curs 9 - biologie.kappa.ro · sistemul circulator ... restul de 10% este preluat de sistemul...
TRANSCRIPT
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Curs 9
Sistemul cardiovascular (II)
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Automatismul cardiac
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Augustus Waller (1856-1922)
Willem Einthoven (1860-1927)
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Sistola atriala
Ciclul cardiac
Diastolaventriculara
Contractieizovolumetrica
Ejectie
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Controlul autonom al inimii
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Controlul autonom al inimii
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William Harvey (1578 – 1657)
Sistemul circulator – vasele de sange
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Schema generala a circulatiei
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9%
11%
7%
61%
12% in circ. pulmonara
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Structura vaselor de sange
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Presiunea sangelui (tensiunea)
Volumul de sange ejectat in timpul sistolei destinde peretii arteriali
Reculul elastic al acestora in timpul diastolei propulseaza sangele in circulatie
PAM = Pdiastolica + 1/3 x Ppuls = Pdiast + 1/3 (Psist – Pdiast)
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P1 P2
Relatia dintre flux, presiune si rezistenta
p = F x R (PAM – Patriu stang) = OC x RP PAM = OC x RP
F (flux) = p/R
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Presiunea sangvina in circulatia sistemica
p = F x R
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Rezervor de presiune; distributie
Rezistenta variabila
Schimb de
gaze si
nutrienti
Rezervor de volum
Oxigenare
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Vas capilar in muschiul scheletic
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Capilarele – schimbul de gaze, nutrienti, produsi metabolici
O2
O2
CO2
Difuzia O2 si CO2
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Filtrarea si reabsorbtia fluidului prin peretele capilarelor – fortele Starling
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Forte care produc filtrarea
1. Presiunea sangvina (presiunea hidrostatica din
capilarii) – PC
2. Presiunea osmotica a fluidului interstitial - IF
Forte care produc reabsorbtia
1. Presiunea hidrostaica a fluidului interstitial – PIF
2. Presiunea osmotica a plasmei sangvine - C
Filtrarea si reabsorbtia fluidului prin peretele capilarelor – fortele Starling
Presiunea totala de filtrare = Ptot = PC + IF – PIF – C
La capatul arterial al capilarelor – Ptot = 33 + 5 – 0 – 25 = 13 mm Hg - filtrare
La capatul venos al capilarelor – Ptot = 13 + 5 – 0 – 25 = -7 mm Hg - reabsorbtie
In total cca. 90% din fluidul filtrat la capatul arterial este reabsorbit la cel venos;
Restul de 10% este preluat de sistemul limfatic
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Sistemul limfatic – filtrare neta – 4l/zi
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Blocarea vaselor limfatice –
elefantiazis (nematode
Filarioidea)
Scaderea presiunii osmotice a
plasmei
– scaderea nivelului de
proteine plasmatice din cauza
malnutritiei, cirozei hepatice
Edem – acumularea de fluid in spatiul interstitial
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Sistemul venos – rezervor de volum; valvele venoase
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Sistemul venos – pompa musculara
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Reglarea presiunii arteriale
1. Mecanisme locale de reglare a presiunii arteriale1. Hiperemia activa
2. Autoreglarea fluxului
2. Sistemul nervos simpatic
3. Hormoni- vasoconstrictie: ADH, adrenalina, noradrenalina, angiotensina II
-vasodilatare: bradikinina, prostaciclina, ANP (peptida atriala
natriuretica), adrenalina (doar in muschiul cardiac si scheletic)
PAM (pres. Arteriala medie) = OC (output cardiac) x RP (rezistenta periferica)
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Hiperemia activa- alterarea diametrului arteriolar in functie de nevoile metabolice ale tesutului
- Tesutul activ metabolic elibereaza CO2, H+, adenozina, K+, bradikinina, NO –
vasodilatatori (relaxarea muschiului neted)
Autoreglarea fluxului- alterarea diametrului arteriolar ca raspuns la variatiile fluxului sangvin in tesutul
respectiv
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Hiperemie activa
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Controlul presiunii arteriale de catre SNS
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Baroreceptorii arteriali
-localizati in arcul aortic si in sinusurile carotidiene
-terminatii nervoase mecano-senzitive care detecteaza gradul de intindere al peretilor
arteriali
- genereaza PA care se propaga catre SNC – centrul cardiovascular din bulb
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Reglarea presiunii arteriale
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Hemoragie
Presiunea arteriala
Frecventa PA in baroreceptori
SNPS inima SNS inima SNS vene SNS arteriole
Ritmul cardiac
Forta de contractie
a miocardului
Vasoconstrictie Vasoconstrictie
Outputul cardiac
Umplerea ventriculara
Rezistenta periferica
Presiunea arteriala
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Controlul hormonal al presiunii arteriale
-”Fight or flight” – adrenalina – vasoconstrictie periferica (vasodilatare in muschi)
-Hemoragie, deshidratare – renina-angiotensina II - vasoconstrictie
-Hemoragie, deshidratae – ADH – vasoconstrictie; retentie de apa
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Ateroscleroza
-aterom vascular – leziune endoteliala – macrofage, limfocite – colesterol, lipide –
muschi neted – tesut conjunctiv fibros (capsula) - trombus
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Tromboza venoasa profunda