets may be long or short, wide or narrow.Windows may be wide or narrow, open or shut.Books may be open or shut, good or bad, thick or thin.Tables may be round, oval, square or rectangular.An exercise may be easy or difficult.We are always present; we are never absent. We are always early; we are never late.They may be merry or sad, happy or unhappy.
Traduceti :She must accept the present.=Can I see your project?=Yes, you can.=Can I take your dictionary?=No, you cannot.=Can he speak German?=Must you sign the papers?=No, I mustn’t.=
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Can they hear a sound?=May I answer your question[cuæ∫ciən]?=Pot sa inchid usa?=Am voie sa inchid usa?Pot sa va intreb ceva?Am voie sa va intreb ceva?Pot sa intru?Am voie sa intru?Pot sa deshid fereastra?Am voie sa deschid fereastra?Pot sa folosesc telefonul tau?Am voie sa folosesc telefonul tau?Pot sa iau loc?Am voie sa iau loc?Pot sa folosesc calculatorul tau?Am voie sa folosesc calculatorul tau?Trebuie sa terminam proiectul la timp.Trebuie sa studiem pentru examen.Trebuie sa vorbim despre contract.Trebuie sa-si caute alta slujba.Trebuie sa inveti engleza.Poti sa ma ajuti? Sigur ca pot.Imi pare rau, nu pot.Poti sa fi la timp acolo?Probabil ca pot.Imi pare rau , nu pot.Poti sa-mi spui cat e ceasul?Desigur ca pot.Poti sa vorbesti cu John?Nu pot, nu am timp.
Formule de salut:Meeting people :cand te intalnesti cu lumeWhen you meet somenone:cand intalnesti pe cinevaGood morning=buna dimineataGood afternoon= buna ziuaGood evening= buna searaHow are you?= Ce mai faceti?How do you do= Incantat de cunostinta/ imi pare bineNice to meet you=Incantat de cunostinta/ imi pare bineHello = salutHi = buna, salutWhen you part with somenone: cand te desparti de cinevaGood bye= la revedere
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Good night= noapte bunaSee you later= pe mai tarziuSee you soon= pe curandSee you= paBye, bye= paFormulae of courtesy: formule de politetePlease = te rog, va rogThank you/ thanks= multumesc/merciI am much obliged to you= va raman foarte indatoratI am very grateful to you= va sunt foarte recunoscatorAnswers to ‘thank you’= raspunsuri la ‘multumesc’You are welcome= cu placereAny time= oricand/ si alta dataIt is my pleasure=e placerea meaDon’t mention it= n-ai pentru ceWhen you apologize:cand iti ceri iertareExcuse me =iertati-ma../ nu va suparati..I am so sorry = imi pare asa de rauI beg your pardon=va rog sa ma scuzati/ imi cer iertarePlease accept my apologies= va rog, acceptati scuzele mele
Answers to an apology: raspunsuri la o scuzaNever mind= nu-i nimicIt’s OK= e in regulaIt’s all right= e in regula, nu-i nimicNot at all= nu face nimicForget it= nu-i nimic, nu conteaza, las-o baltaWhen you don’t understand: cand nu intelegiI beg your pardon?= poftim?Pardon me?=poftimSorry?= poftimWhat did you say?= ce ati spus?What?= ce?Can you repeat, please?= Puteti repeta, va rog?Please, can you speak a bit louder?= va rog, puteti vorbi putin mai tare?Please, can you slow down a bit?= puteti vorbi un pic mai rar?When you are late: cand intarziiI’m sorry I’m late= imi pare rau ca am intarziatI’m sorry for keeping you waiting= imi pare rau ca v-am facut sa asteptati
Introducing people: cand prezinti pe cinevaWhat's your name?= Cum va numiti? Who are you?= Cine sunteti dumneavoastra?My name is ...=Numele meu este/ Ma numesc…I am ...= Eu suntMy friends call me ...= Prietenii imi spun..
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You can call me ...= Imi poti spune…Haven't we met (before)?= Nu ne-am mai intalnit(inainte)?Yes, I think we have.= Cred ca da.No, I don't think we have.= Nu, nu cred .I think we've already met.= Cred ca deja ne-am intalnit/ ne cunoastemI don't think we've met (before).= Nu cred ca ne-am mai intalnit inainte.This is ...= Acesta este..Meet ...= Ti-l prezint pe…Have you met ...?= V-ati intalnit?/ Va cunoasteti?Nice to meet you. (informal)Pleased to meet you.How do you do? (formal)Nice to see you.Nice to see you again.Health:How are you?How are you today?Fine, thank you/thanks.Not too bad.Very well.I'm okay / all right.Not too well, actually.What's wrong with you?What's the matter with you?Are you all right?I'm tired .I'm exhausted .I've got a cold.
Congratulations : felicitariCongratulations on the occasion of your promotion/ your success= felicitari cu ocazia promovarii tale/ succesului tauHappy birthday!= La multi ani!Many happy returns of the day!=La multi ani!A happy New Year!=La multi ani!/Un an nou fericit!Merry Christmas!= Craciun fericit!Happy Easter!=Paste fericit!My best wishes!= cele mai bune urariI wish you …good luck/a Merry Christmas/ happiness= va doresc noroc/Craciun fericit / fericire
Dear Jack,On the occasion of this special day, your Birthday, let me send you my very best wishes of happiness, good health and succes in everything you do!May all your wishes come true, my dear friend!Happy Birthday!
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Yours truly, Cynthia
Dear Ms. Spilt ,We take great pleasure in congratulating you on your recent promotion to the position of Marketing Director . We are sure that our excellent commercial relations will continue to be as mutually beneficial and pleasant as before!
Dear Mr. Hush,We would like to take the opportunity of the Winter holidays to wish you Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, as well as the best of luck in the new season when we hope that our increased collaboration will strenghten to success of our both companies!
Yours sicerely, Marina del RosarioPresident of PHINMA
Traduceti si puneti la forma de interogativ si negativ propozitiile:
Frank is our partner.=
You are ready for the interview.=
The weather is good.=
Mr. Peterson is our consultant.=
Our strategy is modern.=
Their management is eficient.=
My plans are for a long period of time.=
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Acesta este partenerul meu, domnul Brown=
Dosarele voastre sunt pe biroul acela=
Acestia sunt prietenii mei.=
Contractul acesta este foarte bun.=
Ce este aceea? Aceea este agenda ei.=
Acesta este numarul lui de telefon.=
Jobs:Doctor/Medical doctor/Physician=medicEngineer= inginerTeacher=profesorProfessor=profesor universitarAccountant=contabilChief accountant= contabil sefP.C. operator= operator calculatorSecretary/ assistant= secretaraProgrammer= programatorEconomist= economistSales agent/ salesman=agent de vanzariBusinessman= om de afaceriArchitect= arhitectDesigner=proiectantFashion designer= creator de modaJudge=judecatorAttorney= procuror
Lawyer=avocatLegal adviser= consilier juridicSailor=marinarAdministrator= administratorFinancial administrator= gestionarWeatherman/ weather forecaster = meteorologWaiter=chelnerWaitress= chelneritaBartender=barmanTranslator=translatorShop assistant= vanzatorActor/ actress= actor/ actritaFilm director= regizorCook=bucatarBaker=brutarPainter=pictor
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Drawer=desenatorOffice clerk= =functionarPsychologist=psihologPsychiatrist= psihiatruScientist=om de stiintaShoemaker=pantofarPoliceman=politist
Hairdresser=coafezaEditor=redactorMiner=minerWriter=scriitorSportsman=sportivTrainer/ coach= antrenorPriest= preot
Mail clerk=functionar cu corespondenta
What is this table made of?What is this table made of? This table is made of wood. It isn’t made of steel. What may watches be made of? Watches may be made of gold, silver, nickel, steel, or aluminium.What is your watch made of? My watch is made of silver, it isn’t made of gold.What is her handbag made of? Her handbag is made of leather, it is not made of plastic material.What are books made of? Books are made of paper.Is your dress made of silk, cotton or wool? My dress is made of wool. It isn’t made of silk.Those houses are made of brick and stone. They are not made of concrete. Plates and cups are made of china. The insulation of the cable is made of rubber.
The definite and indefinite article(articolul hotarat si nehotarat)
Articolul nehotarat in engleza este a, an=un,o ; some= niste
A- [ə] se foloseste in fata cuvintelor ce incep cu consoana sau cu sunetelor semiconsonatice (la pronuntie): iu , uo, uə, iə
An – [ən] se foloseste in fata cuvintelor ce incep cu vocala sau h mut
A carA yearA university A good year
An umbrellaAn hourAn actorA good actor
Romania is a European country.
Adjectivul se plaseaza in fata substantivului, intre articol si substantiv.La plural : some=nisteSome sponsorsSome actors
Some jokesSome keys
Articolul hotarat este the(də) atat la singular cat si la pluralDaca cuvantul incepe cu vocala sau h mut se pronunta [di]
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Means of transport The carThe bus The trolley-busThe autoThe train
The bike (bycicle)The tramThe planeThe coach=autocar
Obs. Cu meseriile se foloseste in mod obligatoriu ‘a/an’He is an engineer.=El este inginer.She is a teacher.= Ea este profesoara. Exercise : Transformati conform modelului folosind cuvintele de mai sus. This is an engineer. This is a good engineer. The engineer is this.
Exercise :1. un calculator, calculatorul2. o imprimanta, imprimanta3. un copiator, copiatorul4. un telefon, telefonul5. un fax, faxul6. o lampa, lampa7. un birou, biroul8. un scaun, scaunul9. o masa, masa10. un fotoliu, fotoliul11. o biblioteca, biblioteca
12. un dosar, dosarul13. un pix, pixul14. o guma, guma15. o rigla, rigla16. un covor, covorul17. o perdea, perdeaua18. o vaza, vaza19. o scrumiera, scrumiera20. o femeie, femeia
bookcase=biblioteca Sensitivity= sensibilitateTo withstand= a se opuneBelow= de mai josSpark gap= interval de scanteiereElectrode= electrodLink= plasa de sarmaMesh=priza, plasa, a face prizaTo pass through= a trece prinSupply= furnizareFault= defect
To arrange= a aranjaCapacity= capacitateTo spark= a scanteiaFailure= defect, esecNeedle= acTwin= geamanDry= uscatWave= val, undaFull value= valoare maximaBreakdown= cadere, intrerupereCapacitor= condensator
Prezentare generala verb
Un verb se da la forma de infinitiv lung, adica forma precedata de “to”. Pentru un verb cele mai importante forme ale sale sunt:
Infinitivul - forma de baza de la care se pleaca pentru formarea prezentului, viitorului, folosita impreuna cu verbele modale
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Trecutul – forma de trecut simplu Participiul trecut-forma folosita la formarea timpurilor perfecte, sau la diateza pasiva
Verbele , din punct de vedere al celei de-a doua forme, se impart in 2 categorii: regulate, neregulate. Pentru verbele regulate forma a doua si a treia sunt identice:verb+ed. Pentru verbele neregulate cele trei forme se invata pe de rost.Verbe regulate:Verb verb+ed verb+edTo help To likeTo lookTo visit
HelpedLikedLookedVisited
HelpedLikedLookedVisited
Verbe neregulate:
Infinitive Present Past Participle
Be Am, is, are
Was –were
beenA fi
Beat Beat, -s /bi:t/ beat /bi:t/ beaten /'bi:tn/ A bate
become Become, -s
/bɪ 'kʌm/
became/bɪ
'keɪm/become /bɪ 'kʌm/
A deveni
Begin Begin,-s/bɪ
'gɪn/began
/bɪ 'gæn/
begun /bɪ 'gʌn/A incepe
Bend Bend,-s /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/ A indoi
Bind Bind, -s /baɪnd/ bound /baʊnd/ bound /baʊnd/ A lega
Bite Bite, -s /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /'bɪtn/ A musca
Bleed Bleed, -s /bli:d/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/ A sangera
Blow Blow, -s /blou/ blew /blu:/ blown /bloun/ A sufla
Break Break, -s /breɪk/ broke /brouk/ broken /'broukən/A sparge, a rupe
Bring Bring, -s /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔ:t/ brought /brɔ:t/ A aduce
Build Build, -s /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ A construi
Burn Burn,-s /bɜ:rn/ burnt /bɜ:rnt/ burnt /bɜ:rnt/ A arde
Burn /bɜ:rn/ burned /bɜ:rnd/ burned /bɜ:rnd/ A arde
Buy Buy,-s /baɪ/ bought /bɔ:t/ bought /bɔ:t/ A cumpara
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CatchCatch,-es
/kætʃ/ caught /kɔ:t/ caught /kɔ:t/A prinde
Choose Choose,-s
/tʃu:z/ chose /tʃouz/ chosen /'tʃouzən/A alege
Come Come, -s /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/ A veni
Cost Cost,-s /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ A costa
Cut Cur, -s /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ A taia
Dig Dig, -s /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/ A sapa
Exercise :Scrieti formele care lipsesc ale verbelor:To buyTo digTo cutTo chooseTo becomeTo beatTo bendTo costTo bleedTo breakTo burnTo bringTo blow
Anotimpurile, lunile anului, zilele saptamanii, ceasul
The seasons: Spring= primavaraSummer= vara
Autumn=toamnaWinter=iarna
The months of the year:January FebruaryMarchApril
MayJuneJulyAugust
SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
The days of the week:Monday Tuesday WednesdayThursday Friday
SaturdaySunday
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There + to be – cand apare in aceasta combinatie there nu se traduceThere is= este, exista, se aflaThere are=sunt, exista, se aflaIn limba engleza se scriu cu majuscule: I, zilele saptamanii, lunile anului, sarbatorile legale, numele de popoare si nationalitatile.
Time=timpClock=ceas de masa sau de pereteWatch =ceas de manaWeather= vremeTense= timp gramaticalCloudy=innoratSunny=insoritStormy=de furtunaWindy=cu vant, vantosSnowy=cu ninsoareWarm=cald ( timp de primavara)Hot =cald, fierbinte(timp de vara)Cold= rece, frig (timp de iarna)Freezing=inghetatChilly=rece, umed si rece(timp de toamna)Weather forecast= starea vremii
Expressing the time in English:What time is it?= cat este ceasul?What is the time?=cat este ceasul?Your watch is five minutes slow.Your watch is five minutes fast.
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There are two common ways of telling the time.
Formal but easier way
Spunem orele si apoi minutele.(oficial)
Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five
Pentru minutele de la 01 la 09, putem pronunta '0' ca oh.
Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six
More popular way
Pentru ore fixe :It is ……o’clock.[A.M./P.M.].
Past=dupa, si = de obicei folosit pana la jumatateTo = pana la , fara –Quarter=sfertHalf=jumatate It is ..minute …past …ora ….[A.M./P.M.]It is ..minute …to …ora ….[A.M./P.M.]
In vorbirea curenta se folosesc 12 ore pentru exprimarea timpului. Pentru exprimarea activitatilor programate conform unui orar (timetable) folosim sistemul cu 24 de ore. Oricum, in vorbirea directa nu se folosesc 24 de ore decat daca se fac anunturi oficiale.
17:20 –It is twenty past five.
00:00 – midnight
12:00 - midday sau noon
Pentru claritate se poate folosi : in the morning(0-12), in the afternoon(12-18), in the evening(18, 21),at night.
Exercises :Este ora 2 fix:Este ora 2:15.Este ora 3:25.Este ora 4:17.Este ora 5:23.Este ora 18.32.Este ora 19:45
Este ora 21:30.Este ora 22:58Este ora 23:52.Este ora 12:00.Este ora 24:00.Este ora 13:26.Este ora 14:11
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Este ora 16:39.
Pluralul substantivelor(The plural of the nouns)Pluralul substantivelor se face adaugand s la farsitul substantivului.Se adauga es in unul din urmatoarele cazuri:
1. daca substantivul se termina in : s, z, x, sh, chbox- boxes, fox- foxes, fax – faxes, slash - slashes
2. pentru unele substantive terminate in o: echo= ecou, hero=erou, Negro=negru, mosquito=tantar, cargo=incarcatura, tomato= tomatoes, potato -potatoesRestul substantivelor terminate in o fac pluralul urmand regula generala:Radio- radios, kilo – kilos
3. 12 substantive terminate in f, fe fac pluralul transformand f/fe in v +es. Restul substantivelor terminate in f/fe il fac adaugand s :
Elf, self,shelf,loaf, leaf,life, half, calf, wife, wolf, thief, knife4. pentru substantivele terminate in Y precedat de consoana – Y se transforma in I+
EScherry – cherries, entry –entries, copy -copiesdar: alloy- alloys, key -keys
5. substantive cu plural neregulat:
ox- oxen child – childrenman – menwoman – womenfoot – feet
goose –geesetooth – teethmouse – micelouse – lice
numai cu forma de singular: fish , deernumai cu forma de plural : news
Exercise: Scrieti alaturat pluralul cuvintelor
Vocabulary Tyre- cauciuc de masinaPipe= teavaPressure= presiuneChapter= capitolTerm=trimestru, termenBooklet= brosuraOverhead line= linie aerianaFeature= trasatura , caracteristicaComponent= componentaProperty= proprietate
Line= linieTransmission = transmisieDischarge = descarcareRadiation= radiatiePower= putere, energieDamage=pagubaLoad= incarcaturaStage= stadiu, scenaScrew= surubComposite= amestec
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Resin=rasinaFibre=fibraHousing= carcasaBending= indoirePowder= praf, pudraLayer= stratDrawing= desen, schitaShape= formaAim=scop
Manufacturing defect= defect de fabricatieTest report= raportul testuluiCrack= crapaturaAccuracy= precizieFailure= esecCopper conductor= conductor de cupruNail= cui, unghie
Members of a Familyfather = tatadad = tata, taticmother = mamamum , mummy , mom (amerik.)= mamicaparent = parinteparents=parintichild = copilchildren = copiison =fiudaughter = fiicabrother =fratesister = soragrandfather =bunicgranddad , grandpa
= bunicgrandmother = bunicagrandma , granny
=buni, bunicagrandson = nepotgranddaughter =nepoatagrandchild = nepotuncle =unchi
aunt =matusacousin =var, verisoaranephew =nepot de unchiniece =nepoata de unchiboyfriend =prietengirlfriend =prietenafiancé =logodnicfiancée =logodnicabride = mireasagroom, bridegroom =mirewife =sotiehusband =sotspouse =sotie/sot, partener father-in-law =socrumother-in-law=soacraparents-in-law=socrison-in-law= gineredaughter-in-law=norabrother-in-law=cumnatsister-in-law=cumnatagodfather =nasgodmother=nasagodson =fingoddaughter=finagodchild=fin
Exercise :Faceti pluralul substantivelor de la vocabular.
Scrieti cuvintele opuse si forma de plural a lor:
1. mum - dad
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2. brother - 3. son - 4. uncle - 5. grandmother - 6. granddaughter - 7. nephew - 8. wife - 9. boyfriend - 10. cousin –
The equipment in the office
Electric & electromic equipmentComputer(PC)PrinterCopierPhoneFax(machine)Pocket calculatorDesk/wall lampRadio/TV setSpeakers Wall watchAir conditionerHeater= caloriferFurniture DeskErgonomic chairsTableCoach/sofaBookcase
PegHat treeMirrorSafeBookstandCoffee tableFireplaceArmchairs BarStationary items(Sheets of) paperfile=dosarfile holderMarkerRubberRulerCutter GlueStaplerHole makerScissors
Stampagendafolder= dosarCarpet, rugCurtainsFlower vaseAshtrayLighterCalendarBusiness card= carte de vizitaMapFizzy/soft drinksCupsGlassesPicturesOrganizational chartLabel=eticheta
At the officeI work for a foreign trade company. I have a big office there. In the office there is
a desk with a chair, a black leather sofa, a red carpet and a bookcase. There are also two large windows with white curtains. On the desk there is a lamp. There are also my files, and some documents, five or six pens or pencils, a rubber, white sheets of paper, the phone and a picture of my family. On the wall there is a large world map and a chart which shows the evolution of our bussiness.
Sometimes I have visitors from outside the company (clients, parteners, suppliers,agents) or from inside the company (meetings with subordinates, colleagues or with my boss). My secretary makes the appointments.
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Most of the time I am very busy but I am satisfied with my job.Vocabulary:Foreign trade= comert exteriorLeather= piele (prelucrata industrial)Skin=piele (anatomic)Sofa=canapeachart=schema, graficsometimes=uneori, cateodatasubordinate=subordonatsupplier= furnizorresults=rezultate
Translate the text.
The officeLike most offices, my office is a place where I can concentrate on my work and feel comfortable at the same time. Of course, I have all the necessary equipment on my desk. I have the telephone next to the fax machine on the right side of my desk. My computer is in the center of my desk with the monitor directly in front of me. I have a comfortable office chair to sit on and a mouse pad between the computer and the telephone. In order to help me read, I also have a lamp near my computer. There is plenty of paper in one of the cabinet drawers. There are also staples and a stapler, paper clips, highlighters, pens and erasers in the other drawer. In the room, there is a comfortable armchair and a sofa to sit on. I also have a low table in front of the sofa on which there are some industry magazines.
Choose the correct answer based on the reading. 1. What do I need to do in my office? ANSWER:
A) relax B) concentrate C) study D) read magazines
2. Which piece of equipment do I NOT have on my desk? ANSWER:
A) fax B) computer C) lamp D) photocopier
3. Where is the mouse pad located? ANSWER:
A) on the wall B) next to the lamp C) between the computer and the telephone D) near the fax
4. Where do I keep the paperclips? ANSWER:
A) on the desk B) next to the lamp C) in a cabinet drawer D) next to the telephone
5.What do I keep on the table in front of the sofa? ANSWER:
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A) company reports B) fashion magazines C) books D) industry magazines
Useful Vocabulary Armchair=fotoliucabinet=dulap de biroudesk=pupitru, biroudrawer= sertarequipment=echipament
furniture=mobilahighlighter=carioca de subliniatlaptop=laptoppaperclip=agrafa de biroustapler=capsator
The Meeting
(Two workers in an office)
James: Hi Alice. How are you today?Alice: Hi James. I'm fine, and you?
James: Great, thank you. Remember, the meeting is at 3 o'clock.Alice: Excuse me, which meeting?
James: Which meeting?! The meeting with the boss!Alice: Are you sure there is a meeting today?
James: Alice, Alice, every month there is a meeting with the boss. This month that meeting is this afternoon.Alice: Calm down. OK, there's a meeting this afternoon. What time is it?
James: Alice, this is important. The meeting is at three o'clock sharp!Alice: Thank you James... By the way, what time is it now?
James: It's quarter past eleven.
Alice: It's time for lunch!
James: Lunch, now? Lunch time is at twelve.Alice: Well, I'm hungry now.
James: You're funny Alice. This is an office.Alice: I'm hungry ... it's just a snack ...
1. Which statement is true?
Alice isn't coming to the meeting.Alice doesn't remember the meeting.James isn't coming to the meeting.
2. How often do they have a meeting with the boss?
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Every weekEvery monthEvery year
3. When is the meeting?
3 a.m.3:153 p.m.
4. Alice is _____.
hungrythirstyangry
5. What time is it?
Twelve o'clockThree o'clock11:15
The simple present tense
Se foloseste pentru a arata actiuni generale, repetate, obisnuite care se petrec pe o perioada de timp prezenta.
La afirmativ: Subiect+ verb la infinitiv scurt+….
Pentru persoana a III-a singular (he, she, it) sa adauga s, es la finalul verbului pentru a face acordul. Astfel:
1 . se adauga s ca regula generala : He writes; She manages; It barks.
2. se adauga es daca verbul se termina in O, S, Z, X, SH, CH: She goes; He does, She washes.
3. daca verbul se termina in Y precedat de consoana atunci y->I si + es
To copy : She copies; to fly: It flies.
Affirmative negative questionI/you/we/they I play. I do not play. Do I play?he/she/it He plays. He does not play. Does he play?
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Pentru formarea negativului si interogativului folosim auxiliarul to do:
Prezent simplu negativ:Subiect+ do/does+ not+ verb la infinitiv scurtPrezent simplu interogativ :Do/ does + subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt+….?
Exercitiu: Formati propozitii la present simplu:1. I / to collect stamps – I collect stamps.2. we / to produce cables - 3. he / to lead the team- 4. the company / to pays the rate of freight (pretul transportului) - 5. we / to calculate the wholesale price (pretul cu ridicata) - 6. Andy and John / to like to study market economy- 7. the company /to be bankrupt(falimentata) last year- 8. they / to help their parteners - 9. the workers / not to speak English - 10. I / to buy a an industrial magazine every Saturday -
Puneti propozitiile la interogativ si negativ:.
I watch TV. –,Do you watch T.V.?; I don’t watch T.V.
We import goods. -
It is boring. -
She wants to know the market price. -
You work on the computer every weekend. -
Sandy is a good technologist. -
They open the parcels. -
He buys a new CD. -
It is good to be punctual. -
Our partener is interested in this project . -
Traduceti in limba engleza:1. Ce vrei?2. Unde te duci in weekend?3. Ce calificare ai?(qualification)4. Ce limba vorbesti?5. Unde locuiesti?(to live)
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6. Cand mergi la conferinta?(conference)7. Ce fonduri aveti? (funds= fonduri)8. Cand terminati proiectul?
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii, apoi inlocuiti persoana I cu persoana a – III-a singular:1. Eu vorbesc engleza si franceza.
2. Eu locuiesc in Bucuresti.
3. Eu ma duc la serviciu cu autobuzul.(to go to office = a merge la munca)
4. Eu vorbesc engleza foarte bine.
5. La servici lucrez pe calculator.(at office)
6. Eu fac un contract in fiecare luna.
7. Eu am multi prieteni.
8. Eu am cursuri de engleza in fiecare zi.(English classes).
9. Eu citesc mult in timpul liber.
10. Eu ma uit la TV in fiecare seara.
Puneti intrebari in asa fel incat cuvintele scrise ingrosat sa fie raspunsul:
Julia likes making jokes. – What does Julia like?
Maria comes from Spain. -
They talk to the manager in hall of the company. -
Many wholesalers(en-grosisti) don’t work on Saturdays. -
We go to Mallorca because it is warm there.. -
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Joe wants his credit card. -
Robin drives his car carefully. -
Peter reads the newspapers every day. -
Cuvinte ce se folosesc cu prezentul simplu:
always= intotdeauna every ...= in fiecare often= des, adesea normally= normal, in mod normal usually= de obicei sometimes= uneori seldom= uneori, mai rar, cateodata never= niciodata
Cold preasure but-welding= sudare prin presare la receTensile strenght= forta de intindereTo fulfill= a indepliniAgreement= intelegere, acordSuitable= corespunzatorTo grease= a gresaTo cover= a acoperiCoating= invelisRight- handed= spre dreaptaCorrosion= coroziune, erodareTo permit= a permiteRod=baraJoint= incheietura, imbinareEvenly= in mod egal distribuit
Zinc coating= invelis de zincClosely stranded= strans cablateTo require= a cereTo strand= a cablaOutermost= cel mai dinafara
Mass= masaDirty= murdarOil=uleiGrit= granulatie, nisip grosier, pietris finDeposit= depunere
Completion= complectareTo remain= a ramaneGroup= grupDC= curent continuuAC= curent alternativFactory length= lunfime de fabricatieShape= formaAverage= medieDisplacement= dispozitie, amplasareTo reveal= a pune in evidentaTo emboss= a imprimaSample= mostraEach= fiecareArmour= armura, armatura
To connect= a conectaError= eroareTo place= a plasaTo check= a verificaTo substract= a scadeaExcentricity= excentricitate
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Purchaser= beneficiarTo exceed= a intrecePeriphery= periferieTo reinforce= a intari , a armaOverhead= aerianPurpose= scopOuter= exteriorHard drawn= trefilatHelix= eliceTurn= tura, rand To depend= a depindeTo hold= a tine
Present continuous tense
(Timpul prezent continuu)
Prezentul continuu arata o actiune in desfasurare in momentul prezent, sau o actiune de scurta durata.
Forma : to be conjugat la prezent + verb+ ing
Verbul to be este verb auxiliar si ajuta atat la formarea afirmativului , cat si la formarea negativului si interogativului.
Afirmativ:
Subiect+ to be + verb+ ing.
Negativ :
Subiect + to be + not+ verb+ ing.
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Interogativ:
To be + subiect+ verb+ ing…?
affirmative negative questionI I am talking. I am not talking Am I talking?he, she, it He is talking. He is not talking Is he talking?you, we, they You are talking. You are not talking. Are you talking?
Ortografia participiului prezent: verb+ing
1 . In general se adauga ing la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv scurt al verbului
2. Daca verbul se termina in e , e-se taie + ing
To move--- moving
Exceptie de la aceasta regula fac verbele: to be, cele terminate in ee, oe, ye
To be--- being, to see ---seeing
3. Daca verbul se termina in ie , ie se transforma in Y +ing
To die--- dying
4. Daca verbul se termina in c, ic atunci se adauga K+ing
To picnic-picnicking
5. Daca verbul se termina in consoana precedata de vocala accentuata atunci consoana finala se dubleaza si apoi se adauga ing.
To sit –sitting
Exercitii:
Complectati tabelul cu forma corecta a verbului:
affirmative negative questionI I am working.you
HeHe is signing the documents
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sheIt
we
Are we complainig about the retail price?(pret cu amanuntul)
youthey
Folositi cuvintele de mai jos pentru a face propozitii la timpul prezent continuu:
I / to read a newspaper– I am reading a newspaper.
it / to rain -
he / to repair his car -
they / to watch news on TV -
Jane and Emily / to work hard on the project-
Bill / to wait at the bus stop -
we / to listen to the radio -
the market price/ to rise too high -
Transformati propozitiile de mai jos in propozitii negative:
I am watching TV. – I am not watching T.V.
I am talking. -
They are working on a project -
He is opening the window. -
Angela is cleaning the office. -
Faceti intrebari cu cuvintele de mai jos:
Peter / to go / to the cinema – Is Peter going to the cinema?
they / to learn/ English -
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she / to listen /to the radio -
I / to translate -
they / to pack / their bags -
we / to talk / too slow -
they / to clean / the windows -
she / to watch / the news -
Transformati Present Simple in Present Continuous(schimband si adverbul de timp NOW, RIGHT NOW, IN THIS MOMENT)
Ex: I speak on the phone every day-> I am speaking on the phone right now.
1. My neighbour washes his car every Sunday2. We play tennis every afternoon.3. You never watch TV but you listen to the radio.4. My secretary sends faxes every day.5. Mr. And Mrs. Jones take a walk every evening.6. I talk to my parents very often.7. Barbara works on the computer every day at the office.8. My boss organizes press conferences every month.
Scrieti formele interogative, negative si integogativ-negative ale urmatoarelor propozitii:
1. Miss Keits is playing the piano.2. It is raining.3. Our Director is speaking in the conference hall with the guests.4. Andy is preparing his interview for the new job.5. The phone is ringing.6. The manager is talking to his assistant.7. The weather is changing.
Traduceti folosind Present Simple (in general) sau Present Continuous (acum):
1. Mario este italian dar vorbeste engleza foarte bine.2. Ce mai faceti d-le O’Brien?3. Mike, ce faci acolo? Ai nevoi de ajutor?(to need= a avea nevoie)4. In fiecare zi ea se duce la serviciu cu autobuzul.
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5. Domnul Benton vorbeste acum la telefon cu directorul de vanzari.6. Ploua si este foarte frig.7. Aceasta afacere este foarte importanta pentru firma noastra.8. Lui Tony ii place sa joace basket.9. Lucrez pe calculator acum;nu am timp sa discut cu el.
Faceti intrebari astfel incat expresiile sau cuvintele scrise ingrosat sa fie raspunsul:
Ashley is going to a restaurant. – Where is Ashley going?
Gareth is reading the paper. -
Stacey is repairing the heating system. -
She is wearing a red jacket. -
Britney is doing her job -
Mandy is leaving at nine. -
Amanda is going out with Dan. -
They are meeting at two o'clock. -
Sandy is looking for Phil. –
Scrieti forma in ing pentru urmatoarele verbe acordand atentie regulilor de ortografiere:
1. make - making2. have - 3. sit - 4. run - 5. lie - 6. stop - 7. model - 8. get - 9. travel – 10. tie -
1. He / to get / pretty nervous – He is getting pretty nervous.2. She / to write / a letter - 3. We / not / to work - 4. They / to argue - 5. He / to travel / a lot -
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6. She / to enter / the building –
to complain=a se plange, a se lamenta
to get a promotion=a obtine o promovare
Cuvinte folosite cu prezentul continuu(progresiv)
at the moment= in acest moment
now / just now / right now= acum/ chiar acum
Listen!= asculta!
Look!= priveste!
The meals of the dayBreakfast = mic dejunLunch= pranzDinner=cina (ora 18-20)Supper = cina(ora 21-22)
Cateva verbe neregulate
Do –es /du:/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/ A face
draw –s /drɔ:/ drew /dru:/ drawn /drɔ:n/ A desena
Dream –s
/dri:m/ dreamt /dremt/ dreamt /dremt/A visa
Dream –s
/dri:m/ dreamed /dri:md/ dreamed /dri:md/A visa
Drink –s
/drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/A bea
Drive –s /draɪv/ drove /drouv/ driven /'drɪvən/ A conduce
Eat –s /i:t/ ate /eɪt, et/ eaten /'i:tn/ A manca
Fall –s /fɔ:l/ fell /fel/ fallen /'fɔ:lən/ A cadea
Feed –s /fi:d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ A se hrani
Feel –s /fi:l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ A simti
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Fight –s /faɪt/ fought /fɔ:t/ fought /fɔ:t/ A(se) lupta
Find –s /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/ A gasi
Fly – flies
/flaɪ/ flew /flu:/ flown /floun/A zbura
Forget –s
/fər 'get/
forgot/fər 'gɒt/
forgotten /fər 'gɒtn/A uita
Forgive –s
/fər 'gɪv/
forgave/fər
'geɪv/forgiven
/fər 'gɪvən/
A ierta
Freeze –s
/fri:z/ froze /frouz/ frozen /'frouzən/A ingheta
Get –s /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/ A obtine
Get –s /get/ got /gɒt/ gotten /'gɒtn/ A obtine
Give –s /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /'gɪvən/ A da
Go -goes
/gou/ went /went/ gone /gɒn/A merge
Grow –s /grou/ grew /gru:/ grown /groun/ A creste
Hang –s /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ A atarna
Have –has
/hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/A avea
Hear –s /hɪər/ heard /hɜ:rd/ heard /hɜ:rd/ A auzi
Hide –s /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /'hɪdn/ A ascunde
Complectati cu forma de infinitiv, prezent, participiu prezent, trecut, participiu trecut:
Infinitiv Prezent Trecut
Participiul trecut
Participiul prezent
Prezent continuu (he,she,it)
To do Do, does did done doing Is doing A face
to draw Draw, draws drew Drawn drawing Is drawing A desena
A visa
A visa
A bea
A conduce
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A manca
A cadea
A se hrani
A simti
A(se) lupta
A gasi
A zbura
A uita
A ierta
A ingheta
A obtine
A obtine
A da
A merge
A creste
A atarna
A avea
A auzi
A ascunde
Transportation words, means of transport:
Car=masinapick up truck=camionetatruck=camiontruck tank= cisternamotorcycle=motocicleta
airplane=avionjet=avion cu reactiebus=autobustrain=trainbicycle= bike=bicicleta
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van=dubitatractor=tractortrolley –bus=troleutram=tramvaitube/underground=metrou
45
Asking and Giving Directions
To turn (the first ) to the right/left=ia-o (prima) la stanga/ dreaptaHow do I get to …?= Cum ajung la…?What's the best way to …?= Care e cel mai bun drum la…?Where is …?= Unde este…?Go straight on (until you come to …).= Mergi drept inainte pana ce ajungi la…Turn back./Go back.= mergi inapoi; intoarce-teTurn left/right (into …-street).- ia-o la stranga/ dreapta (in strada…)Go along ….=mergi de-a -lungulCross …= traverseazaTake the first/second road on the left/right= ia-o prima / a doua strada la stanga/dreaptaIt's on the left/right.= E pe stanga/ Dreaptastraight on= direct inainteopposite =vizavinear =langanext to=langabetween = intreat the end (of)=la sfarsiton/at the corner=la coltbehind = in spatelein front of= in fata(just) around the corner= tocmai dupa colttraffic lights= semaforcrossroads, junction = intersectiesignpost =semn de circulatie
Police= politie
Shop= magazinSupermarket= supermagazinCinema= cinematografStation= garaBus station= statie de autobus
Hospital= spitalMarket= piataPark= parcChurch= bisericaPost Office= posta
Exercise on Asking and Giving Directions1.For each question choose the one correct answer.:1: If you go up to the fifth floor, you'll find his office ____ your right as you come outthe elevator.a: onb: inc: by2: Go to the end of the road and ____ left by the traffic lights.a: bend
b: turnc: twist3: _____ a right just after the supermarket.a: Haveb: Takec: Give4: You ____ his house, it's painted bright pink!a: can’t findb: can’t missc: can't lose5: Go ____ on to the end of the road.a: straightb: nearc: towards2.Traduceti:
1. Excuse me. Is there a grocery store around here?
2. Can you tell me how to get to the police?
3. Where's supermarket?
4. How do you get to the bank?
Yeah. There's one right across the street.
Sorry. I don't live around here.
It's on the corner of Holly and Vine. Next to the library.
Go straight down this street for two blocks. Turn left when you get to Maple Street. Stay on Maple for half a block. It's on the left hand side.
3.What’s the best way to the post office? Excuse me, where is the post office, please?
…………….at the next corner.
Then ……………..until you come to the traffic lights.
………………..there.
The post office is ……………..the cinema.
4.Where is the Post Office:
A: Hello, excuse me, can you tell me how to get to the nearest Post Office?B: Erm, yea, sure – you go straight up this street. Take the second turn on the right. Keepgoing along there, across one junction, and it’s right there on your left.A: ThanksB: Oh, no, hang on, wait a minute, there’s a closer one. Walk up this street, take the first leftand there’s a Post Office on your right at the next junction, sorry, I forgot about that one.A: Thanks againPurchaser= cumparatorManufacturer= producatorUnarmoured cable= cablu nearmatCopper wire armour= armatura din sarma de cupruGalvanized steel wire= sarma de otel galvanizatMarking= marcajEither= unul sau altul; fie…fieBinder=liantAnnealed=calire, recoacereTo comply= a fi in conformitate cuFiller= material de umpluturaTo strip= a indepartaDamage= pagubaTo damage= a strica, a distrugeTo consist= a fi alcatuit dinThickness= grosime
To measure= a masuraMulticore= multifilarLay= stratPlain= plat, planBedding= stratSheath= manta To strand= a cablaTo shape= a da formaIn accordance= in conformitateTo fall= a cadeaBody= corpAverage= medieHomogenous= omogenTo meet the requirements= a indeplini cerinteleTo set out= a stabiliCopper= cupruNominal tolerance= toleranta nominala
Future simple tense (viitor simplu)
Folosit pentru a exprima ideea de viitor sau decizii luate in momentul vorbirii: Verbul auxiliar folosit este “will” (shall pentru I/ We dar numai in scris)Afirmativ :Subiect+ will+ verb la infinitiv scurtWe shall translate this text.We will translate this text. In vorbirea directa este corecta si aceasta exprimare.Forma prescurtata pentru shall sau will este “’ll”We ‘ll translate this text.
Negativ :Subiect+ will +not+ verb la infinitiv scurtWe shall not translate this text.We will not translate this text. Forma prescurtata : shall not= shan’t; will not= won’tInterogativ : Will + subiect+ verb la infinitiv scurt ….?Will we translate this text?
Expresii sau cuvinte ce insotesc viitorul:Next weekNext month …..Tomorrow Next summer
Exercises:
Rewrite the following present tense sentences in the future tense by using will.
1. Every week the administrator buys new stationery supplies.(next week)
2. Two times a month we have a general meeting with the entire staff of the company.(on Monday)
3. Claude sends a sales report by e-mail every Wednesday(next Wednesday)
4. I visit them when I have time. (on Christmas)
5. I always try to be on time for my meetings.(the day after tomorrow)
6. We are not home on time.
7. Do you recognize him?
8. The men work many hours.
9. She flies to London every year.(next month)
10.Every day I go to the office by car.(tomorrow)
Translate:1. Eu voi servi o prajitura si un suc. Tu ce vei servi? (to have= a servi, a avea)
2. Daca am timp maine voi participa la sedinta. (to participate= a participa; the day after tomorrow= poimaine)
3. Ce veti face maine la negocierea cu noii dumneavoastra parteneri? (negociation= negociere)
4. Ce veti face maine la targ? (fair=1. targ; 2. corect 3. balai, blond)
5. Peste doua luni vom participa la licitatie. (in two months= peste 2 luni; auction= licitatie)
6. Vom discuta termenii contractului intr-o saptamana. (in a week= intr=o saptamana)
7. Zambeste, maine va fi mai rau.(to smile= a zambi, worse= mai rau)
Scrieti forma interogativa, negativa si interogativ-negativa pentru urmatoarele propozitii:Your boss will meet the representatives of P&G the day after tomorrow.
She will read all these projects if she has enough time.
The accountant will check again all the figures on the payroll.(payroll – stat de plata)
They will come to the party if we invite them.
You will make all the arrangements for the presentation of our new products.
The company will cover all the expenses of the business trip.
Prepozitions: English Usage Example on days of the week on Monday
in
months / seasons time of day year
after a certain period of time (when?)
in August / in winter in the morning in 2006
in an hour
at
for night
for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
at night
at the weekend
at half past nine
sincefrom a certain point of time
(past till now) since 1980
for over a certain period of
time (past till now) for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
before earlier than a certain point
of time before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50) past telling the time ten past six (6:10) to /
till / until
marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by in the sense of at the latest I will be back by 6 o’clock.
English Usage Example
up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read
five pages.
De loc – pozitie si directie
English Usage Example
in
room, building, street, town, country
book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at
meaning next to, by an object
for table for events
place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on
attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left,
right) for a floor in a house for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall London lies on the
Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio by, next
to, beside
left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than
(or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below lower than something else
but above ground the temperature is below 0
over covered by something else meaning more than
put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age
English Usage Example getting to the other side
(also across)
overcoming an obstacle
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above higher than something
else, but not directly over it
above all expectations
across
getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through something with limits on
top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel
to
movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
go to the cinema go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the
house
towards movement in the direction
of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the building
onto movement to the top of
something jump onto the table
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
Alte prepozitii importante
English Usage Example from who gave it a present from Jane
of who/what does it belong to
what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on
walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car off leaving a public transport get off the train
English Usage Examplevehicle
out of
leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by
rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus at for age she learned Russian at 45
about for topics, meaning what
about we were talking about you
Exercise on Prepositions – Place
Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions.
1. We live -----------London. 2. Would you like to go -----------the cinema tonight? 3. No, thanks. I was -----------the cinema yesterday. 4. We are going -----------holiday next week. 5. There is a bridge -----------the river. 6. The flight from Leipzig to London was -----------Frankfurt. 7. -----------my wall, there are many picture postcards. 8. Who is the person -----------this picture? 9. Come -----------the sitting room, we want to watch TV. 10. Munich lies 530 meters -----------sea level.
Cateva verbe neregulate
Have –has /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/ A avea
Hear –s /hɪər/ heard /hɜ:rd/ heard /hɜ:rd/ A auzi
Hide –s /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /'hɪdn/ A ascunde
Hit –s /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ A lovi
Hold -s /hould/ held /held/ held /held/ A tine
Hurt –s /hɜ:rt/ hurt /hɜ:rt/ hurt /hɜ:rt/ A rani
Keep –s /ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ A tine
Know –s /nou/ knew /nu:/ known /noun/ A sti
Lay –s /leɪ/ laid /leɪd/ laid /leɪd/ A intinde
Lead –s /li:d/ led /led/ led /led/ A conduce
Learn –s /lɜ:rn/ learnt /lɜ:rnt/ learnt /lɜ:rnt/ A invata
Learn /lɜ:rn/ learned /lɜ:rnd/ learned /lɜ:rnd/ A invata
Leave –s /li:v/ left /left/ left /left/ A pleca
Lend –s /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/A da cuimprumut
Let –s /let/ let /let/ let /let/A lasa, a permite
Lie –s /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/ A se intinde
Lose –s /lu:z/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/ A pierde
Make –s /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/ A face
Scrieti formele verbelor
Present simple
Past simple Past participle Translation
A auzi
A ascunde
A lovi
A tine
A rani
A tine
A sti
A intinde
A conduce
A invata
A invata
A pleca
A da cuimprumut
A lasa, a permite
A se intinde
A pierde
A face
GRADELE DE COMPARATIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR
GRADUL POZITIV: happy, good, tall, thin, GRADUL COMPARATIV DE INFERIORITATE
Not as …..adj…..as = nu la fel de……..ca Less ….adj…than= mai putin …….decat
Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.
GRADUL COMPARATIV DE EGALITATE
As …..adj…. as= la fel de….adj… ca
Example: Jane is as tall as John.
GRADUL COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
Pentru adjective scurte formate din 1-2 silabe se formeaza adaugand “ER” la sfarsitul adjectivului.Tall – taller, thin—thinnerPentru adjective lungi, polisilabice, se formeaza punand “more” in fata adjectivului:More intelligent, more beautifulThan= decat
GRADUL SUPERLATIV RELATIV DE SUPERIORITATEPentru adjective scurte formate din 1-2 silabe se formeaza adaugand “EST” la sfarsitul adjectivului.Tall –the tallest, thin—the thinnestPentru adjective lungi, polisilabice, se formeaza punand “the most” in fata adjectivului:The most intelligent, the most beautifulDE INFERIORITATE:
The least + adjectiv.The least important= cel mai putin important
The least valuable= cel mai putin valoros
GRADUL SUPERLATIV ABSOLUTAdjectivul e precedat de unul dintre cuvintele:VeryExtremelyExtraordinarily …etc..Very thin, very tall, …
Reguli de adaugare er/ est:-daca adjectivul se termina in e- e se taie si se adauga er/ est Late-later-the latest- daca adjectivul se termina in y precedat de consoana y devine ‘i’ si se adauga er/ est Easy – easier- the easiest- daca adjectivul se termina in consoana precedat de vocala accentuata , atunci se dubleaza consoana finala si se adauga er/est Thin- thinner-the thinnestUrmatoarele adjective au grade neregulate de comparatie:
positive formcomparative
formsuperlative
formGood better bestbad / ill worse worstlittle (amount) Less leastlittle (size) smaller smallestmuch / many More mostfar (place + time) Further furthestfar (place) Farther farthestlate (time) Later latestlate (order) Latter lastnear (place) Nearer nearestnear (order) - nextold (people and things) Older oldestold (people) Elder eldest
Scrieti gradele de comparatie pentru urmatoarele adjective:
SmallLateDifficultStrongQuick
BusyNoisyFunnyCloseSilly
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. My house is (big) bigger than yours. 2. This flower is (beautiful) -----------than that one. 3. This is the (interesting) -----------book I have ever read. 4. Non-smokers usually live (long) -----------than smokers. 5. Which is the (dangerous) -----------animal in the world? 6. A holiday by the sea is (good) -----------than a holiday in the mountains. 7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) -----------than a beer. 8. Who is the (rich) -----------woman on earth? 9. The weather this summer is even (bad) -----------than last summer. 10. He was the (clever) -----------thief of all.
Translate:
1. Arnold este mai inalt decat John2. Sugestia dumneavoastra este foarte interesanta si o vom lua in considerare.3. Aceasta problema este mai putin importanta, o vom discuta mai tarziu.
Transform : Alice/smart/Joe- Alice is smarter than Joe; Joe is less smart than Alice
1. the Black Sea/deep/ the Red Sea2. An armchair/ confortable/ a chair3. Jack / polite/ Frank4. New York/ big/ Paris
Viitorul continuu (Future continuous)Se formeaza cu ajutorul auxiliarului to be + VB+ing, la fel ca toate timpurile continue. To be se pune la viitor: will/shall beNegativul se face prin adaugarea lui not la auxiliar: will not= won’t, shall not= shan’tInterogativul se face prin inversiune auxiliar subiect.Timpul arata o actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment sau perioada de timp din viitor.Se foloseste cu adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale ce arata un moment de timp viitor.
Afirmativ:I will/shall be teaching English by 10 o’clock on Wednesday morning
In the first person, will is more usual than shall, except in the interrogative.
NegativI will/shall not be teaching English by 10 o’clock Wednesday morning.I won’t/shan’t be teaching English by 10 o’clock Wednesday morning.
Interogativ Will you be teaching English by 10 o’clock Wednesday morning?Where will you be teaching English by 10 o’clock Wednesday morning?Won’t you be teaching English by 10 o’clock Wednesday morning?
Alte modalitati de exprimare a viitorului:Future simple: will/ shall+verb= > folosit pentru a arata ideea de viitor, predictii despre vreme, decizii luate in momentul vorbirii. I ‘ll bring you a glass of water!Be going to+ verb=> viitorul de intentie, arata intentia vorbitorului.
Is he going to lecture in English?Be on the point of + vb + ing= a fi pe punctul de a…Be on the verge of+ vb + ing= a fi pe punctul de a…Be to+ verb= a fi pe punctul de a…Prezent simplu: pentru a arata actiuni prezente/viitoare : in programari oficiale The train leaves at seven. (decizie, program oficial)Prezentul continuu cu valoare de viitor : arata actiuni viitoare PLANIFICATE de vorbitor: I am leaving tomorrow morning. (decizia vorbitorului)
Exercise :Inlocuiti Future Simple (will+vb…) cu expresia BE GOING TO +VB in urmatoarele propozitii:Example: I will call Sam later-> I am going to call Sam later.1. The president will sign the document next week.2. The meeting will be canceled.3. The course will be extended.(to extend – a prelungi)4. We will work more hours during the promotional campaign.5. They will come back earlier. 6. Mr. Von Hayden will become our project director in October.7. I will introduce you to my team members.8. The new product will be a success on the Romanian market.
Trecutul verbelor auxiliare: to be, to have, to doTo be , was/were, beenTo have, had, hadTo do, did, done
Acestea sunt cele 3 forme importante ale verbelor: infinitiv, trecut simplu, participiu trecut.
Trecutul verbelor il reprezinta forma a doua.To be la trecut : was ---pentru I/ he/ she/ it Were—pentru restul persoanelor La negativ: was not=wasn’t; were not= weren’t
To have la trecut are o singura forma folosita la toate persoanele: hadLa negativ : had not= hadn’t
To do la trecut: didLa negativ: did not= didn’t
Unitati de masura Inch [in] = 2.54 cm Foot [ft] =12 in= 0.3048 m Yard [yd] =3 ft= 0.9144 m Mile =1760 yd= 1.6093 km Nautical Mile =2025.4 yd =1.852 km
Nationalitati(scrise cu majuscula)
America- AmericanFrance- FrenchSpain – Spanish,SpaniardChina- ChineseHungary- HungarianHolland- Dutch
Verbele modale , numite si modal defective, nu au forme la toate persoanele si de aceea la trecut se inlocuiesc si cu expresiile:
Can, could, could Was/ were able to- poate inlocui pe can la trecutMay, might(rar folosit la trecut), - Was/ were permitted to -poate inlocui pe may la trecut
Must , -, - Had to -- inlocuieste pe must la trecut
Exercises:Traduceti :
1. Numai tu poti semna contractul.2. A trebuit sa studiezi pentru examen.3. El putea vorbi olandeza.4. Ea a fost in stare sa tina un discurs in fata multimii. (to hold a speech= a tine un
discurs; Crowd=multime)
5. Noi am fost acolo.6. Ei au avut succese.(to be successful)7. Anul trecut domnul String era Directorul General al acelei firme(company).
Alternatively- alternativTo subject= a supuneResistivity test= test de rezistentaCompliance= corespunzatorTo desire= a doriWrapping test= test de infasurareTo request= a cereTo furnish=a furnizaTest de tensiune(rupere)= tensile testTest de infasurare= wrapping testTest de galvanizare= galvanizing testcompound= componentaPrimarily=initial, la inceput
Intended= proiectatEnvisaged=prevazut, preconizatTo twist= a rasuci, a impletiOrdinary= normalaTo heat= a incalziUnkindable=necorespunzatorTo include= a includeFibre= fibraBraid= impletituraTwin= perecheDuty= executie, datorieTo screen= a ecrana
To be designed= a fi destinatSuitable= corespunzatorWithin= interiorLighting fitting= dispozitiv de iluminareFlexing= incovoiere, flexibilitateRated voltage= tensiune nominalaBelow=sub, mai, josAppliance=aplicare, adaptareTo vulcanize= a vulcanizaAnnealed= calit, recoptTo pass= a trece
Tinning test= test de cositorire
Tinsel conductor= conductor acoperitTinsel cord= sarma laminata pentru litaExtrusion= extrudareTinned=cositoritPlain= planTo fit= a potriviClosely= strans
Cazul genitivPosesor ‘s Obiect posedat
Pentru formarea cazului genitiv (aplicabil la substantive) se adauga ‘s in cazul in care posesorul este la singular sau la plural dar nu se termina in s.
Mary’s jobThe woman’ s booksThe women’s books
Posesors’ Obiect posedatDaca posesorul este un substantiv terminat in s atunci se pune doar ‘De obicei folosim aceasta exprimare daca posesorul este o persoana.Aceasta forma mai apare in expresii ce implica, timp, distanta, vreme:It’s five miles’ walk.It’s two hours’time.It’s five meters’ long.
Pentru obiecte/ lucruri sau cand substantivele sunt insotite de adjective : The……of the ……
The numbers of the housesThe lights of the housesThe lights of the red houses
Exercises:Change the italicized possessive phrase to a possessive ending in -’s.EXAMPLE: The color of the car is red.The car’s color is red.1. The center of the storm was just north of the city.2. The condition of the victims was very serious.3.The equipment of the lab was outdated(depasit).4.The efforts of each man helped to make the project a success.5.The documents of the young lawyer were very impressive.6.The room was filled with the scent of the roses.7.A hunter captured the mother of the little bear cub.8.We drove to the northern border of the town.
Translate :1. Mama tatalui meu este bunica.2. Sora mamei tale este matusa ta.3. Fiica unchiului este verisoara ei.4. Biroul directorului este vizavi de posta.5. Titlul acestei carti este “Strazile din San Francisco”.
Vocabulary: Rubber=cauciucDistribution panel= panou/tablou de distributieConcrete= betonSteel= otelSteel cables for traction=cabluri de otel pentru tractiuneEnvironment= mediu inconjuratorElectroinsulating materials= materiale electroizolanteElectrical cablings=panou electricPVC jacket= manta de PVC
Ground=tarana, terenWooden pallets= paleti de lemnRange= marja, variatieCopper wire lace=tresa din sarma de cupruWeight= greutateLength=lungimeWidth=latimeHeight= inaltimeDepth= adancimeScreen= ecran
The thickness of zinc coating= grosimea stratului de zinc
Traduceti :1. Latimea terenului este 20 m.2. Inaltimea panoului electric este 2 m.3. Greutatea paletilor de lemn este 100 kg.4. Adancimea stratului de beton este 10 cm.
5. Lungimea tresei din sarma de cupru este ….6. Promovarea fratelui meu a fost rapida.(promotion=promovare)7. Compania sotiei mele este profitabila. (profitable)
Alte verbe neregulate
Spit –s /spɪt/ spat /spæt/ spat /spæt/ A scuipa
Spit /spɪt/ spit /spɪt/ spit /spɪt/ A scuipa
split –s /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ A imparti
Spoil –s /spoɪl/ spoilt /spoɪlt/ spoilt /spoɪlt/ A rasfata
Spoil –s /spoɪl/ spoiled /spoɪld/ spoiled /spoɪld/ A rasfata
Stand –s /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/A sta(in picioare)
Steal –s /sti:l/ stole /stoul/ stolen /'stoulən/ A fura
Strike –s /straɪk/ struck /strʌk/ struck /strʌk/ A lovi
Swim –s /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/ A inota
Take –s /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /'teɪkən/ A lua
Teach –es /ti:tʃ/ taught /tɔ:t/ taught /tɔ:t/ A preda
Tear –s /teər/ tore /tɔr/ torn /tɔrn/ A rupe
Tell –s /tel/ told /tould/ told /tould/A povesti, a spune
Think –s /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔ:t/ thought /θɔ:t/ A gandi
Throw –s /θrou/ threw /θru:/ thrown /θroun/ A arunca
Understand –s
/ʌndər 'stænd/
understood/ʌndər 'stʊd/
understood/ʌndər 'stʊd/
A intelege
Wake –s /weɪk/ woke /wouk/ woken /'woukən/ A se trezi
Wear –s /weər/ wore /wɔr/ worn /wɔrn/ A purta
Win –s /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/ A castiga
Write/raɪt/ wrote /rout/ written /'rɪtn/
A scrie
Complectati formele care lipsesc:
Iinfinitiv Prezent Trecut Participiu Participiu Prezent
simplu trecut prezentcontinuu(he/she/it)
To spit Spit, -s Spat Spat spitting Is spitting A scuipa
To split Split, -s Split Split Splitting Is splitting A imparti
A rasfata
A rasfata
A sta(in picioare)
A fura
A lovi
A inota
A lua
A preda
A rupe
A povesti, a spune
A gandi
A arunca
A intelege
A se trezi
A purta
A castiga
A scrie
Numeralul ordinal
Numeralul ordinal se formeaza din numeralul cardinal + THPrimele 3 forme se invata pe dinafara.. In exprimare este precedat de “THE”Ex: first---The first= primul= 1st
The second= al doilea=2rd
The third= al treilea=3rd
Forma prescurtata se foloseste in exprimarea datei.De la al 4-lea in sus se adauga TH. Forma prescurtata se formeaza scriind cifra sau numarul si TH sus.Atentie la modificari:Five—the fifthNine—the ninthTwelve – the twelfthPentru zeci: cand se adauga th in cazul zecilor, Y final se transforma in ie
1 through 10One first Two second three third four fourth Five fifth six sixth seven seventh eight eighth nine ninth ten tenth 11 through 19eleven eleventh Twelve twelfth thirteen thirteenth fourteen fourteenth fifteen fifteenth Sixteen sixteenth seventeen seventeenth eighteen eighteenth nineteen nineteenth 20 through 100twenty twentieth thirty thirtieth forty fortieth Fifty fiftieth sixty sixtieth Seventy seventieth eighty eightieth
ninety ninetieth hundred hundredth 1000 and 1,000,000thousand thousandth Million millionth
Numeralul fractional1/5= a/ one fifth2/5=two fifths3/5= three fifths etc..Numeralul multiplicativOnce = o dataTwice = two times= de 2 oriThrice = three times = de 3 oriPentru restul numeralelor se formeaza adaugand “TIMES” la numeralul ordinal.
Exercises:3 zecimi=de 12 ori=al 127-lea=al 34-lea=al 151-lea=4/6=de 156 ori=al 9-lea=al 12-lea=al 167-lea=al 97-lea=al 32-lea=al 143-lea=
The date
Example: 5(th) (of) October(,) 2004=== 5 th October 2008—
se citeste the fifth of October 2004
In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.
Example: October (the) 5(th), 2004
Exercises:
Change the cardinal number in parentheses to the appropriate ordinal number.1. Mr. Woo was born on the (2) of October.2. I’m sitting in the (4) row.3. My birthday was on the (21) of July.4. This is only the (3) time we met.5. The old woman died on her (100) birthday.6. They’re celebrating their (30) anniversary.7. Who’s the (5) boy in line?8. That was her (10) phone call today.9. Mr. Burton was their (1,000) customer and won a prize.10. Adam scored in the (99) percentile.11. I think I was (1) in line.12. Our seats are in the (12) row.13. Christmas Day is always on the (25) .14. The old woman died on her (86) birthday.15. Our new car arrived on the (22) of August.Complete each sentence with the date shown in parentheses written as words. In each case the month precedes the day(e.g., 5/2 _ May second).1. (8/10) She was born on .2. (10/12) He’ll arrive on .3. (11/11) The party will be .4. (2/16/1999) He died on .5. (4/1/2002) They met on .6. (12/24) Christmas Eve is .7. (7/4) Where will you spend ?8. (1492) Columbus arrived in the New World in .9. (2/14/2004) The meeting is .10. (6/2) Was the writer born on ?Verbe neregulate
Pay –pays /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/ A plati
Put –s /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ A pune
Read –s /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ A citi
Ride –s /raɪd/ rode /roud/ ridden /'rɪdn/ A calari
Ring –s /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/ A suna
Rise –s /raɪz/ rose /rouz/ risen /'rɪzən/A se ridica, a rasari
Run –s /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/ A fugi,a alerga
Say –says /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/ A spune
See –s /si:/ saw /sɔ:/ seen /si:n/ A vedea
Sell –s /sel/ sold /sould/ sold /sould/ A vinde
Send –s /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/ A trimite
Set –s /set/ set /set/ set /set/ A stabili
Shake –s /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /'ʃeɪkən/ A scutura
Shine –s /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃoun, ʃɒn/ shone /ʃoun, ʃɒn/ A straluci
Shoot –s /ʃu:t/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/A trage cu arma
Show –s /ʃou/ showed /ʃoud/ shown /ʃoun/ A arata
Shut –s /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ A inchide
Sing –s /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/ A canta
Sink –s /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/ A se scufunda
Sit –s /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/ A sta (jos)
Sleep –s /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/ A dormi
Complectati cu formele ce lipsesc:
IinfinitivPrezent simplu
TrecutParticipiu
trecutParticipiu
prezent
Prezent continuu(he/she/it)
To put Put, -s put put putting Is putting A pune
To read Read, -s read read reading Is reading A citi
To ride Ride, -s rode ridden riding Is riding A calari
A suna
A se ridica, a rasari
A fugi,a alerga
A spune
A vedea
A vinde
A trimite
A stabili
A scutura
A straluci
A trage cu arma
A arata
A inchide
A canta
A se scufunda
A sta (jos)
A dormi
The past simple tense(Trecutul simplu regulat)
Trecutul simplu se formeaza in modul urmator:1. pentru verbe regulate : se adauga “ed” la finalul verbului si se obtine forma a doua
a verbului, identica cu forma a treia(participiul trecut). Aceasta forma este aceeasi la toate persoanele.
2. pentru verbele neregulate trecutul simplu il reprezinta forma a doua data in tabele. Se invata pe de rost.
Ortografia (ED)1. in general se adauga ED la finalul formei de infinitiv a verbului/ prima forma
to learn - learned
2. daca verbul se termina in e – e se taie + ED
to move-- moved3. daca verbul se termina in y precedat de consoana , y devine I si se adauga ED
to copy -- copied4. daca verbul se termina in c, ic se adauga K +ED
to picnic- picnicked5. daca verbul se termina in consoana precedata de vocala accentuata(accentul cade pe ultima silaba), se dubleaza consoana finala +EDto prefer - preferred
ED- se pronunta ID daca verbul de baza se termina in T sau D; in restul cazurilor se pronunta fie T fie D
Timpul trecut simplu se foloseste pentru a exprima actiuni terminate, incheiate.Perioada de timp in care se incadreaza actiunea este trecuta.Se foloseste cu expresii sau locutiuni adverbiale de timp ce arata o perioada de timp terminata: last… week/ month Yesterday Two weeks ago ..etc In 1976 Afirmativ Subiect +verb+ed(verbe regulate)SauSubiect +forma a 2-a verb(din tabele-verbe neregulate) Negativ:Subiect+ did+ not+ infinitiv scurt verb+…Did+ not= didn’tInterogativ :Did+ subiect+ verb la infinitiv scurt+….?
Exercises:Transformati de la present Simple la Past Simple:
1. We have to participate in the meeting today
IYouHeSheItWeYouThey
arrived late at the meeting. (regular verb)
came back late. (irregular verb)
IYouHeSheItWeYouThey
didn't go to New York last week.
Did
IYouHeSheItWeYouThey
leave yesterday?
2. My neighbour works in the Ministry of Tourism
3. They go to the seaside every summer.
4. I want to buy a DVD unit for my computer.
5. The news reports on this TV station are very updated.(updated=actualizat, de ultima ora, la zi, TV station-post de televiziune)
Traduceti :1. Ieri directorul a cumparat un calculator si o imprimanta pentru biroul nostru.
2. Imi pare rau dar alaltaieri nu am avut timp sa vorbesc cu d-na Peterson.
3. Luna trecuta nu a plouat in Bucuresti dar a plouat in Brasov.
4. Seful meu a scris o carte despre noile metode de management si marketing.
5. Anul trecut am vizitat New York-ul cu prietenii mei si am vazut Statuia Libertatii.
6. Acum doua saptamani am fost foarte ocupati cu negocierile pentru noul contract cu partenerii nostri francezi.
Traduceti si scrieti formele lor negative si interogative:1. Doamna Wellington era in sufragerie cand a sunat telefonul.(living
room=sugragerie)
2. Jonny a sarbatorit ziua de nastere cu prietenii si familia lui. (to celebrate= a sarbatori)
3. Anul trecut domnul Popescu a fost directorul general al acelei firme.
4. Secretara a dactilografiat scrisoarea si a transmis-o prin fax.(to type= a dactilografia)
Pronumele personal in cazul dativ si acuzativ
Pronumele personal in cazul nominativ se foloseste doar pe post de subiect.In celelalte cazuri folosim forma pronumelor pentru cazul dativ sau acuzativ(aceeasi) Pronume personal in cazul nominativ in cazul dativ- acuzativ
I = euYou =tuHe=elShe =eaIt=el/eaWe=noiYou=voiThey =ei/ele
Me =mie, …..mineYou=tie, …tineHim=lui,…elHer=ei, …eaIt=ei/lui, …ea/elUs =noua, ….noiYou =voua, …voiThem =lor, …ele/ei
Pronumele personale in cazul acuzativ sunt insotite de obicei de prepozitii: with, at, for, under, near, ….Exercises:Traduceti :
1. They met him at the airport.2. She gave you the letter.3. We wrote the new words instead of him.4. She went shopping with them.
5. I listened to it .6. She gave it to me.7. They spoke to her.
Pronumele posesiv si adjectivul posesiv
Adjectivul posesivMyYourHisHerItsOurYourTheir
Pronumele posesivMineYours His Hers-Ours Yours Theirs
Exercise:Traduceti :This is my briefcase.This briefcase is mine.
These are your files.These files are yours.
It is his office.The office is his.
It is her responsibility.The responsibility is hers.
This is its component part.-
This is our advantage.The advantage is ours.
Those are your accounts.The accounts are yours.
This is their company.The company is theirs.
1. Cartea aceasta este a mea, nu a ei.2. Cea mai buna lucrare a fost a ta.3. Cumpara masina mea daca nu-ti place a lui.4. Joe este un prieten de-al nostru.5. Locul acela de parcare este al lor.6. Mobilul meu nu functioneaza(to work= a munci; a functiona).Il pot folosi pe al
tau?7. Vreau sa stiu daca ideea asta a fost a ta sau a lui.
Past continuous tense (trecutul continuu)Arata o actiune in desfasurare intr-un anumit moment din trecut.Se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be(la trecut: was/ were) + Verb+ingAfirmativ :Subiect+ was/were+ verb+ing+…
Negativ:Subiect+ was/were+not+ verb+ing+…
Interogativ :Subiect+ was/were+ verb+ing+…
Example:He was driving He wasn’t driving.Was he driving?Wasn’t he driving?Where was he driving?
Exercise : Conjugati 2 verbe la trecut continuu
Exercises:Scrieti formele interogative, negative si interogativ-negative pentru urmatoarele propozitii:
1. He was speaking on the phone when I entered the office.
2. My neighbour was washing his car when I went out.
3. Chris was looking for Jane when he came here.
4. They were watching TV when I called them.
5. The assistant was printing a document when the phone rang.
6. I was driving the car when the policeman asked me to stop.
7. It was raining when I arrived at the hotel.
8. She was telling you something important when I interrupted her.
9. The plane was taking off when we arrived at the airport.(to take off=a decola)
10. He was working on the computer when I went to his place.
Traduceti folosind Past Simple sau Past Continuous.
1. Am vorbit cu contabilul2. Vorbeam cu contabilul (atunci)3. Teddy m-a ajutat.4. Teddy ma ajuta.
5. M-am uitat la TV.6. Ma uitam la TV.7. A plouat mult anul trecut.8. Ploua mult cand ai sosit.9. Ai trimis un e-mail cu 5 minute in urma.10. Trimiteai un e-mail cand ea a intrat in birou.
VIPSPresident =presedinteVice president= vice-presedintePrime minister= prim ministruMinister of Tourism= Ministrul ComertuluiMinister of Education= Ministrul EducatieiMinister of Comerce and Industry= Ministrul Comertului si IndustrieiMinister of Difence= Ministrul aparariiMinister of Internal Affairs= Ministrul Afacerilor interneMinister of Foreign Affairs= Ministrul Afacerilor externeMinister of Agriculture= Ministrul AgriculturiiMinister of Labour and Social Protection=Ministrul Muncii si Protectiei SocialeMinister of Culture= Ministrul CulturiiMinister of Health= Ministrul SanatatiiMinister of Reform= Ministrul ReformeiMinister of European Integration=Ministrul Integrarii EuropeneMinister of State Administration= Ministrul Administratie de StatSecretary of State=secretar de statSenator= senatorMember of Parliament(MP)=membru al parlamentuluiAmbassador(His/ Her Excellence)= ambasador /Excelenta saConcilor /Adviser=consilierMayer= primarPrefect= prefect
Qualities and skills= calitati si abilitati Intellingent=inteligentClever/smart=desteptHard working=muncitorPatient=rabdatorLoyal =loialPersuasive=convingatorDetermined=hotaratSelf possesed=stapan pe sineAmbiltious=ambitiosFlexible=flexibilBalanced=echilibratHealthy=sanatos
Rapid/quick=rapidPolite=politicosCourteous=curtenitorEducated= educat , instruitDiscret=discretReliable=de incredereKind=amabilFunny=amuzantTidy=ordonatFriendly/sociable=prietenosForgiving=iertatorUnderstanding=intelegator
Generous=generosConsistent=consecventSelf-motivated=auto-motivatDecent=decent
Organized=organizatGood-looking=aratos, frumos la infatisare
Shortcomings =defecte
Stubborb=incapatanatTimid=timidEnvious=invidiosGelous=gelosLazy=lenesAbsent-minded= uituc, neatentGreedy=lacomRevengeful=razbunatorLier=mincinosRude=obraznicLonely=singuraticDishonest=necinstitInconsistent=inconsecventDull=morocanosBoring=plictisitorStupid=prostIndecent=indecentSick/ill=bolnavSelfish=egoistSuperficial=superficialUgly=urat
Exercise:Describe a VIP that you have met before.What are his/her qualities and shortcomings?
Wire= sarmaTo galvanize=a galvanizaSteel= otelJoint= imbinareTo braze= alipi cu aliaj tareUpright= verticalOverall= peste totWhichever= oricareTo remove= a indepartaTo distinguish= a deosebiBearing= sustinator, care suportaWide= latTo mark= a marcaSize= marimeLegibly= vizibil, citet
Core=miezLeft= stangaRight= dreaptaLetter= litera, scrisoareFigure= cifraTo weld= a sudaGreat= mare, maretTo varnish= a avertizaYellow= galbenHole= gauraSpace= spatiuStrip= bandaRibbon= panglicaTo emboss= a imprima
Jobs related concepts in Human Resources(job analysis, job description, job specification)
Job description (fisa postului) The job description is a document which specifies
1. the objectives of a job2. the work that must be performed(task by task)3. the responsabilities involved4. the necessary skills5. the relationship of the job with other jobs6. the working conditions.
Job specifications (specificatiile/cerintele postului)The job specifications is a written description of the special qualifications required of a worker in a particular job. It includes:
1. education2. experience3. special skills4. other requirements
Meant to= menit saTo require= a cere, anecesitaTo assign= a desemnaTo perform= a desfasuraTask =sarcina, indatorireTo involve= a implica
Specification=specificatieParticular= specific, anumeTo pass a law= a vota o legeTo prohibit= a interzicePositions available= Oferte de munca
Present perfect simple
Se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to have+ participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.Arata de obicei o actiune terminata recent, eventual subliniaza efectul in prezent al acelei actiuni tocmai terminate. Se traduce prin trecut , la fel ca past simple. Perioada de timp cu care se foloseste este prezenta.: today, this week, this month…; just=tocmai, already=deja,yet=inca
Afirmativ :Subiect+ have/has+ participiul trecutI have built a house.=Am construit o casa.She has seen a film.=Ea a vazut un film.
Negativ : Subiect+ have/has+ not+participiul trecutI have not built a house.She has not seen a film.
Interogativ:Subiect+ have/has+ participiul trecutI have built a house.She has seen a film.
Exercise :Traduceti :
1. I haven’t met him today2. Have you typed the whole text yet?3. He has seen the presentation.4. We haven’t known about this.5. She has come just to talk to you.6. I have washed my car today.7. I have just translated the letter.8. He has already sent the e-mails.
1. Saptamana aceasta am vazut filmul2. Phil tocmai a ajuns la birou.3. Am invitat-o deja.4. I-am spus sa coopereze cu compania noastra.5. Nu te-am mai vazut de mult timp. (for a long time)
Puneti propozitiile la interogativ si negativ:
1. John has booked tickets for the show.
2. Jane has typed a lot of letters today.
3. He has signed the contract.
4. They have learned the vocabulary for today.
5. She has taken the course on management.
To supply= a furnizaRequirement= cerintaInsulation=izolatieCables=cabluriOperation=functionareVoltage=tensiuneArmour=armaturaEarth=pamantA.C.= curent alternativUnderground= subteranContinuously=continuuGuidance=conducere, ghidareTo exceed= a depasi
Appropriate=potrivit, propriuPurpose=scopTo apply= a aplicaRated= nominalTo express= a exprimaTo assume= a asuma, a atribuiLoad= sarcinaTo armour= a armaRated voltage= tensiune nominala%= per centdesigned = destinat (aici)the cable is designed= cablul este destinat
Present perfect continuousArata continuitatea, caracterul neintrerupt al unei actiuni incepute in trecut, pana in momentul prezent.Tradus in general prin prezent; insotit adesea de since si forSince= incepand cuFor= pentru
Afirmativ :
Subiect + have/has+been+verb+ing
They have been sending letters since this morning.Negativ :Subiect + have/has+not+been+verb+ingThey have not been sending letters since this morning.
Interogativ :Have/has +subiect +been+verb+ing?Have they been sending letters since this morning?
Exercises :Traduceti si puneti la interogativ si negativ urmatoarele propozitii:1. She has been writing for six minutes
2. They have been waiting for a long time.
3. John has been reading since ten o’clock
4. Mary has been answering questions since she entered the office.
5. Gregory and Dan have been working on the computer for almost 8 hours .
Past perfect simple
Se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to have(had)+ participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.Arata o actiune terminata inaintea unei alte actiuni terminate. Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfect.
Afirmativ :
Subiect+ have/has+ participiul trecut
I had built a house before coming here=Construisem o casa inainte sa vin aici. She had seen a film.=Ea vazuse un film.
Negativ : Subiect+ have/has+ not+participiul trecutI had not built a house.She had not seen a film.
Interogativ:Subiect+ have/has+ participiul trecutI had built a house.She had seen a film.
Exercises:Traduceti si scrieti formele interogative, negative si interogativ-negative:
1. Eu vorbisem deja cu el cand tu ai sunat.
2. Ei mancasera inainte sa venim noi.
3. Mary nu scrisese mai mult de 3 pagini cand a sunat telefonul.
4. Ieri dimineata Sam nu se intorsese inca de la Chicago.
5. Joe fusese promovat director de marketing dar el nu era multumit (to promote= a promova; to satisfy= a fi multumit)
A telephone conversation:
… (company). Good morning.= Buna dimineata… (company). Good afternoon.= buna ziua … (company). How can I help you?= Cu ce va pot ajuta?I'm afraid you have dialled the wrong number.= Ma tem ca ati format un numar gresit.Who would you like to speak to?= Cu cine doriti sa vorbiti?What does it concern, please?=In legatura cu ce?/ La ce se refera?Would you mind telling me what you're calling about?= Va deranjeaza sa-mi spuneti in legatura cu ce sunati?Hold the line, I'll put you through.= stati pe fir, va fac legaturaI'll pass you over to … (department).= va fac legatura la…..… is speaking on another line.=…. Vorbeste pe alta linie… isn't in (yet).= ….nu a venit/ intrat inca … is away on business.= …. Este plecat cu afaceri…… is on holiday (this week).= .. este in vacanta/ concediu saptamana aceasta… is out for lunch.= a iesit sa manance(pranzul)I'm afraid, … is not available at the moment=Mi-e teama ca nu e disponibil in acest moment… will be back any minute= …. Se va intoarce intr-un minut..I'm sorry, but the line is engaged.= Imi pare rau dar linia este ocupataThere's no reply.= Nu raspunde nimeniIf you hold the line, I'll try again.= daca nu inchideti , voi incerca din nouWould you like to hold?=Asteptati va rog?Could you try again later / tomorrow?= Puteti reveni mai tarziu/ maine?Can I take a message?= Pot sa iau un mesaj?Would you like to leave a message for …?= Doriti sa lasati un mesaj pentru..?If you give me your phone number, … will call you back.=Daca-mi lasati numarul de telefon, ….va voi suna.Could I have your name, please?= Imi spuneti numele, va rog?Could I help you? / Maybe I can help you?= Va pot ajuta cu ceva?
2.… here. / … speaking. / This is …=poftiti /…vorbeste/ acesta esteThis is … (company), … (name) speaking.Sorry, I must have dialled the wrong number.= Imi pare rau, cred ca am gresit numarulCould I speak to …, please?= as putea vorbi cu, …, va rogAm I speaking to …?= Vorbesc cu…?Could you put me through to …, please?= Imi puteti face legatura…, va rogIt's about …= este legat de/ despreI'm calling about …=sun in legatura cuCould you please tell … I phoned?= Ii puteti spune ….ca am sunat?Could you give … a message, please?= Ii puteti da…. un mesaj va rog?Do you know when … will be back?Will … be in the office tomorrow?
I'll try again later / tomorrow.= Voi reveni mai tarziu/ maine.Daca sunt probleme:
My English isn't very good.= Engleza mea nu e prea buna/ Nu vorbesc prea bine engleza.The line is bad.= Linia e rea/ legatura e reaI can hardly hear you.= Deabea te aud.I didn't get that.= Nu am obtinut asta/ N-am prins/inteles asta.Could you speak more slowly, please?= Puteti vorbi mai rar, va rog?Could you speak louder, please?= Could you repeat that, please?Could you spell that, please?Sorry? / Pardon?
Departments of a companyaccounting department / accounts department=contabilitateexport department / export team / export sales department= exportadministrative accounting= contabilitateresearch and development team= echipa de cercetare si dezvoltaremanagement=conducereimport department / import team= importIT department (IT = information technology)= informaticacustomer service / service team=serviciul clientimarketing=marketingpersonnel department / staff department / human resources= resurse umanepublic relations team / public relations department=relatii cu publiculmanufacturing department / production department=productiesecretary's office=secretariattechnical support team=suport tehnicsales department=vanzari
Jobs and functionsAnalyst=analistdirector of boards= director al comitetului directorCEO (Chief Executive Officer)Buyer=cumparatorpurchasing manager= manager aprovizionaretreasurer, CFO (Chief Financial Officer)= sef financiarcodirector=director adjunctcommercial agent=agent comercialassistant (e.g. purchasing assistant)=asistentsales representative=reprezentat de vanzariexport sales manager= director de vanzari/ exportEconomist=economistmanagement board=comitet directoraccountant=contabil
Conversation :Speaking on the phone
This is one of the Oscar Group Offices. In the office there is Mrs. Brown , the secretary. She is typing a letter for her boss. There is also Mr Kerrington, working on some documents at the desk.The phone is ringing. The secretary picks up the receiver and says:
- Oscar Group, good morning.- Good morning, this is Mr. Johnson.- Yes, sir, can I hel you?- Can I speak to Mr. Wendall, please?- I’m sorry sir, but Mr. Wendall is not available for the moment. He is
engaged in a meeting with some clients. But you can talk to Mr. Kerrington, the manager assistant, or you can leave a message to me for Mr. Wendall.
- OK madam. I will leave a message. Please tell him that we will meet on the 24th of November at ten o’clock with the Presdent of the Chambers of Comerce and two of his advisors. We will discuss about the incentives for forein investors in the area. Please remind him to prepare all the papers till then.
- Very well Mr. Johnson, I will tell the manager about your message and Mr. Wendall will call you back as soon as possible.
- Thank you madam. Have a nice day.- You,too, sir. Good bye.
Engaged= 1.ocupat,angajat, prins 2. logoditIncentives= facilitati, stimulente, avantajeTo dial a number= a forma un numarPhone card= cartela telefonicaLocal call/national call= apel local/ nationalFixed phone= telefon fixMobile phone=telefon mobil
Answer the following questions:1. Who was in the office when the phone called?
2. Who answered the phone?
3. Was the manager, Mr. Wendall, available? Why?
4. What was the message left for Mr. Wendall?
5. How do you introduce yourself in English when you call somebody
6. Can you spell your name?
2: Take a message for someone:Message for :Department :Person who called:Company:Telephone no.:Message:Person who took the message:Date and time:
The reflexive and emphasizing pronounPronumele reflexiv si de intarirePronumele reflexiv- actiunea se reflecta asupra subiectuluiPronumele de intarire- accentueaza o actiune a subiectului
Myself= ma/ insumi, insamiYourself=te/insuti, insatiHimself=se/insusiHerself=se/insasiItself=se/insusi, insasiOurselves=ne/insine, inseneYourselves=va/insiva,insevaThemselves=se/insisi, insele
Translate: 1. Lor le place sa se spele cu apa rece.2. Sam s-a taiat intr-o bucata de geam3. Ma intreb ce as putea sa fac in aceasta situatie.4. Directorul insusi a semnat invitatiile.5. Strang bani pentru ca vreau sa-mi cumpar o masina noua.6. Poarta-te frumos!7. Ai spus ceva? Nu, vorbeam cu mine insumi….
The interviewNecessary papers
1. Curriculum vitae2. Letters of recommendation3. Letter of intention4. Diplomas and qualifications certificates.
The CV1. CV stands for curriculum vitae (also known as a resumé).A CV is a summary of your education and work experience, oftenrequested by employers. Most professionals store their CVselectronically so that they can be updated when necessary.2. There is considerable debate about the format of CVs, and muchdepends on your experience and the area you are working in.
Name: Date of birth:Place of birth:Citizenship:Nationality:Marital status: single/ married/engagedAddress:Phone number:Education:year, training, institution,specializationProfessional activity:year, position, companyForeign languages:language level (beginner/elementary/intermediate/upper-intermediate, advanced)Computer knowledge:References:name, position,company, telephoneHobby:sports, other activitiesSkills:ex(communication skills, team worker, experience in working with people, flexibility, adaptability, creativity, self-control, quick learner,sense of humor…)
Vocabulary:Position=functie, post de lucruReliable= de incredereEnthusiastic=entuziastDetermined= hotaratNature=caracter, fire, naturaDuring=pe perioada, pe durataWhile=in timp ce
Resourceful=inventiv, plin de resureTo excel= a excelaProof=dovadaValuable=valorosProfessional=profesionist
The letter of intention
To : HRS Services, Madrid, SpainAttn : Mr. Brendan Lowe Human Resources DirectorDate : June 30, 2008
Dear Mr. Lowe,
My name is Jennifer Baxan, and I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself to you in view of applying to the position of Coordinator in HR Services.I am 29 years old and I graduated in 2002 The University of Marketing and Management from Boston, Massachusetts. After graduation I moved to Sudan where I joined for two years the Khaortum Institute for Market Studies, working as the assistant of prof. James Burr from the Marketing Strategies Department. At the end of 2004 I decided to get more practical experience and I started my collaboration with S&T Computers based in London, which has sales and distribution operations throughout Europe. I started as sales executives in Vienna, responsible for Central Eastern Europe operations, and in 2003 I was promoted to the position of Sales Consultant, travelling on a regular basis to the European branches of S&T Computers in order to organize training courses for the local personnel.I heard of the opening that you have for a Coordinator in HR Services and I believe it is an excellent professional opportunity and personal challenge for me. I am sure that my theoretical and practical experience in marketing and sales , as well my knowledge of the American, African and European markets will make our collaboration a very successful one. You will also notice that my language skills meet your expectations since I am fluent in English (native), German, French, and I understand Greek and Spanish.I look forward to meeting you in person for a more detailed conversation. In the meantime, please find attached my Curriculum Vitae for further information.Thank you in advance for your kind reply, I remain
Yours sincerely, Jennis Baxan
Tel.:43-91-432-7531Email: [email protected]
Position=functie, postReliable= de incredereDetermined=hotaratEnthusiastic=entuziastNature= fire, caracter, naturaDuring=in timp ce, pe perioada, pe durataMeanwhile= intre timpResourceful= inventiv, plin de resurseTo excel= a excelaProof= dovadaValuable= valoros, de valoareProfessional= profesionistOpportunity=ocazie, oportunitateIn view of|+ verb+ing= in vederea, cu scopulTo graduate= a absolviTo move= a se muta, a se miscaPractical= practicTheoretical= teoretic
To be promoted to the position of= a fi promovat pe pozitia deTo travel= a calatoriOn regular basis= in mod regulat, frecventBranch= ramura, filialaTraining course= curs de pregatirePersonnel= angajati, personalOpening= deschidere, post liberChallenge= provocare, stimulareKnowledge= cunostinte, notiuni, informatiiExpectations= asteptariTo look forward to + verb+ ing= a astepta ciu nerabdare sa …In the meantime= intre timpPlease fin attached= va rog sa primiti alaturat…Further information= informatii suplimentareIn advance= in avans, anticipat
Reply= raspuns, replica
Imperativul
Modul imperativ e folosit pentru a exprima comenzi, ordine, interdictii, indemnuri… Afirmativ : Go ! Sing! Let’s go! Let’s sing! Do go! Negativ: Don’t go! Don’t sing!Translate:
1. Nu te duce acolo; stai aici.
2. Nu vorbi germana; nu inteleg.Te rog vorbeste engleza.3. Nu cumpara o masina sport, cumpara un jeep .(sports car=masina sport)4. Nu trimite documentatia, tradu-o mai intai.5. Raspunde la telefon; te rog.6. Nu uita sa cumperi un cartus de imprimanta cand te intorci. (cartridge= cartus de
imprimanta)7. Adu-mi raportul pe aprilie, te rog.8. Nu-I spune directorului despre proiect, nu e gata inca.9. Spune-I lui Frank sa vina devreme maine dimineata.10. Dactilografiaza aceasta scrisoare; am nevoie de ea in 10 minute.
Vocabulary :Hierarchy= ierarhieNeed= nevoieShelter=adapostHigh order= de rang superiorTo consider= a lua in calcul, a consideraSecurity= securitate, sigurantaHarm= rau, daunareAvoidance= evitareCommon sense= bun simtTo accomplish = a realiza, a indepliniTo achieve= a obtineAchievement= realizareTo fulfill= a indepliniFulfillment= indeplinire
To use= a folosiTo realize= a realizaCounting devices=instrumente de calculTo count= a numaraFrame= ramaPerishable materials= materiale perisabileTo diminish= a diminuaFrame= ramaSquare root= radacina patrataCubic root= radacina cubicaSwitch= comutator
Conditional prezent si perfect
Would=as; could=as putea; should= ar trebui; might=s-ar putea
Conditional prezent:
Afirmativ :Subiect+ auxiliar+vb la infinitv scurtYou would play tennis if you wanted.Negativ :Subiect+ auxiliar+not+vb la infinitv scurtYou would not play tennis if you didn’t want.Interogativ:Auxiliar + subiect+verb…?Would you play tennis?Exercises:
1. Te-as ajuta dar nu am timp= I would help you but I don’t have time.
2. Ti-ar placea sa lucrezi la firma noastra?
3. N-as vrea sa fac asta , dar trebuie.
4. Am dori sa colaboram cu firma dumneavoastra.
5. As merge la teatru in seara aceasta.
6. Tu ce ai face in aceasta situatie?
7. Nu mi-ar placea sa lucrez acolo.
8. Ea ar vrea sa lucreze ca secretara.
9. Joe ar vrea sa invete Italiana.
10. Ei ar vrea sa vina la sedinta.
Traduceti , apoi puneti la interogativ si negativ:
1. Ai putea sa-l ajuti pe mecanic.2. Directorul ar putea sa participe la negociere.3. Tom s-ar putea supara.4. Ar trebui sa vorbesc cu membri echipei despre ce s-a intamplat.5. Crezi ca s-ar putea sa ploua maine dimineata?6. Ai putea sa-l convingi sa se lase de fumat.7. Ei ar putea sa rezerve 2 bilete pentru concert.8. Voi ar trebui sa-mi spuneti ce s-a intamplat la sedinta.9.
To maintain= a mentineMarking= marcareLegend= legenda, inscriptieTo fill = a umpleTo consist= a consta
Spindle= ax, pivotTape= bandaTo spark= a scanteiaBelow=de mai josFailure=defect, esecFault=defectSpark gap= interval de scanteiereSine wive= unda sinusoidalaFull value= valoare maximaMesh= prizaBreakdown= intrerupereElectrode voltage=tensiunea electroduluithe capacity of the capacitor= capacitatea condensatoruluiToate cordoanele vor fi supuse testului de scanteiere.All cords shall be subjected to spark test.To stretch= a intindeClamp=1.brida,2.carlig,3.clemaHook=carligSection= sectiuneTo superimpose= a imprimaGrain= granulaColouring matter= colorantFabric= tesaturaAngle= unghiSheet= strat, foaieDrawn= tras , laminatVeneer= furnir, placajFelt= paslaFlatwise= pe latThree phase electric power= curent electric trifazicMono phase electric power= curent electric monofazicSteel= otelAluminium=aluminiuPlastic=plasticStrand= fir , lita sarma, fascicul,toron (de cablu),strand of a cable/rope =toron de cablu stranded wire= lita stranded=toronat; cablat (la cablu) stranded (wire) rope= funie din toroane impletitestranded aluminium= wire cablu de aluminiu stranded cable= cablu torsadat
Conditional perfect:have+participiul trecut= participiul perfect al verbuluiEx: have gone= fi plecat
Afirmativ :Subiect+ auxiliar+have+participiul trecut You would have played tennis if you had wanted.
Negativ :Subiect+ auxiliar+not+ participiul trecut You would not have played tennis if you hadn’t wanted.
Interogativ:Auxiliar + subiect+ participiul trecut…?Would you have played tennis?
Would not= wouldn’tCould not= couldn’tShould not=shouldn’t
Exercises:1. As fi participat la sedinta , dar nu am avut timp.
2. Ce ai fi facut tu in situatia mea?
3. Nu as fi avut timp sa vorbesc cu el pentru ca era tarziu.
4. As fi preferat sa lucrez ca inginer, dar salariul era prea mic.
5. El ar fi venit sa se intalneasca cu noi dar a fost foarte ocupat.
6. Am fi putut sa-l ajutam dar ne-a refuzat.
7. Ar fi fost mai bine sa vorbim la telefon in loc sa ne intalnim aici.
8. M-as fi dus la teatru aseara dar nu am avut bilete.
9. Ma intreb ce as fi putut face fara ajutorul tau.
10. As fi putut sa traduc textul dar eram prea obosit.
BUSINESS LETTERS
British English
Position: In British English, the sender's address is usually placed in the top right corner of the letter.
American English
Position: In American English the sender's address is usually placed in the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter, below the signature..
Sender's address below the date:
Sender's address below the signature:
British English
Position: In British English, the sender's address is usually placed in the top right corner of the letter.
American English
Position: In American English the sender's address is usually placed in the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter, below the signature..
Sender's address below the date:
Sender's address below the signature:
Recipient's Address in a Business LetterMs / Miss / Mrs / Mr / Dr ...house number, street
placearea codeCOUNTRY (in capital letters)
In American English, the area code is usually at the same level as the place, separated by a comma.
Position: on the left
British English
In British English, the recipient's address starts on the same line as the date or one line below the date.
American English
In American English, the recipient's address starts two lines below the sender's address (or two lines below the date if the sender's address isn't placed in the top left corner).
Salutation in a Business Letter
If you know the person's name:
Dear Ms / Miss / Mrs / Mr / Dr + surname
Dear Mr Miller
You can also write the person's full name. In this case, leave out the title (Mr/Mrs). This way of writing the salutation is very handy if you don't know the gender of the person.
Dear Chris Miller
If you don't know the person's name:
There are several possibilities to address people that you don't know by name:
Salutation when to useDear Sir / Dear Sirs male addressee (esp. in British English)Gentlemen male addressee (esp. in American English)Dear Madam female addressee (esp. in British English)Ladies female addressee (esp. in American English)Dear Sir or Madam gender unknown (esp. in British English)Ladies and Gentlemen gender unknown (esp. in American English)To whom it may concern gender unknown (esp. in American English)
Business partners often call each other by their first names. In this case, write the salutation as follows:
Dear Sue
Punctuation
In British English, don't use any punctuation mark or use a comma.
Dear Mr Miller or Dear Mr Miller,
In American English, use a colon:
Dear Mr. Miller:
Ms, Miss or Mrs?
Mrs – to address a married woman Miss – to address an unmarried woman (rarely used now) Ms – to address a woman whose marital status you don't know; also used to
address an unmarried woman
Note: The abrreviations Mr, Mrs etc. are usually written without full stops (Mr) in British English and with full stops (Mr.) in American English.
Subject Line in a Business Letter
A subject line is not really necessary. You may want to use one, however, so that the reader immediately knows what your letter is about. There are three common methods to distinguish the subject line from the body of the letter:
Use "Subject:" or "Re:" Type the subject in bold letters Type the subject in capital letters
British English
The subject line is usually placed between the salutation and the body of the letter (with a blank line in between).
American English
In American English, the subject line can also be placed between the recipient's address and the salutation (with a blank line in between).
Body of a Business Letter
Capitalise the first word of the text (even if the salutation ends with a comma). The text is left-justified and a blank line is put after each paragraph. It is not common to indent the first line of a paragraph.
Content
first paragraph: introduction and reason for writing following paragraphs: explain your reasons for writing in more detail, provide
background information etc. last paragraph: summarise your reason for writing again and make clear what you
want the recipient to do
Greeting in a Business Letter
British English
If you used the recipient's name in the salutation, use 'sincerely'.
If you did not use the recipient's name in the salutation, use 'faithfully'.
American English
Use 'sincerely', no matter if you used the recipient's name in the salutation or not ('faithfully' is not common in American English).
Salutation - Greeting
British English
Salutation GreetingDear Ms WexleyDear Jane WexleyDear Jane
Yours sincerely / Sincerely yours
Dear SirDear SirsDear MadamDear Sir or Madam
Yours faithfully / Faithfully yours
American English
Salutation GreetingDear Ms. Wexley:Dear Jane Wexley:Dear Jane:
Sincerely, / Sincerely yours,
Gentlemen:Ladies:Ladies and Gentlemen:
Sincerely, / Sincerely yours,
To whom it may concern:
In emails you could also write:
Regards Kind regards Best wishes
Note: If you end the salutation with a comma or colon, use a comma after the greeting. If you didn't punctuate the salutation, don't punctuate the greeting.
Position: Write the greeting two lines below the last paragraph and left-justify it. If the date is centre-justified, however, do also centre-justify the greeting.
Leave 4 blank lines after the greeting (space for the signature) and write the sender's name below that space.
Enclosure in a Business Letter
If you wish to enclose documents, you can either list all enclosed documents separately or just write the word 'Enclosure' below the signature.
Request
We got your address from …Your advertisement has come to our attention.We were told that you produce …We intend to buy … / We are considering the purchase of …We have a steady demand for …We would like to know more about …Could you please send us information about …?Please send us your catalogue/catalog.
OfferWe are pleased to hear that you are interested in our products.We hereby send you our offer.Enclosed please find our offer. / Enclosed you will find our offer.We are pleased to make the following offer:We assure you that your order will be dealt with promptly.Please let us know your requirements as soon as possible.We look forward to receiving your order.
OrderEnclosed please find our order. / Our order is enclosed.We would like to place the following order:We herewith order the following items:We require the goods urgently.We would be grateful if you could deliver as soon as possible.Please let us know when we can expect the delivery.
Word List on Opinion and StatementsStating your Opinion
It seems to me that …In my opinion, …I am of the opinion that …/ I take the view that ..My personal view is that …In my experience …As far as I understand / can see, …As I see it, … / From my point of view …As far as I know … / From what I know …I might be wrong but …If I am not mistaken …I believe one can (safely) say …It is claimed that …I must admit that …I cannot deny that …I can imagine that …I think/believe/suppose …Personally, I think …That is why I think …I am sure/certain/convinced that …
I am not sure/certain, but …I am not sure, because I don't know the situation exactly.I am not convinced that …I have read that …I am of mixed opinions (about / on) …I am of mixed opinions about / on this.I have no opinion in this matter.
Outlining FactsThe fact is thatThe (main) point is that …This proves that …What it comes down to is that …It is obvious that …It is certain that …One can say that …It is clear that …There is no doubt that …
Sample Business Letter
Your street addressCity, State ZipDate
Recipient name and surnameJob title (Sales Manager etc.)Company nameStreet addressCity, State Zip
Dear Mr. __________
Your message here. Use short paragraphs - 3 to 4 lines each. Triple-check your business letter for bad grammar. Keep your business letter short and formal.
Sincerely,
Your signature
Your name and surname
A cable is one or more wires or optical fibers bound together, typically in a common protective jacket or sheath. The individual wires or fibers inside the jacket may be covered or insulated. Combination cables may contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. Electrical wire is usually copper because of its excellent conductivity, but aluminium is sometimes used because it costs less.
Electrical cables may be made flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before stranding adds the most flexibility. A thin coat of a specific material , usually tin-which improves the solderability of the bunch-, but it could be silver, gold and another materials.
Stranding= rasucire,toronare
stranding machine= masina de cablat / de toronat
bunch =inmanunchia (a se)
bunch=legatura
bunch=legatura de chei
bunch=legatura,balot,colac
bunch=manunchi;ciorchine (de struguri)
bunch=manunchi /manson de cablu
unplated=negalvanizat, neplacat
tin=staniu, cositor
bundling= legare, balotare
bend= curba , curba (a), curbura, derivatie .face un nod (a), incovoia, indoi (a se)
radius= raza
power cable=cablu de energie
cable tier= parama. magazie de parame
cable lay= rasucirea in garlin,pas de torsadare a c
cable laying= intindere/instalare/pozare a cablului
cable lay_up= cablaj
cable lay_up= torsiune a cablului
cable lead_in=intrare de cablu
cable line= linie de cablu
cable loop= bucla de cablu
wiring =legare, cuplare,racordare la retea,cablare,montaj,circuit,schema
device= dispozitiv ,instrument ,mecanism ,mijloc, plan, procedeu, mijloc; dispozitiv; mecanism; plan, proiect, schema
exposed= a expune (unui pericol, risc);a abandona, expune (a)
tool=unealta, scula, instrument
Lace=tresa , a uni cabluri
machinery =mecanism; masinarie; instalatie de exploatat, piesa/organ de masina, utilaj(e)
braided wire= lita, fir impletit, sarma impletita
to cope with= a se descurca la, a functiona la, a rezista la
firm= fix; rigid; tare ,intari (a se), consolida (a se),compacta ,neclintit (de)
Bundling the conductors and eliminating multi-layers ensures a uniform bend radius for each conductor.
A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath.
The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.
Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed.
Flexible power cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools and machinery.
Flexible cables can be divided into two genres: those with conductors stranded in layers inside the cable and those which have bundled/braided rather than layered conductors.
Stranding in layers is significantly easier to produce and is therefore usually offered on the market at low cost.
The cable cores are stranded firmly and left relatively long in several layers around the centre and are then enclosed in an extruded tube shaped jacket.
In the case of shielded cables, the cores are wrapped up with fleece or foils.
However, this type of cable construction means that, during the bending process, the inner radius of the cable is compressed and the outer radius stretched as the cable core moves. Initially, this works quite well, because the elasticity of the material is still sufficient, but soon material fatigue can set in and cause permanent deformations.
At any point where the cable is flexed, the path of any core moves quickly from the inside to the outside of the cable.
The result is that no single core stays near the inside of the bend to be compressed or near the outside of the bend to be stretched and overall the stresses are much reduced.
An outer jacket is still required to prevent the cores untwisting.
electrical panels= tablouri electrice
An overhead power line is an electric power transmission line suspended by towers or poles. Towers for support of the lines are made of wood (as-grown or laminated), steel (either lattice structures or tubular poles), concrete, aluminum.
Structures for overhead lines take a variety of shapes depending on the type of line. Aluminum conductors reinforced with steel (known as ACSR) are primarily used for medium and high voltage lines and may also be used for overhead services to individual customers. Aluminum conductors are used as it has the advantage of better resistivity/weight than copper, as well as being cheaper. Some copper cable is still used, especially at lower voltages.
Overhead lines or overhead wires are used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses or trains.
A multicore cable is a generic term for an electrical cable that has multiple cores.
The term is normally only used in relation to a cable that has more cores than commonly encountered. A cable comprising three coaxial cables in a single sheath would be considered a multicore.
Insulating and jacketing of wires and cables is done by passing them through an extruder.
Since the mid-1960s, the insulation has been plastic or polymers exhibiting properties similar to rubber.
Technical specification Type : Izolator electric compozit tija/ Composite Suspension insulator –Maira H 24.80.445
Items Specification Factory data
1 Standard to be applied: Standard IEC 1109
2 Nominal System Voltage: Tensiune nominala a retelei 20 KV
3 Highest Voltage of System: Tensiunea maxima de serviciu a retelei 24 KV
4 Nominal System frequency: Frecventa nominala a sistemului 50 Hz
5 Number of phase of the network: Numar de faze ale retelei 3
6 Minimum ambient temperature: Temperatura minima -55
7 Maximum ambient temperature: 55 Temperatura maxima +50
8 Altitude above sea level: Inaltimea maxima deasupra nivelului marii 2500 m
9 Radiation of sun: Radiatie Solara Strong:puternica
10 Position of installation: Locul instalarii Outdoor: afara
11 Withstanding voltage with frequency power during 1 minute in dry condition (to earth & between
phases): Tensiunea de tinere la frecventa industriala in mediu uscat131 KV
12 Withstanding voltage with frequency power during 1 minute in wet condition: Tensiunea de tinere la frecventa industriala in mediu umed–sub ploaie
85 KV
13 Lightning impulse Flashover voltage (positive): Tensiunea de tinere la impuls de trasnet(pozitiv)
292 KV
14 Lightning impulse Flashover voltage (Negative): Tensiunea de tinere la impuls de trasnet(negativ)
303 KV
15 Thickness of galvanization of metal part: Grosimea galvanizarii partii de metal 70 Micro
16 Fittings: Tip prezoane prindere TT
17 Kind of material: Material Silicone rubber:
Cauciuc siliconat18 Specified mechanical load: Sarcina maxima specificata 80 KN
19 Leakage distance: Distanta de descarcare a arcului 783 mm
20 Exceptional Maximum Tensile Strength: Sarcina maxima admisibila (exceptionala)
97 KN
21 Length: Lungime 445 mm
22 Weight: Greutate 2,1 Kg
Standardul Britanic indica conditiile si dimensiunile pentru cabluri izolate in PVC.The British Standard gives requirements and dimensions for PVC insulated cables.
Cablurile functioneaza pana la tensiuni de 1900 V inclusiv la armatura si pamant si 3300 intre conductoare. The cables operate at voltages up and including 1900 V to armour and earth and 3300 V between conductors.
In scopul acestui standard sunt aplicate urmatoarele definitii. For the purpose of this standard the following definitions apply.
Numarul si diametrul nominal al sarmelor pentru conductoarele circulare vor respecta cerintele din tabelul urmator.The number and nominal diameter of the wires in shaped stranded and compacted circular copper conductors shall be in acordance to the values given in the appropriate table.
Numarul minim de sarme utilizate pentru conductoarele circulare vor fi in conformitate cu BS 6360.The minimum number of wires used for the circular conductors shall be in accordance with BS 6360.
Conductorii din aluminiu cu forme de sector circular sunt alcatuiti din 4 sectoare puse in forma si aranjate conform cu BS 6791.The shaped circular solid aluminium conductors consist of four conductor shaped solid conductors laid up together with BS 6791.
Nu este permisa existenta adeziunii intre strat si manta si izolatie.There shall be no adhesion between the bedding or the sheath and the insulation.
Valoarea minima a grosimii stratului nu va scadea sub valorile din urmatorul tabel.The minimum thickness of the bedding shall not fall bellow the value given in the following table.
Armatura sarmei consta dintr-un singur strat de sarme de otel galvanizate avand dimensiunea indicata in tabelul urmator.Wire armour shall consist of a single layer of galvanized steel wires of size indicated in the appropriate table.
Directia stratului armaturii cablurilor din pana la 7 fire va fi spre stanga.The direction of lay of the armour in cables having up to including seven wires shall be left hand.
Pentru a deosebi cablurile cu o tensiune de 6000/1000 V de cablurile cu o tensiune mai mare, primele vor fi marcate cu o hartie de atentionare galbena.In order to distinguish between 600/1000 cables and cables of higher voltage rating, the first shall be further identified by varnished yellow paper.
Dimesiunea maxima a caracterelor va fi de 13 mm. The maximum size of the letters shall be of 13 mm.
Toate cordoanele vor fi supuse testului de scanteiere.All cords shall be subjected to the spark test.
Este preferabil ca electrodul sa fie in plasa de sarma astfel incat sa realizeze un contact direct cu conductoarele.It is advisable that the electrode should be a fine link mesh so that it shall intimate contact with the core.
Tensiunea electrodului va fi de 6Kv RMS iar capacitatea condensatorului va fi de 35 PFThe voltage carried out by the electrode shall be of 6 KV and the capacitor capacity of 35 Pf.
Testul de tensiune se va face la temperatura camerei cu o tensiune de 500 V.The voltage test shall be made at room temperature with a voltage of 500 V.
Masurarea rezistentei izolatiei va fi facuta dupa electrificare cu curent continuu pentru 1 minut la nu mai putin de 500 V
The measurement of the resistence of the insulation shall be determined after applying the sample to DC for 1 minute for a power that shall be at least 500V.Grosimea izolatiei va fi determinata de probe reprezentative de mieZ luate nu mai putin de 300 mm de la capatul unei lungimi de fabricatie.The thickness of the insulation shall be determined by representative core samples taken no more than 300mm from the end of a factory length.Media masuratorilor si cea mai mica masuratoare vor fi inregistrate pentru verificarea conformitatii cu clauza 6 .The average measure and the lowest of the measurements shall be recorded for checking compliance with clause 6.Diametrul masurat al conductorului se va scadea din media celor 2 masuratori iar diferenta va fi impartita la 2.The measured conductor diameter shall be substracted from the average of the 2 measurements and the difference divided by 2.In cazul in care este utilizata tiparirea in conformitate cu 14.2 punctele in care sunt realizate masuratorile nu se vor suprapune peste imprimare.When embossing in accordance with 14.2 is used the points at which measurements are made shall not coincide with any embossing.Aluminium conductors and aluminium conductors steel reinforced for overhead transmission lines= conductori de aluminiu si conductori de aluminiu cu armatura de otel pentru inii de transmisie aerieneGalvanized steel wire= sarma de otel galvanizatHard drawn aluminium wire= sarma trefilata de aluminiuConductorul din aluminiu cu armatura de otel este alcatuit din 7 sau mai multe sarme din otel galvanizate.The aluminium conductor steel reinforced is made up of seven or more aluminum galvanized steel wires.Directia de infasurare a stratului este spre dreapta sau spre stanga.The direction of lay is defined as right hand or left hand.Rezistivitatea sarmelor de aluminiu depinde de puritatea materialului si de conditiile fizice.The resistivity of aluminium wires depends upon its purity and its physical conditions.Coeficientul liniar de expensiune al sarmelor de aluminiu se va lui 23*10 –6C.The coeficient of linear expansionof aluminium wires is to be taken as 23*10-6.In vederea obtinerii uniformitatii in calcule o valoare de 11.5*10-6/C poate fi luata ca valoare pentru coeficientul de expansiune liniar al sarmelor de otel galvanizate.To obtain calculation uniformity, a value of 11.5*10-6/C can be taken as a value of the expansion linear coeficient of the galvanized steel wires.Sarmele de otel galvanizate vor fi de gradul de tensiune standard indicat in BS4565 atata timp cat beneficiarul nu cere un grad mai mare.The galvanized steel wires shall be of standard tensile strenght grade given in BS4565 unless the purchaser requires a higher tensile strenght grade.La intelegere intre producator si beneficiar pe sarma centrala poate fi aplicata o gresare corespunzatoare.By ageement between the purchaser and the manufacturer a suitable grease may be applied to the centre of the wire.
In cazul sarmelor de otel imbinarile sunt permise numai in bara de baza.For steel wires there are no joints except those in the base rod.In alternativa in care beneficiarul stabileste in timpul comenzii ca doreste sa faca testele in prezenta unui reprezentant, probele vor fi luate pe lungimi de conductor cablat.Alternatively, when the purchaser states at the time of ordering that he desires test to be taken in the presence of hisrepresentatives, samples of wire shall be taken from lenghts of stranded conductor.Braid twisted twin flexible cords=cordoanele flexibile impletite perechiStandardul britanic da indicatii referitoare la tipul izolatiei, la dimensiunile cordoanelor.The british standard gives requirements concerning the type of insulation and the dimension of the insulated cords.Cordoanele sunt in principal proiectate in vederea utilizarii lor in conditiile prevazute in regulile pentru echipamentul electric pentru cladiri.The cords are primarily intended for use under the conditions envisaged in the Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of buildings.Tensiunea nominala E este tensiunea putere frecventa de impamantare pentru care cablurile flexibile sunt destinate.The rated voltage E is the power frequency voltage to earth for which the flexible cords are designed.Tipurile de cordoane descrise in acest standard se vor utiliza unde combinatia dintre temperatura ambianta si cresterea de temperatura nu depasesc 60o C.Types of flexible cords described in this standard are suitable for use where the combination of ambient temperature and the temperature rise don’t exceed 600C.Corzile flexibile nu vor fi utilizate la temperaturi de sub 00C decat dupa consultarea producatorului.Flexible cords are to be used in ambient temperatures below 00 C, the manufacturer should be consulted.Determinarea fortei de 1%alungire= determination of stress at 1% elongationVulvanized rubber –insulated cords=cordoane izolate in cauciuc vulcanizatCordoanele izolate in cauciuc vulcanizat sunt conductoare cositorite din cupru .The vulcanized rubber insulated cords are tinned annealed copper conductors.Izolatia va fi in general conform normei.The insulation shall mainly be complying to the standard.Izolatia va fi aplicata prin extrudare si va fi potrivita strans dar nu va adera la conductor.The insulation shall be applied by extrusion process and shall fit closely on but not adhere to the conductor .Mantaua pentru cordoane cu izolatie de PVC rezistenta la caldura va fi de tipul 4.The sheath for heat resisting PVC insulated cords shall be type four.Grosimea mantalei determinata prin realizarea unui numar de masuratori nu va fi mai mica decat valoarea indicata in tabel 1.The thickness of the sheath determined by making the average of a number of measurements shall be no less than the standard value in table 2.
Presentations Introduction
I want to give you a short presentation about ...
My presentation is about ...I'd like to tell you something about ...I think everybody has heard about ..., but hardly anyone knows a lot about it.That's why I'd like to tell you something about it.Did you know that ...?
Introducing sub-topicsLet me begin by explaining why / how ...First / Now I want to talk about ...First / Now I want to give you an insight into ...Let's (now) find out why / how ...Let's now move to ...As I already indicated ...Another aspect / point is that ...The roots of ... go back to ...... began when ...Legend has it that ...As you probably know, ... You probably know that ...Maybe you've already heard about ...You might have seen that already.At the beginning there was / were ...Many people knew / know ...Hardly anyone knew / knows ...... hit the idea to ...... was the first to ...It is claimed that ...One can say that ...I have read that ...
Pictures and graphicsLet me use a graphic to explain this.The graphic shows that ...As you can see (in the picture) ...In the next / following picture, you can see ...Here is another picture.The next picture shows how ...Let the pictures speak for themselves.I think the picture perfectly shows how / that ...Now, here you can see ...
Final thoughts on a sub-topicIt was a great success for ...It is a very important day in the history of ...It was / is a very important / special event.This proves that ...The reason is that ...The result of this is that ...It's because ...
In other words, ...I want to repeat that ...I'd (just) like to add ...
Conclusion... should not be forgotten.... has really impressed me.I hope that one day ...We should not forget ...All in all I believe that...Summing up / Finally it can be said that ...Let me close by quoting ... who said, »...«That was my presentation on ...I am now prepared to answer your questions.Do you have any questions?
Exercise : write a presentation
REQUEST BANK TO CLOSE ACCOUNT
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
I request that you close the following accounts I have at your branch:
TYPE ACCOUNT #[LIST ACCOUNT TYPES AND NUMBERS, ex.Savings 2342342-234Checking 2343433-432]
[MENTION WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH BALANCES, ex. Kindly prepare a money order in the amount of the balance outstanding for me to pick up on Monday, June 16, 1998.] Allow me to thank you in advance for your consideration.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
REQUEST BANK FOR COPY OF CREDIT RATING REPORT
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We have recently applied for credit at [FIRM, ex. ABC Supplies] and have listed your bank as a reference. I kindly request that a copy of all documents you plan to send to [FIRM, ex. ABC Supplies] in their investigation of my credit rating be forwarded to me at:
[ADDRESS, ex.Jill JonesPowerAccount Software4321 Second StreetSuite 545Anycity, Anystate 85254]
Allow me to thank you in advance. Please me at XXX-XXXX if there are any concerns.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
INQUIRE BANK REGARDING FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNTS
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We are interested in whether your bank offers interest-bearing [CURRENCY, ex. Sterling Pound] accounts. Please forward any information regarding the availability of such accounts, as well as the current rates paid thereon, to me at:
[ADDRESS, ex.Attention: Jill JonesPowerAccount Industries4312 Third StreetAnycity, Anystate 85245]
Allow me to thank you in advance for your consideration.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
REQUEST PERMANENT INCREASE IN CREDIT LIMIT
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, BANK AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We hereby request that you permanently increase the limit on our credit facility to [REQESTED AMOUNT OF CREDIT LIMIT, ex. $750,000].
[EXPLAIN REASONS FOR INCREASE, ex. As you are aware, our business has experienced tremendous growth over the past few years, and although this is a positive and desirable trend, we require additional credit in order to allow us to adequately increase production to meet customer demand.]
You already have our financial information and related materials. Please feel free to call me if you have any questions or comments or if you require any additional information. We anxiously await your response.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
REQUEST PROPOSAL FOR CREDIT FACILITY
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, BANK AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
I refer to our recent telephone conversation regarding our company's credit and banking requirements.
As you are aware, we are a growing business with correspondingly increasing capital requirements. We have enclosed for your information, our recent financial statements along with our business plan and budget for the forthcoming fiscal year.
Based upon our forecasts, we anticipate requiring a credit facility of approximately [AMOUNT OF CREDIT FACILITY, ex. $750,000].
Would you kindly provide us with a financing proposal which you believe would satisfy our requirements. Please feel free to call me if you have any questions or comments, or if you require additional information.
We anxiously await your response.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
AUTHORIZATION TO BANK TO RELEASE ACCOUNT INFORMATION TO FINANCIAL ADVISER
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, BANK AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
You are hereby authorized to release to [NAME OF INDIVIDUAL OR COMPANY] all banking information requested by [him / her / it] relating to our Account No. [ACCOUNT NO., ex. 12345678].
This shall be your good and sufficient authority for so doing.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]CUSTOMER CREDIT APPROVAL
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Inc.1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We are happy to inform you that your credit application has been approved. We hope that you will enjoy the benefits of a [STATE TERMS $10,000 maximum 2/10 net 30] account, and we are certain that these terms will better facilitate doing business together.
Enclosed, please find a copy of our credit terms. This document explains in detail how your account will be billed each month.
Feel free to contact me at XXX-XXXX should you have any concerns or questions.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]REQUEST DELAY IN PROVIDING FINANCIAL STATEMENT
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, BANK AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Bank1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
According to the terms of our credit facility, we are required to provide you with our annual financial statements within 90 days following our fiscal year end ([DATE OF YEAR END, ex. March 31, 1998]).
[EXPLAIN REASON FOR DELAY IN PREPARATION OF STATEMENTS, ex. As you are aware, we have recently updated our accounting system software, and have been experiencing some difficulties in reconciling accounts. Our technicians are working with the software vendor to address these problems, however we do not anticipate having this resolved for a few more weeks].
We would therefore respectfully request that you provide us with an additional [ADDITIONAL DELAY PERIOD REQUESTED, ex. sixty (60) days] to provide you with the statements. We will, of course, try to provide you with them earlier, however we are confident that the delays will not set us back any longer than this.
Thank you in advance for your anticipated co-operation. Please feel free to call me if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]APPROVAL OF REQUEST TO INCREASE CREDIT LIMIT
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Inc.1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We are happy to inform you that your request to increase your credit limit has been approved. Accordingly, your new credit limit is $[AMOUNT]. Enclosed, please find a detailed copy of our credit terms. This document explains in detail how your account will be billed each month.
We are certain that these terms will better facilitate doing business together.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]CUSTOMER CREDIT REFUSAL
[DATE, ex. Wednesday, June 11, 1998]
[NAME, COMPANY AND ADDRESS, ex.John SmithXYZ Inc.1234 First StreetSuite 567Anycity, Anystate 85245]
Dear [NAME, ex. John Smith],
We thank you for your credit application and your interest in our [products/services]. We look forward to doing business with you.
As you understand, to maintain reasonable and competitive prices, we are unable to approve many credit applications. Although we cannot offer you credit terms at this moment, we are certain that, as we do business together and a favorable history is
established, we will be able to accept credit orders from you in the future. {OFFER INCENTIVE, ex. Meanwhile, may I extend to you a discount of [X]% for cash orders?}
{Since you are a busy person, I will automatically review your account in [X] months and gladly offer you credit when we are able to do so.}
It will be a pleasure to do business with you.
Sincerely,
[YOUR NAME, ex. Jill Jones]
A letter of credit is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer's payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount. In the event that the buyer is unable to make payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the full or remaining amount of the purchase.
Letters of credit are often used in international transactions to ensure that payment will be received. Due to the nature of international dealings including factors such as distance, differing laws in each country and difficulty in knowing each party personally, the use of letters of credit has become a very important aspect of international trade. The bank also acts on behalf of the buyer (holder of letter of credit) by ensuring that the supplier will not be paid until the bank receives a confirmation that the goods have been shipped.
LC.
SAMPLEIRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT FOR A
NEW YORK CAPTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY
FOR INTERNAL IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES ONLY: Applicant
Bank Address City State Zip
Issue Date Letter of Credit No.
Superintendent of InsuranceInsurance DepartmentState of New York25 Beaver Street,New York, New York 10004
Superintendent:
1. We hereby establish this IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT in your favor for drawings up to the aggregate amount of United States $ (Amount) , effective immediately. This LETTER OF CREDIT is issued, presentable and payable at our office at (Address) and expires with our close of business on (Expiration Date) unless as hereinafter extended.
2. We hereby undertake to promptly honor your sight draft(s) drawn on us, indicating our IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT No. , for all or any part of this LETTER OF CREDIT upon presentation at our office specified in paragraph one on or before the expiration date or any automatically extended expiration date.
3. Except as expressly stated herein, this undertaking is not subject to any agreement, condition or qualification. The obligation of (Issuing Bank) under this LETTER OF CREDIT is the individual obligation of Issuing Bank), and is in no way contingent upon reimbursement with respect thereto.
4. It is a condition of this LETTER OF CREDIT that it is deemed to be automatically extended without amendment for one year from the expiration date hereof, or any future expiration date, unless at least thirty days prior to any expiration date we notify you by registered mail that we elect not to consider this LETTER OF CREDIT renewed for any such additional period.
5. Unless otherwise expressly stated, this LETTER OF CREDIT is subject to the 1993 Revision of the Uniform Customs and Practices for Commercial Documentary Credits of the International Chamber of Commerce (Publication No. 500). If this LETTER OF CREDIT expires during an interruption of business as described in Article 17 of said Publication 500, we hereby specifically agree to effect payment if this LETTER OF CREDIT is drawn against within five days after the resumption of business.
Very truly yours,
(Issuing Bank)
The letter of recommendation
C&A ToursTravelling AgencyCalea Victoriei nr .45 Bucuresti tel.210-4263, fax 210-4266
To whom it may concern:
Letter of recommendationWe confirm that Mrs. Victoria Popescu has worked in our agency in the position of
secretary between June 2006 and June 2008. I am pleased to say that Mrs. Popescu is a reliable and hard-working person, as well as an enthusiastic and determined nature.
During the time period when she was employed in ou company Mrs. Popescu proved to be a reliable team member and a resourceful worker. Her good English and computer skills, as well as her comunication abilities and her determination to excel are also proofs that Mrs. Popescu is a valuable profesional.
July 05 2008 General Manager
Adrian Dumintrescu
ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS WITH PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
Infinitive Present Past Participle
To Be Am – is –are
Was –were beenA fi
Beat –s /bi:t/ beat /bi:t/ beaten /'bi:tn/ A bate
Become –s/bɪ
'kʌm/became
/bɪ 'keɪm/
become /bɪ 'kʌm/A deveni
Begin –s/bɪ
'gɪn/began
/bɪ 'gæn/
begun /bɪ 'gʌn/A incepe
Bend –s /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/ A indoi
Bind –s /baɪnd/ bound /baʊnd/ bound /baʊnd/ A lega
Bite –s /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /'bɪtn/ A musca
Bleed – s /bli:d/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/ A sangera
Blow –s /blou/ blew /blu:/ blown /bloun/ A sufla
Break –s /breɪk/ broke /brouk/ broken /'broukən/A sparge, a rupe
Bring –s /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔ:t/ brought /brɔ:t/ A aduce
Build –s /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ A construi
burn–s /bɜ:rn/ burnt /bɜ:rnt/ burnt /bɜ:rnt/ A arde
Burn –s /bɜ:rn/ burned /bɜ:rnd/ burned /bɜ:rnd/ A arde
Buy –s /baɪ/ bought /bɔ:t/ bought /bɔ:t/ A cumpara
Catch- es /kætʃ/ caught /kɔ:t/ caught /kɔ:t/ A prinde
choose –s /tʃu:z/ chose /tʃouz/ chosen /'tʃouzən/ A alege
Come –s /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/ A veni
Cost –s /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ A costa
Cut –s /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ A taia
Dig –s /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/ A sapa
Do –es /du:/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/ A face
draw –s /drɔ:/ drew /dru:/ drawn /drɔ:n/ A desena
Dream –s /dri:m/ dreamt /dremt/ dreamt /dremt/ A visa
Dream –s /dri:m/ dreamed /dri:md/ dreamed /dri:md/ A visa
Drink –s /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/ A bea
Drive –s /draɪv/ drove /drouv/ driven /'drɪvən/ A conduce
Eat –s /i:t/ ate /eɪt, et/ eaten /'i:tn/ A manca
Fall –s /fɔ:l/ fell /fel/ fallen /'fɔ:lən/ A cadea
Feed –s /fi:d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ A se hrani
Feel –s /fi:l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ A simti
Fight –s /faɪt/ fought /fɔ:t/ fought /fɔ:t/ A(se) lupta
Find –s /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/ A gasi
Fly – flies /flaɪ/ flew /flu:/ flown /floun/ A zbura
Forget –s/fər 'get/
forgot/fər 'gɒt/
forgotten /fər 'gɒtn/A uita
Forgive –s/fər 'gɪv/
forgave/fər
'geɪv/forgiven
/fər 'gɪvən/
A ierta
Freeze –s /fri:z/ froze /frouz/ frozen /'frouzən/ A ingheta
Get –s /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/ A obtine
Get –s /get/ got /gɒt/ gotten /'gɒtn/ A obtine
Give –s /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /'gɪvən/ A da
Go -goes /gou/ went /went/ gone /gɒn/ A merge
Grow –s /grou/ Grew /gru:/ grown /groun/ A creste
Hang –s /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ A atarna
Have –has /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/ A avea
Hear –s /hɪər/ heard /hɜ:rd/ heard /hɜ:rd/ A auzi
Hide –s /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /'hɪdn/ A ascunde
Hit –s /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ A lovi
Hold -s /hould/ held /held/ held /held/ A tine
Hurt –s /hɜ:rt/ hurt /hɜ:rt/ hurt /hɜ:rt/ A rani
Keep –s /ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ A tine
Know –s /nou/ knew /nu:/ known /noun/ A sti
Lay –s /leɪ/ laid /leɪd/ laid /leɪd/ A intinde
Lead –s /li:d/ led /led/ led /led/ A conduce
Learn –s /lɜ:rn/ learnt /lɜ:rnt/ learnt /lɜ:rnt/ A invata
Learn /lɜ:rn/ learned /lɜ:rnd/ learned /lɜ:rnd/ A invata
Leave –s /li:v/ left /left/ left /left/ A pleca
Lend –s /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/A da cuimprumut
Let –s /let/ let /let/ let /let/A lasa, a permite
Lie –s /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/ A se intinde
Lose –s /lu:z/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/ A pierde
Make –s /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/ A face
Mean –s /mi:n/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/ A insemna
Meet –s /mi:t/ met /met/ met /met/ A intalni
Pay –pays /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/ A plati
Put –s /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ A pune
Read –s /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ A citi
Ride –s /raɪd/ rode /roud/ ridden /'rɪdn/ A calari
Ring –s /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/ A suna
Rise –s /raɪz/ rose /rouz/ risen /'rɪzən/A se ridica, a rasari
Run –s /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/A fugi,a alerga
Say –says /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/ A spune
See –s /si:/ saw /sɔ:/ seen /si:n/ A vedea
Sell –s /sel/ sold /sould/ sold /sould/ A vinde
Send –s /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/ A trimite
Set –s /set/ set /set/ set /set/ A stabili
Shake –s /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /'ʃeɪkən/ A scutura
Shine –s /ʃaɪn/ shone/ʃoun, ʃɒn/
shone/ʃoun, ʃɒn/
A straluci
Shoot –s /ʃu:t/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/A trage cu arma
Show –s /ʃou/ showed /ʃoud/ shown /ʃoun/ A arata
Shut –s /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ A inchide
Sing –s /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/ A canta
Sink –s /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/A se scufunda
Sit –s /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/ A sta (jos)
Sleep –s /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/ A dormi
smell–s /smel/ smelt /smelt/ smelt /smelt/ A mirosi
Smell –s /smel/ smelled /smeld/ smelled /smeld/ A mirosi
Speak –s /spi:k/ spoke /spouk/ spoken /'spoukən/ A vorbi
Spell –s /spel/ spelt /spelt/ spelt /spelt/ A ortografia
spell /spel/ spelled /speld/ spelled /speld/ A ortografia
Spend –s /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/ A petrece
Spill –s /spɪl/ spilt /spɪlt/ spilt /spɪlt/ A varsa
Spill –s /spɪl/ spilled /spɪld/ spilled /spɪld/ A varsa
Spit –s /spɪt/ spat /spæt/ spat /spæt/ A scuipa
Spit /spɪt/ spit /spɪt/ spit /spɪt/ A scuipa
split –s /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ A imparti
Spoil –s /spoɪl/ spoilt /spoɪlt/ spoilt /spoɪlt/ A rasfata
Spoil –s /spoɪl/ spoiled /spoɪld/ spoiled /spoɪld/ A rasfata
Stand –s /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/A sta(in picioare)
Steal –s /sti:l/ stole /stoul/ stolen /'stoulən/ A fura
Strike –s /straɪk/ struck /strʌk/ struck /strʌk/ A lovi
Swim –s /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/ A inota
Take –s /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /'teɪkən/ A lua
Teach –es /ti:tʃ/ taught /tɔ:t/ taught /tɔ:t/ A preda
Tear –s /teər/ tore /tɔr/ torn /tɔrn/ A rupe
Tell –s /tel/ told /tould/ told /tould/A povesti, a spune
Think –s /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔ:t/ thought /θɔ:t/ A gandi
Throw –s /θrou/ threw /θru:/ thrown /θroun/ A arunca
Understand –s
/ʌndər 'stænd/
understood/ʌndər 'stʊd/
understood/ʌndər 'stʊd/
A intelege
Wake –s /weɪk/ woke /wouk/ woken /'woukən/ A se trezi
Wear –s /weər/ wore /wɔr/ worn /wɔrn/ A purta
Win –s /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/ A castiga
Write/raɪt/ wrote /rout/ written /'rɪtn/
A scrie