curriculum approaches in language teaching (mobin bozorgi)
TRANSCRIPT
Curriculum Approaches in Language Teaching: Forward, Central, and Backward Design Jack C. Richards(2013)
By : Mobin [email protected]
• Input refers to the linguistic content of a course.
• Process(Methodology) refers to how teaching is carried out, it includes activities, procedures and techniques that are employed by teachers.
• Output refers to learning outcomes, that is, what learners are able to do as a result of a period of instruction.
Input / Process /Output
Input: SyllabusProcess: Methodology
Output: Learning outcomes
FORWARD DESIGN:
CONTENT SYLLABUS METHOD OUTPUT ASSESMENT
Input
Process
Output
CENTRAL DESIGN:
curriculum development starts with the selection of teaching activities, techniques and methods rather than with the elaboration of a detailed language syllabus or specification of learning outcomes.
Bruner and Stenhouse argue that curriculum development should start by identifying the processes of inquiry and deliberation that drive teaching and learning – processes such as :
investigation, decision-making reflection, discussion, interpretation, critical thinking, making choice and co-operating with others.
Process•learner-focused
•learning-oriented
Syllabus•dynamic
•not sequential
Evaluation
•improves teaching•learning
In Central Design
• ALM• SLT• CLT• Content-Based• Audiovisual
Forward Design