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Efi Alexopoulou Biomass section Current state of the art of biofuels applications in EU25 Budapest 9/3/06

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Efi Alexopoulou

Biomass section

Current state of the art of biofuels applications in EU25

Budapest 9/3/06

Biodiesel

Bioethanol

Biogas, Vegetal oils, bio-methanol, biodimethylether, bio-ETBE, bio-MTBE, synthetic fuels and bio-hydrogen are also referring by European Commission but have been only little developed or not yet developed.

Biofuels

Biofuels• Bioethanol

is obtained from distilling the sugar extracted from beets as well as from cereals like wheat, barley or corn

• Biodieselis produced from oleaginous plants like rape or sunflower. The vegetal oil then undergoes an esterification process using methanol (derived from natural gas) for transformation to RME

Biofuels production in the European Union in EU25 in 2004

• Biodiesel – 1 933 400 tonnes • Bioethanol – 497 040 tonnes

Biodiesel production represented the 79.5% of the total biofuels production, while bioethanol represents the 20.5%.

Biodiesel Biodiesel is generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils (so-called “fatty acid methyl esters”, FAME). Currently, the predominant oils used in biodieselproduction are rape and sunflower oil in Europe, and soya oil in North America. Again, the cost of the feedstock represents the major component of total production costs of biodiesel, such that cheaper oils such as palm oil or even used frying oil could have a significant cost advantage.

Biodiesel Production in European Union since 1992

5500

0

8000

0

1500

00

2800

00 4350

00

4750

00

3900

00

4700

00 6800

00

7800

00

1065

000

1434

000

1933

400

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Biodiesel production in European Union in 2003 and 2004

Country 2003 2004 IncreaseGermany 715000 1035000

348000

320000

70000

60000

57000

15000

13000

9000

5000

Sweden 1000 1400 +40,0%

19334000

France 357000

+44,8%

-2,5%

+17,2%

+70,7%

-14,3%

+78,1%

+116,7%

0,0%

Italy 273000

Denmark 41000

Czech Republic 70000

Austria 32000

Slovakia 0

Spain 6000

UK 9000

Lithuania 0

+28,6%TOTAL EU 25 1504000

Biodiesel production (data 2004)

>More than 1 million tons produced in Germany (53,5% of the total production)In France (2004) the biodiesel production was 348000 tonnes and there is a plan for 480000 by 2007In Italy the biodiesel production is going to be decreased in 2005 from 320000 to 200000 tonnes.

Other countries in Europe have been decided to go into biodiesel production like Spain (250000 in Cartagena in 2005) and Portugal (100000 on going)

Biodiesel production in Germany (1998-2004)

Main biodiesel producers in EU (2004)

Company Nationality Production (tonnes)rough estimates

Diester Industry French >300000

ADM American >250000

Novaol French >250000

Natur Energie West German <100000

Fox Petrioli Italian >100000

MUW MitteldeutscheUmesterungs Werke

German >100000

Campa biodiesel GmbH

German >70000

Biodiesel production places related to rapeseed production

(source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)

Biodiesel production places related to corn production

(source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)

Production costs & international diesel prices

Biofuel production costs(US$/ lt of fuel)

IFP W/tax(US$/ lt of fuel)

IFP W o/tax(US$/ lt of fuel)

0.570

0.680

1.286

1.090

0.490

USA 0.549 0.373

CAN 0.455

0.607

0.725

0.568

EU-15

0.391

0.396

0.382POL

BRA 0.384

Diesel prices for the EU-15 are weighted averages of prices in Germany, France and Italy

Cost Ranges: BiodieselSource: Renewables 2005 Global Status Report

Typical costs: 40-80 $ cents/ liter diesel equivalentCost could decline to 35-70 $ cents/ liter diesel equivalent (sugar) post- 2010 for rapeseed and soy, and remain about 25 $ cents (currently) for biodiesel from waste oil.

Bioethanol

In 2004 the bioethanol production was 491040, while in 2003 was 424750 (increase 15.6%)Commission (CAP) is obliged to buy and store excess wine production and part of it can be transformed into ethanol which then can be sold in the biofuels market

Bioethanol production in the European Union since 199347

500

5850

0

5790

0

8034

0

1033

70

1179

00

1108

50

1910

00

2160

00

3173

00 3643

20

4910

40

0

150000

300000

450000

600000

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Bioethanol situationSpain is the leading European Union country in terms of Bioethanol production – ETBE (194,000 tonnes in 2004, while in 2003 was 160,000 tonnes). There is a projection for 160,000 tonnes (Abengoa Group – Castilian Y Leon) more in 2006 that will not be ETBE but bioethanol will mixed directly with petrol.France increases quotas (from 82,000 tonnes in 2003 increases to 102,000 tonnes in 2004 and the Biofuel Plan will benefit with an additional approval of 320,000 tonnes between now and 2007).

Bioethanol situationSweden consuming than it produces (52,000 tonnes in 2004, while the annual consumption was 206,000 tonnes). Unlike Spain and France, Sweden does not transform ethanol to ETBE in order to distribute it.Poland is waiting for a new law (is the only European country that bioethanol production between 2003 and 2004 was decreased 40.7% because the Polish Constitutional Court did not ratify the Biofuels Law of November 2003).Germany is starting bioethanol production (three new units are expected with a production capacity of 500,000 tonnes from cereals and all be located close to the Polish border.

Bioethanol and ETBE production in 2003 and 2004 (in tons)

2003 2004

Bioethanol production

ETBE production

Bioethanol production

ETBE production

Spain 160000 340800 194000 413200

France 82000 164250 102000 170600

Sweden 52000 0 52000 0

Poland 60430 67000 35840 n.d.

Germany 0 0 20000 42500

Bioethanol sold by European Community

70230 n.d. 87200 n.d.

Total EU25 424750 572050 491040 626300

Bioethanol actorsThe bioethanol market is controlled by the big

industrial groups and the large agriculture cooperatives of the sugar and alcohol industriesThe Spanish group ABENGOA is the largest bioethanol maker with a production of 226,000 tonnes. At the moment had two units in Spain (in Cartagena and in Texeiro), while one more is expected with a production of 160,000 tonnes. In collaboration with AB Bioenergy France (controlled at 51%) is going to produce 180,000 tonnes in southwest of France.

Bioethanol actorsIn France, the Tereos Group produced 48,000 tonnes and holds the 40% of the ethanol market share in France and in the future the group is planning the production of two units (one in Lillebonne with a capacity of 200,000 tonnes and one in Origny with a capacity of 160,000 tonnes). In France there is also the Gristal Union that groups together the Champagne-Ardenne region beet cooperatives with a project for a production of 238,000 tonnes near Reims. In Sweden there are two main actors Agroetanol(40,000 tonnes) and Svensk Etanolkemi (15,000 tonnes)

Bioethanol production places related to cereals production

(source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)

Production costs of ethanol & international diesel prices

Ethanol production

costs (wheat)

(US$/ lt of fuel)

Ethanol production

costs (maize)

(US$/ lt of fuel)

IFP W/tax(US$/ lt of

fuel)

IFP W o/tax(US$/ lt of

fuel)

USA 0.545 0.289 0.540 0.384

CAN 0.563 0.335 0.680 0.401

EU-15 0.573 0.448 1.316 0.406

POL 0.530 0.337 1.200 0.392

18 MTOE targeted in 2010

It is estimated that in 2005 the biofuels production came up to 2.8 million toe, while in 2010 is expected to be 9.4 million toe (when white paper set a goal for 2010 for 18 Mtoe)