Current trends in Comparative Law

Brazilian Reports for the Twentieth International Congress of Comparative Law – Fukuoka

Current trends in Comparative Law

Brazilian Reports for the Twentieth International Congress of Comparative Law – Fukuoka

temas atuais de direito Comparado

Relatórios Brasileiros do Vigésimo Congresso Internacional de Direito Comparado – Fukuoka

GUSTAVO TEPEDINOMARILDA ROSADO DE SÁ RIBEIRO

(Editors)

Belo Horizonte2021

340.5 Current Trends in Comparative Law: Brazilian Reports for the Twentieth International CongressT278 of Comparative Law - Fukuoka (Temas atuais de direito comparado: relatórios brasileiros do 2021 Vigésimo Congresso Internacional de Direito Comparado – Fukuoka)– [organizado por] Gustavo Tepedino [e] Marilda Rosado de Sá Ribeiro. Belo Horizonte: Arraes Editores, 2021. 462 p. ISBN: 978-85-8238-692-7 ISBN: 978-85-8238-693-4 (E-book) Vários autores.

1. Direito comparado. 2. Direito à privacidade. 3. Transexuais – Direitos. 4. Transgêneros – Direitos. 5. Proteção de dados pessoais. 6. Segurança de dados. 7. Direitos da criança. 8. Violência infantil. 9. Direito de família. I. Tepedino, Gustavo. (Org.). II. Ribeiro, Marilda Rosado de Sá (Org.). III. Congresso Internacional de Direito Comparado, 20. IV. Título.

CDDir – 340.5 CDD(23.ed.)– 342.1

Belo Horizonte2021

CONSELHO EDITORIAL

Elaborada por: Fátima Falci CRB/6-700

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Carlos Augusto Canedo G. da SilvaCarlos Bruno Ferreira da Silva

Carlos Henrique SoaresClaudia Rosane Roesler

Clèmerson Merlin ClèveDavid França Ribeiro de Carvalho

Dhenis Cruz MadeiraDircêo Torrecillas Ramos

Edson Ricardo SalemeEliane M. Octaviano Martins

Emerson GarciaFelipe Chiarello de Souza Pinto

Florisbal de Souza Del’OlmoFrederico Barbosa Gomes

Gilberto BercoviciGregório Assagra de Almeida

Gustavo CorgosinhoGustavo Silveira Siqueira

Jamile Bergamaschine Mata DizJanaína Rigo Santin

Jean Carlos Fernandes

Jorge Bacelar Gouveia – PortugalJorge M. LasmarJose Antonio Moreno Molina – EspanhaJosé Luiz Quadros de MagalhãesKiwonghi BizawuLeandro Eustáquio de Matos MonteiroLuciano Stoller de FariaLuiz Henrique Sormani BarbugianiLuiz Manoel Gomes JúniorLuiz MoreiraMárcio Luís de OliveiraMaria de Fátima Freire SáMário Lúcio Quintão SoaresMartonio Mont’Alverne Barreto LimaNelson RosenvaldRenato CaramRoberto Correia da Silva Gomes CaldasRodolfo Viana PereiraRodrigo Almeida MagalhãesRogério Filippetto de OliveiraRubens BeçakSergio André RochaSidney GuerraVladmir Oliveira da SilveiraWagner MenezesWilliam Eduardo Freire

Coordenação Editorial: Produção Editorial e Capa:

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Fabiana CarvalhoDanilo Jorge da SilvaResponsabilidade do Autor

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agradeCimentos

Os coordenadores agradecem a todos os participantes, notadamente o prefaciador, prof. Arnoldo Wald. Especial registro merece o estímulo rece-bido do comitê executivo da IACL para levarmos adiante esta publicação conjunta, especialmente à Presidente Katharina Boele-Woelki e ao Secretário geral, prof. Diego Fernandez Arroyo.

Nossos carinhosos agradecimentos à colaboradora Marina Lobato, que mesmo já tendo concluído seu mestrado em direito internacional e tendo que compatibilizar as atividades profissionais com a família, não esmoreceu diante dos atrasos ocorridos em razão da pandemia.

Nossa saudação à editora Arraes, que tem se destacado nas publicações ligadas ao direito internacional nos últimos anos!

Rio de Janeiro, Setembro de 2020

Gustavo Tepedino e Marilda Rosado

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List oF authors

ALINE DE MIRANDA VALVERDE TERRA Is a professor of Civil Law at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) and a professor of Civil Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio).

ANA CARLA HARMATIUK MATOS Is a professor for the undergraduate, master’s and doctoral degrees (Law) at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR); collaborating professor of the Professional Master’s in Law at the University of Fortaleza (Unifor). She is the director of the Southern Region of the Brazilian Institute of Family Law (IBDFAM), the vice-president of the Brazilian Institute of Civil Law (IBDCivil) and a lawyer.

ANA PAULA DE BARCELLOSJD, LLM, SJD, is Full Constitutional Law Professor at the State Univer-sity of Rio de Janeiro, and was a 2012-2013 Takemi Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. She is a member of the Orga-nizing Committee for Yale Law School SELA (Seminario en Latinoamérica de Teoría Constitucional y Política) since 2012. She was the vice-chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Law at the Brazilian Bar Association – Rio de Janeiro (2016/2018) and is a member of the Committee on Consti-tutional law Studies at the Brazilian Bar Association (2019/2021).

ANDERSON SCHREIBER Is a full professor of Private Law at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). He is a Permanent Professor at both Graduate and Post-Graduate

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Programmes (Master and PhD) of UERJ. Holds a PhD from the Univer-sità degli studi del Molise (Italy) and a Master Degree from UERJ. Is a member of the International Academy for Comparative Law and a State Attorney of the State of Rio de Janeiro.

ARTHUR SODRÉ PRADO Holds a Master of Laws from the São Paulo Law School of Fundação Getu-lio Vargas (FGV); postgraduate degree in Economic and European Criminal Law from the Brazilian Institute of Criminal Sciences and from the Institu-te of Economic and European Criminal Law of the University of Coimbra; postgraduate degree in Economic Criminal Law from Fundação Getulio Vargas; LLB from the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. He is currently a partner at Malheiros Filho, Meggiolaro & Prado – Advogados.

DANIEL BUCAR Holds a PhD and Masters in Private Law from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) and is a Specialist in Civil Law by the Università degli Studi di Camerino. He is currently a Private Law professor at IBMEC/RJ, a public attorney of the city of Rio de Janeiro and a lawyer.

DIOGO CAMPOS MEDINA MAIA Was a temporary professor of Labor Procedural Law and Labor Practices at the at the Law School of the State University of Rio de (UERJ). Holds a Master of Laws Degree from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Is currently an Equity Partner at Loureiro Maia Advogados Labor Law Firm (est. 1949) and practices Labor Law since 2001.

GISELA SAMPAIO DA CRUZ Is an assistant professor of Civil Law at the Law School of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). She holds a Ph.D. in Civil Law from UERJ. Attorney.

GUSTAVO TEPEDINO Is a full professor of Private Law and former Dean at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).

HELOISA HELENA BARBOZA Is a full professor of Civil Law at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). She holds a PhD in Law from the State University of Rio de Janei-ro (UERJ) and a PhD in Public Health from the National Public Health School (ENSP/FIOCRUZ) in Rio de Janeiro.

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HUMBERTO DALLA BERNARDINA DE PINHO Is a full professor at the Law School of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) and an attorney general’s assistant for the State of Rio de Janeiro.

JOSÉ AUGUSTO FONTOURA COSTAIs Professor of International Business Law at the Law Faculty of the Univer-sity of São Paulo (USP), at the University CEUMA, and at the Law Faculty of Sorocaba. He is currently a researcher funded by CNPq. Lawyer.

JOSÉ ROBERTO DE CASTRO NEVES Is a professor of Civil Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) and co-founder of FCDG Advogados, a leading civil litigation firm based in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Brasilia. His books include Measure for Measure – The Law in Shakespeare (Edições de Janeiro, Rio, 2016), A Invenção do Direito (Edições de Janeiro, Rio, 2015), Contratos (Ed. GZ, Rio, 2016) and Direito das Obrigações (Ed. GZ, Rio, 2013). He holds a PhD in Civil Law from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) and a Master’s Degree in Law from Cambridge University.

MARILDA ROSADO DE SÁ RIBEIRO Is an associate professor of Private International Law and Petroleum Law of the Law School of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). She holds a PhD in International Law from the Law School of the University of São Paulo (USP). Partner of Barbosa, Raimundo, Gontijo and Câmara Advoga-dos; member-partner of the Brazilian Society of International Law; member of the Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN); foun-ding partner of the Center for Excellence in Development, Oil, Energy and Mining (CEDPEM); vice-president of the International Academy of Com-parative Law; member of the board of trustees of the Brazilian Academy of International Law and member of the International Law Association (ILA).

MARIO VIOLA Holds a PhD in Law from the European University and an LLM in Private Law from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). He is currently a research associate at the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom of the European University Institute (CMPF), Florence, Italy, and a lawyer.

MELINA GIRARDI FACHIN Holds a PhD in Law. She is a professor at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Brazil.

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MILENA DONATO OLIVA Is a Private Law professor at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Lawyer.

PATRÍCIA GUIMARÃES Holds a Master’s Degree of Practices for Sustainable Development from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (PPGPDS/URFRRJ), Master’s Degree in Economics and Business Management from the Cândido Mendes University of Rio de Janeiro (MEE/UCAM), postgraduate specialization in Brazilian Environmental Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) and, also, in Administrative and Economic Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). She is a member of the Environmental Law Commission of OAB/RJ and a lawyer.

PATRICIA KLIEN VEGA Is an associate at FCDG Advogados and holds Bachelor’s Degrees in Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) and in Journalism and International Relations from Boston University.

PABLO RENTERIA Is a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC--Rio). He holds a PhD and a Master Degree from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Lawyer.

RENATO GIAVINA BIANCHI Is a lawyer at Malheiros Filho, Meggiolaro & Prado – Advogados, graduated from Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV).

SIMONE LAHORGUE NUNES Holds a PhD and a Master Degree in Economic Law, from the University of São Paulo (USP). She also holds a Bachelor in Legal and Social Sciences from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (UFRGS). Simone Lahorgue was a professor with the judge-training program of Rio de Janeiro State School of Magistrates (EMERJ), and at the Graduate Program of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). Simone is cur-rently a partner at Levy & Salomão Advogados, a full service law firm with offices in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Brasilia.

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Contents

PREFÁCIO ........................................................................................................... XV

FOREWORD ....................................................................................................... XIX

ChaptEr 1CROWDFUNDING IN BRAZILIAN LAWAline de Miranda Valverde Terra......................................................................... 1

ChaptEr 2CONDITIONS OF THE RECOGNITION OF THE CIVIL STATUS OF TRANSSEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PEOPLEAna Carla Harmatiuk Matos ............................................................................... 27

ChaptEr 3BRAZIL AND ITS MANY REALITIES. COURTS AND STATE-CENTRISM; ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONAna Paula de Barcellos .......................................................................................... 73

ChaptEr 4RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN BRAZILIAN LAWAnderson Schreiber ................................................................................................. 97

ChaptEr 5JUVENILE IN CONTACT WITH VIOLENCE AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHILDREN’S RIGHTS: BRAZILArthur Sodré Prado; Renato Giavina Bianchi ..................................................... 109

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ChaptEr 6GENETIC TESTING, EMPLOYMENT AND INSURANCE POLICY CONTRACTS: REVISITING THE BRAZILIAN REPORT TO THE XXth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF COMPARATIVE LAWDaniel Bucar and Mario Viola ............................................................................ 119

ChaptEr 7THE ROLE OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN THE BRAZILIAN LABOR LAW REGIMEDiogo Campos Medina Maia ................................................................................ 135

ChaptEr 8COMPENSATION SCHEMES FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY HEALTHCAREGisela Sampaio da Cruz ........................................................................................ 173

ChaptEr 9“PROPERTY MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE COMMONS”: NATIONAL REPORT FOR BRAZILGustavo Tepedino ................................................................................................... 203

ChaptEr 10MULTICULTURAL CHALLENGES IN FAMILY LAWHeloisa Helena Barboza ........................................................................................ 227

ChaptEr 11CONFIDENTIALITY OF CORRESPONDENCE WITH COUNSEL AS A REQUIREMENT OF A FAIR TRIAL TO BRAZILIAN LAWHumberto Dalla Bernardina de Pinho ................................................................. 247

ChaptEr 12DATA PROTECTION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAWJosé Augusto Fontoura Costa.................................................................................. 275

ChaptEr 13CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE BRAZILIAN PERSPECTIVEJosé Roberto de Castro Neves; Patricia Klien Vega ............................................... 319

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ChaptEr 14THE SCENARIO OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYMarilda Rosado de Sá Ribeiro; Patrícia Guimarães ............................................ 335

ChaptEr 15COMPARATIVE LAW AND MULTICULTURAL LEGAL CLASSES: CHALLENGE OR OPPORTUNITY?Melina Girardi Fachin .......................................................................................... 355

ChaptEr 16CONSUMER PROTECTION UNDER BRAZILIAN LAWMilena Donato Oliva ............................................................................................ 375

ChaptEr 17THE LEGAL SERVICES MARKET AND CONVEYANCING IN BRAZILIAN LAWPablo Renteria ........................................................................................................ 405

ChaptEr 18SECURITY RIGHTS OVER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – BRAZIL CHAPTERSimone Lahorgue Nunes ........................................................................................ 419

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preFáCio

A publicação dos relatórios brasileiros ao 20º CongrEsso da aCadEmia intErnaCional dE dirEito Comparado, que se realizou em Fukuoka, no Ja-pão, em julho de 2018, é uma importante contribuição ao desenvolvimento e renovação do nosso direito comparado. O livro foi organizado pelos pro-fessores gustavo tEpEdino e marilda rosado dE sá ribEiro e contém 18 colaborações dos nossos melhores juristas sobre os temas os mais diversos, mas todos de grande atualidade. O livro abrange textos de direito civil, direi-to bancário, organização judiciária, contratos de seguros, negociações cole-tivas, problemas familiares, mudanças climáticas, proteção do consumidor, responsabilidade social, proteção internacional dos dados, garantia constitu-cional de acesso aos bens fundamentais, propriedade intelectual e os efeitos da comparação jurídica. São verdadeiras monografias de mestres oriundos das várias regiões do país. É um conjunto de excelentes contribuições, cuja leitura é da maior utilidade para todos aqueles que querem estar em dia com a evolução da nossa legislação e do direito comparado no século XXI.

Por outro lado, a obra marca o início de uma nova fase dos estudos da matéria em nosso país pela participação de duas dezenas de juristas, ma-gistrados e advogados, que está sendo divulgada no exterior, por uma das mais importantes entidades especializadas, que breve festejara o seu cente-nário. Efetivamente, a Associação foi criada em 1924 e tem realizado os seus congressos internacionais de quatro em quatro anos. As suas finalidades são a divulgação do direito comparado como meio de aproximação entre os povos, a reforma e o aprimoramento das leis nacionais e o aperfeiçoamento do ensino jurídico. Na realidade, o direito comparado enriquece a dogmáti-ca jurídica, abrindo aos advogados, que aplicam os seus direitos nacionais, novos horizontes para ultrapassar os limites eventualmente existentes na

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sua legislação nacional e permitir a evolução construtiva do direito, muitas vezes com novas ferramentas, que não são apenas importadas, mas em geral adaptadas e até renovadas.

O direito comparado adquiriu a sua autonomia e passou a ser con-sidero como ramo da ciência jurídica, com estudos sistemáticos, no fim do século XIX e início do século XX, ganhando novo impulso na Europa, após a primeira grande guerra (de 1914), quando foi criada a associação e se expandiu após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, dando ensejo a criação de entidades nacionais e internacionais especializadas. A Liga das Nações e, em seguida, a ONU e a UNESCO, apoiaram essas iniciativas, considerando que poderiam evitar conflitos e permitir a melhor compreensão entre nacionais e estrangeiros nos diversos países.

No Brasil, além de algumas obras sérias, mas pontuais, publicadas na primeira metade do século XX, o nosso Direito Comparado se firmou a partir da década de 1950, quando passou a ser criado o Instituto de Di-reito Comparado sob a direção de san tiago dantas e o Comitê Nacional de Direito Comparado, organizado por haroldo valladão. Ambos forta-leceram tanto o ensino do Direito Comparado no país como as nossas relações com associações internacionais e entidades estrangeiras que se dedicavam ao assunto.

É a época a partir da qual tivemos relatórios brasileiros nas reuniões Internacionais e vários congressos chegaram a ser realizados no Brasil com a Association Henri Capitant e a Société de Legislation Comparée, além de Jornadas binacionais que fizemos com os juristas argentinos.

No quarto Congresso da Associação Internacional de Direito Comparado, que ocorreu em Paris, em 1954, a entidade estava se reorganizando, sem meios materiais, mas com o entusiasmo e a dedicação de alguns juristas que tinham sido professores nos seus países de origem, mas estavam exilados em Paris. Na ocasião, eu me tinha formado no ano anterior e estava preparando a minha tese de doutorado, trabalhando com o Professor rEné david, apro-veitando uma bolsa que recebi do governo francês. Foi quando o Professor haroldo valladão me pediu que fosse procurar, na Faculdade de Direito, o Professor ElEmér balogh que estava reconstruindo a Associação que não pudera funcionar durante a Guerra. Encontrei-o na biblioteca da Faculdade, perdido no meio de livros e papeis, que o escondiam atrás da sua escriva-ninha. Não tinha secretária, e escrevia a mão convites para uma centena de juristas do mundo inteiro para convidá-los a comparecer para o Congresso de 1954. Recebeu-me muito bem e acertamos o envio de quatro relatórios brasileiros, um do Professor Caio mario sobre investigação de paternidade no direito comparado, outro do professor armando dias dE azEvEdo sobre

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a ordem jurídica canônica e dois meus, a respeito da responsabilidade civil dos administradores de sociedade anônimas e do serviço público no Brasil.

Decorridos mais de 60 anos, é com grande emoção que verifico que houve um paralelismo entre a evolução e a institucionalização da Associação Internacional e a contribuição brasileira aos seus Congressos. Ambos se ins-titucionalizaram e cresceram, dando assim ao Direito Comparado brasileiro uma nova posição no cenário internacional, que se refletiu no Congresso realizado no Japão e que certamente manteremos e continuaremos desen-volvendo no futuro. Os relatórios apresentados constituem um testemunho relevante dessa evolução.

Ao evocar meu primeiro contato com ElEmér balogh, sensibiliza-me profundamente o fato de termos assegurado uma continuidade de nossos trabalhos e, em particular, de ter a publicação sido organizada por dois pro-fessores de minha faculdade (a UERJ). Efetivamente, gustavo tEpEdino é meu sucessor na cátedra e foi colega de meu filho e marilda rosado, além de ter sido minha aluna, foi quem, então como advogada da pEtrobras, me contra-tou para defender a empresa numa das minhas primeiras arbitragens. Entre os demais autores de artigos publicados no livro, encontramos vários amigos que evidenciam o encontro de gerações no estudo do direito comparado.

Vemos assim que, se o passado ajuda a compreender o presente, a nossa vida exige que olhemos para frente. Podemos, pois, saudar esta nova fase do nosso direito comparado, que aliás, se integra no Brasil das grandes reformas que queremos realizar e corresponde à abertura da nossa econo-mia, da nossa sociedade, da nossa política e à consolidação da democracia brasileira. Ao lado e em complemento das novas tecnologias e das reformas econômicas e sociais, o direito comparado pode ser um catalisador dessas transformações para assegurar a reconstrução da nossa legislação e da nossa justiça tornando-as mais eficazes e equitativas para aplicarmos um “direito que seja mais justo”.

São Paulo, 01.12.2019

ARNOLDO WALD

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Foreword

The International Academy of Comparative Law (IACL) was founded in 1924. Since then, the institution plays an important role in promot-ing comparative research in law and in stimulating the comparative study of legal systems throughout the world. The Academy represents a body of scholars that currently has more than seven hundred members from many different countries. The majority of them are academics; however, they in-clude judges of supreme national and international courts as well.

In 1932 and 1937, the Academy organized its first two general interna-tional congresses at The Hague; and since 1950, they have been held every four years in various cities in many different nations. Until 1970, they took place in Europe and, afterwards, in the Americas, Australia and Asia also. In 2018, Fukuoka, Japan, hosted the IACL General Congress, where inter-national representatives from differing legal cultures were able to present reports on the development of their national laws.

A total of 27 topics were selected by the members of the IACL to be discussed at the Congress in 2018. However, before this event, national re-porters received a questionnaire related to the specific themes. Later, general comparative legal studies will be elaborated and published on each topic. These publications are based on the aforementioned questionnaire responses, permitting easy access to the main differences and similarities in the legal regulations of national regimes. The contributions can be presented within a great variety of topics, ranging from the more general, such as Comparative Law and Multicultural Legal Classes: Challenge or Opportunity? or Reconciling Legal Pluralism and Constitutionalism: New Trajectories for Legal Theory in the Global Age to the more specific, like Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consum-ers or Anti-suit Injunctions in Arbitral and Judicial Procedures.

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This book contains 18 reports that were elaborated by Brazilian au-thors for the Fukuoka Congress.

Professor Aline de Miranda Valverde Terra analysed crowdfunding regulation in Brazil, its modalities, operating principles, controversies and practical challenges. The author brings particular attention to the questions that are related to the supervision of crowdfunding activity as well as to the obligations and duties of the parties involved: platform (providers), con-tributors and project directors.

Professor Ana Carla Harmatiuk Matos analyses the situation regard-ing the legal recognition of Trans persons’ gender identity in Brazil. The report deals with the evolution of legal regulation regarding sexual iden-tity and its particularities.

Professor Ana Paula de Barcellos discusses the coexistence of different realities related to constitutionalism and legal pluralism in an era of Global-ization, taking into consideration that for now in Brazil a tension between constitutionalism and legal pluralism does not have the same extent as in other countries.

The paper by Professor Anderson Schreiber analyses the data protec-tion legal framework in Brazil, especially the provisions of a new Brazilian Personal Data Protection Law, with the objective to guarantee the right to privacy. Among other topics, there is also a discussion of the specific prob-lems related to data protection on the Internet and the international dimen-sion of data protection.

Arthur Sodré Prado and Renato Giavina Bianchi discuss the legal framework concerning children’s rights in criminal law and the difficulty of guaranteeing the protective rights to juveniles under the age of 18 who have committed penal infractions in Brazil.

The paper of Professor Daniel Bucar and Mario Viola is dedicated to analysing the current Brazilian framework regarding genetic data protection that are considered sensitive. In particular, the authors discuss the possible effects found when genetic testing is used to inform labour relations and also insurance contracts.

The report of Diogo Campos Medina Maia deals with the Brazilian collective bargaining system: the author defines its initial concepts, analyses its regulation and, among other topics, explains existing collective bargain-ing instruments.

Professor Gisela Sampaio da Cruz analyses schemes that can be used for the compensation of damages caused by healthcare taking into consid-eration that, in the Brazilian administrative system, an organized compen-sation scheme does not exist. Furthermore, the author traces the function

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of civil liability, evaluates the system of reparation of damages, as well as describes the Brazilian normative framework and presents proceedings that are alternative to lawsuits.

The report of Professor Gustavo Tepedino deals with the theory of Com-mons that gained prominence both in doctrine and in court practice world-wide. Basing it on the Brazilian experience, whose essential feature nowadays is the search for the effectiveness of the fundamental rights provided for in the Constitution, the author analyses the goods that are essential to every human being and the available mechanisms that allow for access to them in Brazil.

Professor Heloisa Helena Barboza examines Family Law in a multi-cultural context in Brazil. The author exposes the historical background characterized by the presence of multiple ways of life in different groups that were regulated by the same legal norms. Special attention is given to the analysis of the law governing family relationships between parents and children, between couples and also the recognition and the dissolution of such marital nature relationships and their effects.

The report of Professor Humberto Dalla Bernardina de Pinho deals with the question of confidentiality of correspondence between client and attorney as a requirement of a fair trial. The paper examines cases where there have been State intrusions and shows the legal permissions and the limits of these intrusions, highlighting hard cases and specific solutions for them.

Professor José Augusto Fontoura Costa examines personal data protec-tion in trade agreements. The report deals with the analyses of WTO rules on data protection and the annexes and chapters on data protection of Eu-ropean agreements. A special attention is given to the electronic commerce provisions on data protection in regional and bilateral trade agreements.

Professor José Roberto de Castro Neves and Patricia Klien Vega analyse the environmental litigation in Brazil and the available mechanism of the protection of collective and individual rights with regards to the ecologi-cally balanced environment. In addition to demonstrating the laws govern-ing environmental protection, the authors also expose opportunities and challenges to guarantee the effectiveness of climate change litigation.

The report of Professor Marilda Rosado de Sá Ribeiro and Patrícia Guimarães deals with the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), bringing this question into the Brazilian context. In this regard, they analyse the sources of CSR from a Comparative Law perspective and explain the liability guidelines, as well as the methods of dispute resolution, the appli-cable law, the system of recognition and enforcement of judgements.

Professor Melina Girardi Fachin examines the concept and the role of comparative law in the context of different cultural traditions and analyzes

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paradigms and challenges of current legal education, presenting an empirical view of the Brazilian experience. Moreover, the pedagogy of the oppressed by the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire and the legislative adoption of the af-firmative action system in higher public education in Brazil are discussed in further detail.

The paper of Professor Milena Donato Oliva is dedicated to the study of consumer protection under the Brazilian normative framework. Beyond the definition of consumer, the author investigates the legal duty of the supplier to inform and obtain a qualified and not only a formal consent from the consumer. This way, the report takes into consideration the application of the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code to banking and insurance activities and explores consumer protection issues in the context of the e-commerce

Professor Pablo Renteria brings a panoramic view of the public notary in Brazilian Real Estate Law. In the paper, different faces of this question are presented, such as mandatory checking procedures that must take place before finalizing an agreement. Among other important points, Renteria highlights the regulation of the system of real estate transfer evidence, the payment methods and the costs of legal assistance, the notary’s liability in the context of conveyancing and the perspectives in the development of conveyancing law in Brazil.

The paper of Simone Lahorgue Nunes handles the Brazilian Law’s treatment of intellectual property when it is used as collateral for credit. In order to circumvent the lack of a specific statutory provision in Brazil she discusses a variety of applicable legal norms that regulate such questions. The author explains not only the categories of security rights, the structure of transactions and the priority rights granted to creditors, but also the legal and practical difficulties in obtaining security rights over IP-rights. Further-more, Nunes exposes the enforcement of IP-related security interests that can arise upon default, outside or within insolvency.

It is important to mention that the next two years will be significant for those who are interested in Comparative Law in Latin America. In 2021, a preparatory seminar to the next General Congress of IACL will be held in Rio de Janeiro and, in 2022, the 21th General Congress will take place in As-sunción (Paraguay). These events represent an excellent opportunity for the development and diffusion of Comparative Law in Latin America. Another important event to mention is the Thematic Congress «Diversity and Plu-rality in Law» that will be held in Pretoria (South Africa) in October 2020.