current affairs monthly march. 2016

8/17/2019 Current Affairs Monthly March. 2016

1/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsMeemck neenck phys trijutk te Zu`aili Nkvi HrulnhckTkhrdf klmilk mihlt Meemck el Aelnh dkck!rhtkn tfk 88"ln!irtf hlli#krshr e$ Zu%&ili 'k#iHrulnhck( h )ielkkrilm nhldkr e$ tfk 8*+,s( hln h #isielhr ilstitutiel-!uicnkr .fe !uict h )u!cidducturhc hln knudhtielhc dkltrk %le.l hs @hch%sfktrh/Zu%&ili-'k#i-Hrulnhck ksth!cisfkn tfk Iltkrlhtielhc Hdhnk& $er tfk Hrts il 8*+2( rklh&kn hs

@hch%sfktrh il 8*+ :%hch rk$krs te tfk hrts( hln %sfktrh te h 4kcn er shldtuhr/

@IH grst il tfk deultry te mkt MrkklDe Rchtilua rhtilm@k&)kme.nh Iltkrlhtielhc Hir)ert fhs !kde&k tfk 4rst hln elc hir)ert il tfk deultr te e!thilh >MrkklDe Rchtilu&; rhtilm $re& tfk Mrkkl 7uicnilm Deuldic :M7D=/Il h sthtk&klt el Tulnh(7hlmhcerk Iltkrlhtielhc Hir)ert 6tn/ :7IH6= shin tfk rhtilm( mi#kl ! tfk Del$knkrhtiel e$ IlnihlIlnustr :DII=( rk9kdts tfk kl#irel&klthc strhtkmiks hne)tkn ht tfk hir)ert( .fidf ildcunk .htkrdelskr#htiel( hne)tiel e$ !ie$ukc $er mreuln e)krhtiels( hln usk e$ sechr klkrm( h&elm etfkrs/

^fk hir)ert fhn rkdki#kn tfk >MrkklDe Tic#kr; rhtilm il ",8"( !kde&ilm tfk 4rst il tfk deultr terkdki#k tfk rhtilm h$tkr its chuldf ! tfk ?liel Ailistkr $er Klkrm il ",88/

Wilen Zhi hppeiltkn hs grst Dfhirahl e !hl`s !ehrn !urkhu 0er&kr De&)trecckr hln Huniter Mklkrhc :DHM= 3ilen Zhi fhs !kkl h))eiltkn hs tfk 4rstDfhir&hl e$ 7hl%s 7ehrn 7urkhu :777=/ Fis h))eilt&klt de&ks h$tkr Rri&k Ailistkr fhsh))re#kn tfk )re)eshc e$ tfk 'k)hrt&klt e$ 0ilhldihc Tkr#idks $er tfk delstitutiel e$ tfk 777/H))eiltkn Ak&!krs e$ 7hl%s 7ehrn 7urkhu hrk 3ilen Zhi :Dfhir&hl=1 Fk is $er&kr DHM $re&


2/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsRrksinklt Rrhlh! Au%fkrkk ilhumurhtkn Ilnih;s 4rst Mklnkr Rhr% ht @ezfi%enk nistridt e$ @krhch/It is hcse tfk 4rst e$ its %iln mklnkr kNuhcit del#krmkldk dkltrk il Hsih/ ^fk )hr% is hl ilitihti#ke$ tfk Tedihc


3/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirs

I'Z) te skt up 'htkccitk Dkltrk il WiktlhaIlnihl T)hdk Zkskhrdf rmhlizhtiel :ITZ= is .er%ilm te.hrns tfk ksth!cisf&klt e$ h Thtkccitk

r̂hd%ilm E 'hth Zkdk)tiel Tthtiel hln 'hth Rredkssilm 0hdicit il 3iktlh& $er HTKHL Ak&!krdeultriks/

Zhfuc 'hdfnkv *el Ilnih )pkl slee`kr titck0er&kr Lhtielhc 2Zkns rullkr-u) Zhfuc Thdfnk# dcildfkn fis &hinkl titck ! .illilm tfk 8st HccIlnih )kl Il#ithtielhc Tlee%kr Dfh&)ielsfi) il Hurhlmh!hn/ Il tfk 4lhc( Zhfuc nk$khtkn durrkltlhtielhc 2Zkns le/ Rusf)klnkr Tilmf e$ Zhic.hs G-+/ Tildk chst 4#k khrs( Zhfuc fhn hdfik#kntfk fimfkst ! rkhdfilm tfk Lhtielhc 2Zkns 4lhc il tfk khr ",8+/

Hce` Wkrah hs Nkcfi(s &k* Recidk DeaaissielkrTklier IRT edkr Hce% @u&hr 3kr&h tee% dfhrmk hs tfk lk. De&&issielkr e$ 'kcfi Recidk el "*0k!ruhr ",82/ Ar 3kr&h suddkkns 7T 7hssi/ Ar 3kr&h( h 8*O* !htdf IRT edkr e$ tfk HMA?^:Hrulhdfhc Rrhnksf-Meh-Aizerh& hln ?liel k̂rriter= dhnrk( .hs skr#ilm hs tfk 'irkdter Mklkrhc

e$ ^ifhr hic

Ilnirh Mhlnfi Iltkrlhtielhc Hirpert *ils tfrkk iltkrlhtielhc h*hrns 'kcfi;s Ilnirh Mhlnfi Iltkrlhtielhc Hir)ert :IMIH= fhs .el tfrkk iltkrlhtielhc h.hrns $er ",8Gkhr mi#kl ! tfk Hir)erts Deuldic Iltkrlhtielhc :HDI=/ Il tfk HDI;s Hir)ert Tkr#idk Xuhcit :HTX=sur#k( IMHI fhs sderkn /*2 el h sdhck e$ 8 te G/ IMIH fhs .el Zkthilkn ercn;s lu&!kr elkhir)ert $er delskduti#k skdeln khr il "G te , Aicciel Rhssklmkrs Rkr Hllu& :ARRH= dhtkmer/7kst hir)ert ! sizk E rkmiel Hsih Rhdi4d :"G-, ARRH=/ Tkdeln !kst hir)ert ! rkmiel :HsihRhdi4d=/

0tf Ilnih4'kydfkccks Beilt .rhililm 2< 7haityk( deldcunks ^fk Otf knitiel e$ Ilnih( Tkdfkccks eilt &icithr kkrdisk 6HAI^K ",82 deldcunkn il 3idterih(Ahfk Ischln( Tkdfkccks/ ^fk $eurtkkl nh kkrdisk .hs delnudtkn ht Tkdfkccks 'k$kldkHdhnk& :T'H=( 3idterih $re& 0k!ruhr 8G te "( ",82/

Ze-ck Rrk-kc, kckdtkn hs lk* Dfhirahl e IHH$ Htfcktks( Deaaissiel Tce#klihl fimf-u&)kr Zezck Rrkzkc :+2= fhs !kkl kckdtkn tfk lk. dfhir&hl e$ tfk IltkrlhtielhcHssedihtiel e$ Htfcktids 0knkrhtiels :IHH0= Htfcktks; De&&issiel/ Fk .icc rk)chdk Lh&i!ihl 0rhl%0rknkrid%s .itf i&&knihtk kgkdt .fe rkhdfkn tfk kln e$ fis tkr&/ 7rithil;s &hrhtfel .ercnrkdern-fecnkr Rhuch Zhndcigk .hs le&ilhtkn #idk-dfhir.e&hl e$ tfk de&&issiel/

Hjeut -Iltkrlhtielhc Hssedihtiel e$ Htfcktids 0knkrhtiels tfk IHH0 is tfk iltkrlhtielhc me#krlilm!en $er tfk s)ert e$ htfcktids/ 0eulnkn il 8*8" hs tfk Iltkrlhtielhc H&htkur Htfcktids 0knkrhtielht tfk ermhlizhtiel;s 4rst delmrkss il Tted%fec&( T.knkl/ FkhnNuhrtkrs1 Aelhde/Ak&!krs1 "8 $knkrhtiels $re& hdress tfk mce!k/Rrksinklt1 Tk!hstihl Dek :?litkn @ilmne&=/

+' '*hailhtfhl Zkskhrdf Dfhir er @hcilmh Ilstitutk e 'edihc 'dikldks ^fk AT T.h&ilhtfhl Zkskhrdf 0eulnhtiel fhs simlkn h A? .itf 7fu!hlks.hr-!hskn @hcilmhIlstitutk e$ Tedihc Tdikldks :@ITT= te ksth!cisf h Zkskhrdf Dfhir/ ^fk Dfhir .icc !k lh&kn h$tkr ATT.h&ilhtfhl( $htfkr e$ Ilnihl Mrkkl Zk#ecutiel $er )re&etilm %le.cknmk hln s%icc $erk&)e.kr&klt $er ckss )ri#ickmkn dficnrkl il Ilnih/ ^fis is tfk 4rst-k#kr ilitihti#k e$ tfk ATT.h&ilhtfhl Zkskhrdf 0eulnhtiel te ksth!cisf h Zkskhrdf Dfhir il hl )ri#htk ilstitutk il tfk

./I&@2Z- 'D)% 8:48>; >st $7))Z; 7227H !/H=H&; RH.IH7H6 9 ?###>>>""8; ?0#>#:3>1"J tfil%krzhdhnk&m&hic/de&( .../tfil%krzhdhnk&/de&

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4/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsdeultr/

'hdfil ,eilkn J&ID2$(s .kha '*hdff( ilitihtivkZhh Th!fh AR hln Drid%kt 6kmkln Thdfil ^klnuc%hr fhs eilkn IDD hln ?LIDK0;s kgert te !uicnh sedihc &e#k&klt $er shlithtiel hln teickt usk( tfkrk! ckhnilm te hl e)kl nk$kdhtiel-$rkk

Ilnih/ ^fk ?LIDK0 hln Iltkrlhtielhc Drid%kt Deuldic :IDD= fh#k de&k temktfkr ! chuldfilmDrid%kt $er Meen .itf tfk hi& e$ ck#krhmilm tfk #hst rkhdf hln )e.kr e$ tfk s)ert/ IDD hln 7ehrne$ Deltrec $er Drid%kt il Ilnih :7DDI=;s > k̂h& T.hdff;( h lhtiel.ink ilitihti#k il su))ert e$ tfkMe#krl&klt e$ Ilnih;s >T.hdff 7fhrht; Aissiel(

+icithry 2mrkklkst sdfeec;/ ^fk h.hrn mi#kl h.h ! tfk Dkltrk $er Tdikldk hlnKl#irel&klt :DTK= el 0k!ruhr "+ dh&k hs )hrt e$ h mrkkl sdfeec )remrh&&k )re&etkn ! tfkDTK/ 0htfkr Hmlkc fhn !kkl sstk&htidhcc turlilm mrkkl e#kr tfk chst t.e khrs h$tkr simlilm u).itf tfk DTK;s )remrh&&k/ ^fk skdeln )rizk .klt te Xukkl;s 3hcck Tdfeec( '.hr%h :'kcfi=( hlntfk tfirn te tfk Me#krl&klt Tklier Tkdelnhr Tdfeec( 'k#lhmhr :Tfi&ch=/

/hsfia .fhdi kckdtkn hs Rrksinklt e @eseve

Fhsfi& ^fhdi fhs !kkl kckdtkn hs tfk Rrksinklt e$ @ese#e ! tfk Rhrcih&klt e$ tfk deultr iltfk tfirn reuln/ Fk .icc suddkkn Hti$ktk


5/38


6/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsH tethc e$ 8, skc$-dckhlilm )u!cid k^eickts fh#k !kkl ilsthcckn il Dfkllhi/ ^fksk ^eickts hrk $rkk$er )u!cid usk/ Khdf teickt hute&htidhcc dckhls itskc$ !k$erk kltr hln h$tkr usk hln sklsersklh!ck delsu&)tiel e$ ckss .htkr hln )e.kr .itf khdf usk/ Hreuln , teickts de&k kNui))kn.itf h shlithr lh)%il mklkrhter

Kkre Nisdriailhtiel Nhy +hrdf >Ckre 'isdri&ilhtiel 'h is e!skr#kn el Ahrdf 8 k#kr khr te )re&etk ni#krsit hln rkdemlizkstfht k#krelk deults/ rmhlizhtiels ci%k tfk ?litkn Lhtiels :?L= hdti#kc )re&etk tfk nh .itf#hrieus hdti#itiks te dkck!rhtk k#krelk;s rimft te ci#k h $ucc ci$k .itf nimlit rkmhrnckss e$ hmk(mklnkr( skuhcit( lhtielhcit( ktflidit( s%il decer( fkimft( .kimft( )re$kssiel( knudhtiel( hln!kcik$s/

!icc Mhtks is ridfkst pkrsel il tfk =ercn; +u`ksf Hajhli ht 31tf $erjksHddernilm te 0er!ks; hlluhc rhl%ilm e$ !iccielhirks( Aidrese$t de-$eulnkr 7icc Mhtks deltilukn fisrkiml hs tfk ridfkst )krsel il tfk .ercn/ Zkcihldk Ilnustriks dfhir&hl Au%ksf H&!hli fhsrkthilkn fis )esitiel hs Ilnih;s ridfkst )krsel( ckhnilm h )hd% e$ Ilnihl !iccielhirks il ",82/

.ep F jiccielhirks% 7icc Mhtks :OG !icciel=( Ar/ H&hldie rtkmh :2O !icciel=( Ar/ hrrkl 7ugktt:2,/ !icciel=( Ar/ Dhrces Tci& Fkcu :G, !icciel= hln ; >st $7))Z; 7227H !/H=H&; RH.IH7H6 9 ?###>>>""8; ?0#>#:3>1"J tfil%krzhdhnk&m&hic/de&( .../tfil%krzhdhnk&/de&



7/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsTulic Th!fhr.hc( hl ilnk)klnklt Ilnihl-H&kridhl il#kster tee% dfhrmk hs Hctkrlhtk Kkduti#k'irkdter ht Iltkrlhtielhc Aelkthr 0uln :IA0= el Ahrdf ",82/ Fk tee% tfk dfhrmk h$tkr fish))eiltkn .hs del4r&kn ! tfk ?T Tklhtk/ Fk !kde&ks 4rst Ilnihl-H&kridhl te eddu) h %khn&ilistrhtiel )est ht tfk IA0/

Rriak +ilistkr 7huldfks 'ktu !fhrhtha RremrhaakRri&k Ailistkr Tfri Lhrklnrh Aeni chuldfkn tfk Zs G,(,,, drerk Tktu 7fhrhth& )remrh&&k $er!uicnilm !rinmks $er sh$k hln skh&ckss trh#kc el Lhtielhc Fimf.hs( il Lk. 'kcfi el Ahrdf",82/ ^fk Tktu 7fhrhth& )remrh&&k hi&s te &h%k hcc Lhtielhc Fimf.hs $rkk e$ rhic.h ck#kcdressilms ! ",8*/ ^fk Ailistkr il$er&kn tfht ", Zhic.h #kr 7rinmks :Z7=Zhic.h ?lnkr7rinmks :Z?7= .icc !k !uict ht tfk ck#kc dressilms ht h dest e$ Zs/ ",(,, drerk hs )hrt e$ tfk)remrh&&k/

+uajhi J4"3 tkha dcildfkn D@ &hyunu .repfy ":>F4>1Au&!hi ? "+ tkh& .el D@ Lhunu r̂e)f ",8G-82 titck( ! !khtilm Ahnfh Rrhnksf ht tfkARDH Tthniu& il Ilnerk el Ahrdf ",82/ I'7I 0knkrhc 6i$k Ilsurhldk h.hrns tfk Au&!hi k̂h&

.itf h dhsf )rizk e$ Zs/ ", 6h%f/

Jtthr Rrhnksf Hsskajcy phssks JR Zkvkluk Denk HaklnakltO !icc; ":>1l Ahrdf ",82( ?tthr Rrhnksf Hssk&!c )hsskn tfk ?R Zk#kluk Denk :H&kln&klt= 7icc ",82rk)chdilm hl ernilhldk issukn ! tfk Me#krler Zh& Lhi%/ ^fk 7icc hcce.s 'hcits e$ tfk sthtk te skcctfkir chln te lel-'hcits il tfk sthtk .itfeut h))re#hc e$ tfk hn&ilistrhtiel k#kl i$ tfkir rk&hililmfecnilm is ckss tfhl +/G hdrks/

.fk grst Zhisilh Nihcemuk `id`s e il &k* Nkcfi ^fk Ailistr e$ Ktkrlhc Hghirs fhs de-festkn tfk 4rst Zhisilh 'ihcemuk .itf tfk !skr#krZkskhrdf 0eulnhtiel el 8-+ Ahrdf ",82( il Lk. 'kcfi/ ^fk Zhisilh 'ihcemuk sh. tfk)hrtidi)htiel e$ &erk tfhl G, )hrtidi)hlts $re& hreuln , deultriks/ ^fk tfk&k e$ tfk nihcemuk.hs >Hsih1 Zkmielhc hln Mce!hc Dellkdti#it;/ ^fk ilhumurhc hnnrkss .hs mi#kl ! Ilnih;s KtkrlhcHghirs Ailistkr Tusf&h T.hrh/ ^fk del$krkldk fhs !kkl ermhlizkn el tfk cilks e$ tfk Tfhlmri-6h 'ihcemuk fkcn il Tilmh)erk/

$irst Ilnih4J' =er`sfep el .rhnitielhc +knidilk ^fk t.e :+- Ahrdf ",82= nhs Ilnih-?T er%sfe) el r̂hnitielhc Aknidilk deldcunknsuddkss$ucc il Lk. 'kcfi/ ^fk er%sfe) .hs ermhlizkn ulnkr tfk hus)idks e$ tfk 4rst ?/T/-IlnihFkhctf 'ihcemuk fkcn il Tk)tk&!kr( ",8G il hsfilmtel( '/D/Lkhrc 8OG )hrtidi)hlts ildcunilmk)krts rkchtkn te trhnitielhc sstk&s hln &enkrl &knidilk( !iecemists( hln rkskhrdfkrs $re&Ilnih hln tfk ?/T/ tee% )hrt il tfk 4rst e$ its %iln er%sfe)/

Ilnih gcks trhnk deapchilt hmhilst J6'6 evkr tkaperhry *er` vishsIlnih fhs 4ckn h de&)chilt hmhilst tfk ?litkn Tthtks nkdisiel te i&)esk fimf $kks 6-8 hln F-87dhtkmeriks e$ tk&)erhr .er%ilm #ishs il tfk ercn r̂hnk rmhlishtiel :^=/ ?T fhn i&)eskn$kks el dkrthil h))cidhlts $er 6-8 hln F-87 dhtkmeriks e$ lel-i&&imrhlt tk&)erhr .er%ilm #ishsilte tfk deultr/

Ilnih *el Hsih Dup titck er si


8/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirste 4kcn 4rst/ 7hlmchnksf )estkn 8"8 ruls thrmkt .fidf Ilnih dfhskn ne.l $er tfk cess e$ ust ".id%kts/ Ilnihl drid%kt tkh& ckn ! Ahfklnrh Tilmf 'feli .el tfk Hsih Du) $er tfk rkdern sitfti&k/ ^fk deultriks tfht )chkn il ",82 Hsih Du) .krk Ilnih( 7hlmchnksf( Tri 6hl%h( Rh%isthl hln?litkn Hrh! K&irhtks :?HK=/

Rrhlhj +u`fkr,kk Ilhmurhtkn &htielhc Delkrkldk el =eakl 7kmischtielH t.e-nh Lhtielhc Del$krkldk e$ e&kl 6kmischters fkcn il Lk. 'kcfi $re& G Ahrdf te 2 Ahrdf",82 .itf tfk&k e&kl 6kmischters-7uicnilm Zksurmklt Ilnih/ ^fk del$krkldk ermhliskn ! tfkRhrcih&klt/ It .hs ilhumurhtkn ! tfk Rrksinklt Rrhlh! Au%fkrkk/ T)kh%kr e$ 7hlmchnksf TfirilDfhunfhr httklnkn tfk del$krkldk hln .hs tfk Dfhir)krsel e$ tfk Rcklhr Tkssiel/

@hchjfhvhl +hli; haeus +hchyhcha hdter hln silmkr nkhnRe)uchr Ahchhch& hdter hln $ec% silmkr @hch!fh#hl Ahli )hsskn h.h el 2 Ahrdf ",82 il@edfi/ Fk .hs G/ Ahli met lhtielhc s)kdihc ur h.hrn il ",,, $er fis )kr$er&hldk il Ahchhch&4c& 3hshltfiu& 6h%sf&iu& Rillk Lhhlu&/ Ahli .hs !erl ht Dfhch%%un il ^frissur nistridt/

Hnepts &hmkpur vicchmk ulnkr 'hhlshn Hnhrsf Mrha Ge,hlhRri&k Ailistkr Lhrklnrh Aeni fhs skckdtkn Lhmk)ur #icchmk il fis 3hrhlhsi Delstitukld e$ 6e%Th!fh il ?tthr Rrhnksf ulnkr tfk Thhlshn Hnhrsf Mrh& ehlh :THM=/ Khrcikr il tfk 4rst )fhske$ THM( RA fhn hne)tkn


9/38Rhmk

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirs0knkrhtiel :I^0= fhs )re#isielhcc sus)klnkn fkr ticc $urtfkr hdtiel $re& k̂llis $er #iechtilm Hlti-'e)ilm Zuck/

/hryhlh simls >> +eJs el epklilm nhy e Mcejhc Ilvksters( 'uaait Fhrhlh Me#krl&klt fhs simlkn 88 Ak&erhlnh e$ ?lnkrsthlnilm :Ae?s= il#ec#ilm h tethc

il#kst&klt e$ Zs 8(8G* drerks .itf nigkrklt de&)hliks/ ^fksk Ae?s .krk simlkn il tfk)rkskldk e$ Fhrhlh Dfik$ Ailistkr Ahlefhr 6hc el tfk 4rst nh e$ tfk t.e-nh >Fh))klilmFhrhlh Mce!hc Il#ksters; Tu&&it-",82; fkcn il Murmhel/

$erakr &NN! dfik Harith Rhtkc mkts +hfilnrh ciktiak hdfikvkaklt h*hrn 'r H&rith Rhtkc .hs del$krrkn )rkstimieus ",82 Ahfilnrh Th&rinnfi Ilnih Hmri 6i$kti&kHdfik#k&klt H.hrn hcse %le.l hs tfk @risfi Tfire&hli Th&&hl/ ^fk h.hrn .hs !kste.kn u)elfkr ! ?liel Ailistkr e$ Hmriducturk Zhnfh Aefhl Tilmf $er fkr deltri!utiel il tfk 4kcn e$hmriducturk hln te ildrkhsk )renudti#it hln rurhc )res)krit/

Jliel Mevkrlaklt chuldfks elcilk ahr`ktilm pchtera +hfich 24/HH.

^fk ?liel Me#krl&klt fhs chuldfkn hl elcilk &hr%ktilm )cht$er& Ahfich K-FHĤ te $hdicithtk.e&kl kltrk)rklkurs te skcc tfkir )renudts te !ukrs/ It .hs chuldfkn ! ?liel e&kl hlnDficn 'k#kce)&klt Ailistkr Ahlk%h Mhlnfi il Lk. 'kcfi/ ^fk Ahfich k-Fhht )erthc dhl !khddksskn ht ftt)1&hfichkfhht-r&%/me#/il

Ilnihl sdikltists nkvkcep /krjhc +knidilk er Nklmuk Ilnihl sdikltists $er 4rst ti&k fh#k dchi&kn te fh#k nk#kce)kn fkr!hc &knidilk hmhilst &esNuite!erlk nklmuk $k#kr usilm trhnitielhc Ilnihl &knidilk sstk& Hur#knh/ ^fk fkr!hc nklmuk&knidilk .hs nk#kce)kn usilm hcdefecid ktrhdt e$ Dissh&)kces )hrikrh 6ill :Di)h ktrhdt=nkri#kn $re& #kc#ktckh$( h s)kdiks e$ 9e.krilm )chlt/ ^fk nrum fhs )re#kn te !k )etklt ilfi!iterte hcc $eur t)ks :strhils= e$ nklmuk #irus/

Dhpithc Hrkh !hl` grst te mkt sahcc glhldk jhl` cidkldk rea Z!I


10/38

Rh

le8

^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsAhl)rkkt Tilmf/ Dh)thil e$ ? Au&!h1 Hlu) @u&hr/

'!I mrhltkn epkrhtilm cidkldk jy +yhlahr Ilnih;s chrmkst cklnkr Tthtk 7hl% e$ Ilnih :T7I= fhs !kkl mrhltkn )rkci&ilhr h))re#hc te e)krhtkAhl&hr/ T7I .hs mrhltkn e)krhtilm cidkldk ! Ahl&hr Me#krl&klt hcelm .itf tfrkk etfkr

Hsihl !hl%s/ ^fk hrk 7hl% $er Il#kst&klt hln 'k#kce)&klt e$ 3iktlh&( Tul De&&krdihc 7hl%e$ ^hi.hl hln Tfilfhl 7hl% e$ Teutf @erkh/

R+ hneptkn &hmkpur vicchmk il fis Whrhlhsi Delstitukldy ulnkr 'HMG Rri&k Ailistkr Lhrklnrh Aeni fhs skckdtkn Lhmk)ur #icchmk il fis 3hrhlhsi Delstitukld e$ 6e%Th!fh il ?tthr Rrhnksf ulnkr tfk Thhlshn Hnhrsf Mrh& ehlh :THM=/ Khrcikr il tfk 4rst )fhske$ THM( RA fhn hne)tkn st 7h* Deaaissiel e Ilnih ^fk ?liel Me#krl&klt fhs h))eiltkn $er&kr Tu)rk&k Deurt :TD= unmk F4>1 Irhli Dup Drid`kt .itck Zkst e$ Ilnih fhs .el tfk Irhli Du) Drid%kt îtck ",8G-82 ! nk$khtilm Au&h!i il tfk 4lhc &htdfe$ tfk du) ! $eur .id%kts/ Il tfk 4lhc &htdf )chkn ht 7rh!eurlk Tthniu& il Au&!hi( Zkst e$Ilnih e#krfhuckn tfk rkdern #idter thrmkt e$ , ! &h%ilm " $er 2 el tfk 4$tf hln 4lhc nh/

^fis suddkss$uc dfhsk .hs hcse tfk !kst-k#kr rul-dfhsk il tfk Irhli Du) fister/ It fhs !kttkrknZkst e$ Ilnih;s )rk#ieus "( dfhsilm thrmkt skt ! 'kcfi ht tfk 0krezsfhf @etch il 8*"-+/

I'Z) suddkssuccy chuldfks IZ&''4>$ shtkccitk




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^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsIlnihl T)hdk Zkskhrdf rmhlishtiel :ITZ= fhs suddkss$ucc chuldfkn Ilnih;s sitf lh#imhtielIlnihl Zkmielhc Lh#imhtielhc Thtkccitk Tstk& :IZLTT= 80 shtkccitk/ It .hs chuldfkn ! ITZ;s.er%fersk shtkccitk chuldf #kfidck( RT63-D+" red%kt $re& Thtisf 'fh.hl T)hdk Dkltrk :TFHZ=(Trifhri%eth il Hlnfrh Rrhnksf/ It .hs R6T3;s +tf &issiel/

DD2H hpprevks Rrhnfhl +hltri J,,*hch Ge,hlh DDKH h))re#ks Rrhnfhl Ahltri ?.hch ehlh ^fk ?liel Dh!ilkt De&&ittkk el Kdele&id Hghirs:DDKH= fhs h))re#kn Rrhnfhl Ahltri ?.hch ehlh :RA?= $er )re#inilm $rkk e$ dest 6RM:dee%ilm mhs= dellkdtiels te .e&kl $re& 7R6 Feuskfecns/ ^fis sdfk&k .icc !k i&)ck&kltkn !?liel Ailistr e$ Rktrecku& hln Lhturhc Mhs/ It .icc !k $er tfk 4rst ti&k &ilistr .icc !ki&)ck&kltilm h .kc$hrk sdfk&k/

Ilne4Ilnelksih Beilt .rhililm 2


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^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirs

$itdf ahilthils Ilnih(s mre*tf erkdhst ht 06FLMce!hc rhtilm hmkld 0itdf fhs &hilthilkn its mre.tf $erkdhst $er Ilnih ht O/G )kr dklt tfis 4sdhchln skks fimfkr mre.tf e#kr tfk lkt t.e 4lhldihc khrs/ Fe.k#kr( )kr dklt mre.tf .icc rk&hilkcusi#k il tfk sfert tkr&/ ^fk $erkdhst is chrmkc il cilk .itf tfk 0ilhldk Ailistr;s mre.tf

ksti&htks/

F0 deultriks te th`k phrt il grst4kvkr +hritiak Ilnih 'uaait ":>1 GO deultriks hrk meilm te th%k )hrt il tfk 4rst Ahriti&k Ilnih Tu&&it ",82 sdfknuckn te !k fkcnil H)ric ",82 il Au&!hi( Ahfhrhsftrh/ It .hs hlleuldkn ! tfk ?liel Tfi))ilm Ailistkr LitilMhn%hri el tfk sinkcilks e$ &knih chuldf e$ tfk Ahriti&k Ilnih Tu&&it ",82/ H!eut Ahriti&kIlnih Tu&&it ",82 tfk &hinkl Ahriti&k Ilnih Tu&&it is sdfknuckn te !k fkcn il Au&!hi(Ahfhrhsftrh/ It .icc !k ermhliskn ! ?liel Ailistr e$ Tfi))ilm/ It .icc !k 4rst sudf mce!hc su&&ite$ its %iln tfht .icc hcse de&)risk e$ hl Il#ksters; Tu&&it hcelm .itf kfi!itiel hln nk&eskssiel/

@hrlhth`h chuldfks +u`fyhahltri 'hlt*hlh /hrisf Ge,hlh er rkk trkhtaklt tehddinklt vidtias @hrlhth%h me#krl&klt fhs chuldfkn Au%fh&hltri Thlt.hlh Fhrisf ehlh te )re#ink $rkk&knidhc trkht&klt te rehn hddinklt #idti&s $er tfk 4rst feurs :" nhs= il tfk lkhrkstme#krl&klt er )ri#htk fes)ithc/ ^fk sdfk&k fhs !kkl lh&kn h$tkr Fhrisf Lhlh))h .fe fhnnelhtkn fis kks &e&klts !k$erk fis nkhtf/ Fk fhn nikn hs le fkc) .hs )re#inkn te fi& h$tkr fk.hs sk#krkc ilurkn il &isfh) il 0k!ruhr ",82/

Ilnih te fest !ZID' $riklnsfip Ditiks Deldchvk Ilnih is meilm te fest 7ZIDT 0riklnsfi) Ditiks Deldch#k il Au&!hi :Ahfhrhsftrh=( 4lhldihc dh)ithce$ Ilnih $re& H)ric 8 te 82( ",82/ It .icc !k httklnkn ! tfk te) ?r!hl Recid &h%krs hlnRchllkrs $re& 7ZIDT Lhtiels #iz/ 7rhzic( Zussih( Ilnih( Dfilh hln Teutf H$ridh/

Hlhln +hfilnrh delkrrkn $rhldk(s @limft e tfk 7kmiel e /eleurDfhir&hl hln Ahlhmilm 'irkdter e$ Ahfilnrh E Ahfilnrh Mreu) Hlhln M Ahfilnrh .hs el GAhrdf ",82 del$krrkn .itf tfk Dfk#hcikr nk ch 6kmiel n;Fellkur :@limft e$ tfk 6kmiel e$Feleur=/ ^fk feleur .hs del$krrkn u)el ! 0rhlWeis Zidfikr( H&!hsshner e$ 0rhldk te Ilnih

I+$ te skt up nhth sfhrilm dkltrk il IlnihIl h 4rst $er Hsih( tfk Iltkrlhtielhc Aelkthr 0uln :IA0= .icc skt u) h %le.cknmk sfhrilm dkltrk ilIlnih( te )re#ink tkdflidhc su))ert hln hssisthldk fkrk hln te 4#k etfkr Teutf Hsihl lhtiels/

^fkir tkh& .icc ktkln k)krtisk il derk &hdre-kdele&id hln 4lhldihc &hlhmk&klt hrkhs/

&k* rhnie dfhllkc er trhEd upnhtks el &htielhc /imf*hys ^fk ?liel Zehn r̂hls)ert hln Fimf.hs Ailistr is .er%ilm el hl h&!itieus )chl te !rehndhsttrhd u)nhtks tfreumf h nknidhtkn rhnie $rkNukld hdress #hrieus lhtielhc fimf.hs/

Mkrahly te nkvkcep tfrkk sahrt ditiks il IlnihMkr&hl is meilm te )hrtidi)htk il tfk s&hrt dit )remrh&&k e$ tfk ?liel me#krl&klt/ ^fkKure)khl deultr .icc fkc) te nk#kce) @edfi( 7fu!hlks.hr hln Dei&!hterk hs s&hrt ditiks/

Hlleuldkaklt% Mevkrlaklt ci`kcy te akrmk "0 R'J jhl`s ilte 1 jhl`s




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^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsitf )u!cid skdter !hl%s rkkcilm ulnkr trk&klneus )rkssurk te thd%ck tfkir nis&hc !hn cehlsituhtiel( delsecinhtiel is tfk .h $er.hrn( hln tfis deucn !rilm ne.l tfk lu&!kr e$ cklnkrs teh!eut 2 $re& tfk )rksklt "O( )hrtidi)hlts il tfk rkdkltc-fkcn Mhl Thlmh&( h rktrkht $er dfik$se$ )u!cid skdter !hl%s hln 4lhldihc ilstitutiels hddernilm te h rk)ert )u!cisfkn il Filnusthl

^i&ks/ Fe.k#kr( delsecinhtiels h&elm !hl%s .icc th%k se&k ti&k se hs te sh$kmuhrn hmhilst

nisru)tiels il tfk $uldtielilm e$ tfk sthtk-rul cklnkrs/ Hs !hl%s hrk hcrkhn sfert-sthgkn(ne.lsizilm .eucn let !k rkNuirkn/

7e` 'hjfh phssks Hhnfhhr .hrmkt Nkcivkry e $ilhldihc hln )tfkr 'ujsiniks; !klkgtshln 'krvidksO !icc; ":>1 6e% Th!fh fhs )hsskn tfk Hhnfhhr :^hrmkt 'kci#kr e$ 0ilhldihc hln tfkr Tu!siniks( 7klk4tshln Tkr#idks= 7icc( ",82 ! #eidk #etk/ It .hs iltrenudkn hs Aelk 7icc/ ^fk 7icc is hi&kn ht mi#ilmsthtuter !hd%ilm $er trhls$krrilm me#krl&klt su!siniks hln !klk4ts te thrmktkn )ke)ck !hssimlilm tfk& Hhnfhhr lu&!krs i/k/ uliNuk inkltit lu&!krs/ itf tfis( me#krl&klt )chls te)cum ckh%hmks il nis!urshc e$ su!siniks hln etfkr skr#idks hln il klsurilm tfht tfksk rkhdfiltklnkn !klk4dihriks/

2myptihl nipceaht Hfakn Hjuc Mfkit lhakn hs 'kdrkthry Mklkrhc e Hrhj 7khmuk 3ktkrhl Km)tihl ni)ce&ht Hf&kn H!uc Mfkit :O+= fhs !kkl skckdtkn hs Tkdrkthr Mklkrhc e$ tfkHrh! 6khmuk/ ^fk ""-&k&!kr ckhmuk #etkn ulhli&eusc il $h#eur e$ H!euc Mfkit .fe .hs elcdeltklnkr $er tfk )est ht its &ilistkrihc &kktilm fkcn il Dhire( Km)t/ Fk .icc suddkkn Lh!ic Kc-Hrh!( Km)tihl ni)ce&ht .fesk tkr& klns il 1 Hcc 2lmchln !hnailtel titck6il 'hl $re& Dfilh fhs .el tfk )rkstimieus ",82 Hcc Klmchln 7hn&iltel titck il tfk &kl;ssilmcks dhtkmer/ Il tfk 4lhc &htdf )chkn ht 7ir&ilmfh&( Klmchln fk nk$khtkn Dfilksktkh&&htk ^ihl Feu.ki ! "8-*( "8-8, sderk/ It .hs fis e#krhcc sitf Hcc Klmchln !hn&iltel titckhln khrcikr fk fhn .el it il ",,( ",,2( ",,O( ",,*( ",8"/tfkr dhtkmer .illkrsTilmcks dhtkmer1 Leze&i %ufhrh :


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^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirshlleuldkn ! tfk Zhic.h Ailistkr il fis ",82-8O Zhic 7unmkt s)kkdf/

&I.I Hhyem chuldfks =eakl .rhlserailm Ilnih ilitihtivk ?liel Me#krl&klt;s )rk&ikr tfil%-thl% LI^I Hhem fhs chuldfkn tfk >e&kl r̂hls$er&ilm Ilnih;ilitihti#k/ ^fk ilitihti#k .hs chuldfkn el tfk k#k e$ Iltkrlhtielhc e&kl;s 'h :tf Ahrdf= il

)hrtlkrsfi) .itf tfk ?litkn Lhtiels hln AMe#/

@krhch .eurisa dhaphiml *ils Mecnkl Dity Mhtk H*hrn @krhch ^euris&;s dh&)himl titckn >Lk. ercns; fhs .el tfk )rkstimieus >Mecnkl Dit Mhtk H.hrn;ht tfk ht tfk Iltkrlhtielhck êuris&us-7]rsk 7krcil :I^7-7krcil= ",82/ ^fk &ucti&knih dh&)himldelthils tfrkk sfert 4c&s nirkdtkn ! rk)utkn Ahchhch& 4c&&h%kr Hl.hr Zhsfkkn/ It fhs .eltfk sic#kr )rizk il ",82 'hs Mecnkl Tthntter er Mecnkl Dit Mhtk( .fidf is nu!!kn hs tfk sdhr e$teuris& de&&ulidhtiel/

Bustidk H,it 'ilmf s*erl4il hs Dfik Bustidk e Mhufhti /imf Deurt : dfkhpkst ditiks il tfk *ercn

8/ 6ush%h( Ch&!ih"/ 7hlmhcerk( Ilnih+/ Au&!hi( Ilnih/ Hc&ht( @hzh%fsthl




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^FIL@KZz DurrkltHghirsG/ Hcmikrs( Hcmkrih2/ Dfkllhi( IlnihO/ @hrhdfi( Rh%isthl

/ Lk. 'kcfi( Ilnih*/ 'h&hsdus( Trih8,/ Dhrhdhs( 3klkzukchB




16/38

Isrhkc @risthc hs *ercn(s ecnkst civilm ahlMuillkss ercn Zkderns el 88 Ahrdf ",82 del4r&kn tfht Ar Isrhkc @risthc e$ Fhi$h( Isrhkc( is tfk.ercn;s cnkst ci#ilm &hl/ fk .hs !erl il Rechln( lkhr tfk te.l e$ Chrle. el 8G Tk)tk&!kr8*,+

Dujh hln 2J hmrkk te lerahcisk nipceahtid tiks ^fk Kure)khl ?liel hln Du!h fh#k simlkn hl hmrkk&klt te ler&hcisk ni)ce&htid rkchtiels h$tkr

t.e khrs e$ thc%s el 88 Ahrdf ",82/ Du!hl 0erkiml Ailistkr 7rule Zenrimukz hln K? $erkiml)ecid dfik$ 0knkridh Aemfkrili .itlksskn tfk simlilm e$ tfk )hdt( .fidf .icc rk)chdk h )ecidi&)eskn ! Kure)k ", khrs hme tfht )usfkn $er dfhlmks te Du!h;s elk-)hrt )ecitidhc sstk&/

Hrhj 7khmuk nkdchrks /k-jecchf mreup h tkrrerist ermhli-htielHrh! 6khmuk $erkiml &ilistkrs el 88 Ahrdf ",82 nkdchrkn 6k!hlel;s Tfih &e#k&klt Fkz!ecchf h5tkrreristB mreu)( h$tkr Tulli-ne&ilhtkn Muc$ &elhrdfiks hne)tkn tfk sh&k sthldk/

Jliel Mevkrlaklt iapesks hlti4nuapilm nuty el Rchstid4Rredkssilm iaperts ?liel Me#krl&klt fhs i&)eskn hlti-nu&)ilm nut e$ u) te /O )kr dklt el i&)ert e$ )chstid-)redkssilm &hdfilks $re& Dfilksk ĥi)ki( Ahchsih( Rfici))ilks hln 3iktlh& $er 4#k khrs/ ^fk

hlti-nu&)ilm nut .icc !k ck#ikn el i&)erts e$ hcc %ilns e$ )chstid-)redkssilm er ilkdtiel-&eucnilm &hdfilks( hcse %le.l hs ilkdtiel )rkssks/

+etfkr .krksh te jk dhleliskn hs 'hilt Aetfkr k̂rksh( h Ze&hl Dhtfecid rkcimieus sistkr hln &issielhr .icc !k kck#htkn te Thiltfeen i/k/.icc !k &hnk h shilt e$ tfk Ze&hl Dhtfecid Dfurdf el Tk)tk&!kr ( ",82/ Il tfis rkmhrn( Re)k0rhldis fhs h))re#kn h nkdrkk rkdemlisilm h skdeln &irhdck httri!utkn te Aetfkr ^krksh;siltkrdkssiel .itf Men/Aetfkr ^krksh Aetfkr ^krksh .hs !erl hs HlkzV Melfk 7ehfiu el "2 Humust 8*8, il T%e)k:Le. il Ahdknelih= tfkl )hrt e$ tfk @ese#e 3ichkt il tfk tte&hl K&)irk/ Tfk .hs tfk $eulnkre$ @ec%hth !hskn Aissielhriks e$ Dfhrit tfht fkc)s )eer el tfk strkkts e$ @ec%hth/ ^freumf tfk

dfhrit ermhlishtiel( sfk fhn s)klt hreuln G-khrs skr#ilm tfk )eer( sid%( er)fhlkn hln nilmel tfk strkkts e$ @ec%hth/ Tfk fhn nikn ht tfk hmk e$ O il 8**O il @ec%hth/ H.hrns hln Feleurs1Zh&el Ahmshsh H.hrn :8*2"=( Rhn&h Tfri :8*2"=( Le!kc Rkhdk Rrizk :8*O*=( 7fhrht Zhtlh:8*,= ktd/

/til @yh* kckdtkn hs grst divicihl Rrksinklt e +yhlahr Ahl&hr;s Rhrcih&klt kckdtkn Ftil @h. :2*= hs tfk 4rst di#icihl :lel-&icithr= Rrksinklt e$ tfkdeultr h$tkr G+ khrs e$ &icithr ruck/ Fk .hs dhlninhtk e$ Lhtielhc 6khmuk $er 'k&edrhd :L6'=)hrt hln .hs kckdtkn h$tkr skdurilm +2, e$ tfk tethc 2G" dhstkn #etks/

Ilnihl 'dfechr Hppeiltkn WD e Dhljkrrh Jlivkrsity

Thili( 2,( durrkltc tfk 3idk-Rrksinklt e$ tfk ?li#krsit e$ êrelte hln Rrildi)hc e$ tfk ?li#krsite$ êrelte Aississhumh dh&)us il Dhlhnh( .icc suddkkn 3idk Dfhldkccer Ttk)fkl Rhr%kril Tk)tk&!kr .fe stk)s ne.l $re& tfk )est il F +hrdf% =ercn Delsuakr Zimfts Nhy K#kr khr ercn Delsu&kr Zimfts 'h :DZ'= is !kilm e!skr#kn el 8G Ahrdf $er dkck!rhtielhln secinhrit .itfil tfk iltkrlhtielhc delsu&kr &e#k&klt/":>1 .fkak% 5Hlti!ietids eg tfk &kluB/ ^fk tfk&k is h dh&)himl te ste) tfk shck e$ &kht rhiskn.itf tfk usk e$ hlti!ietids i&)erthlt te fu&hl &knidilk/

2


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Hl ul&hllkn s)hdkdrh$t lh&kn KeAhrs ",82 .hs suddkss$ucc chuldfkn eiltc Kure)k hlnZussih te skhrdf $er !iesimlhturks el Ahrs :er Ahrtihl ci$k= il )hst er )rksklt/ ^fk s)hdkdrh$t .hschuldfkn el h Rretel-A red%kt e)krhtkn ! Zussih;s Zesdes&es $re& 7hi%elur( @hzh%fsthl/KeAhrs ",82 is tfk 4rst e$ h t.e-)fhsk e$ KeAhrs :Ke!iecem el Ahrs= )remrh&/

Zkle*lkn !ritisf hutfer Hlith !ree`lkr phssks h.hZkle.lkn 7ritisf hutfer hln hrt fisterihl Hlith 7ree%lkr )hsskn h.h/ Tfk .hs O/ 7ree%lkrfhn .el tfk 7ee%kr il 8* $er fkr le#kc Fetkc nu 6hd hln .hs h !kstskccilm hutfer .fe fhn

.rittkl hreuln "G !ee%s/

&ejkc Rri-k *illkr kdeleaist 7ceyn 'te*kcc 'fhpcky phssks h*hy Zkle.lkn H&kridhl &htfk&htidihl hln Le!kc Rrizk-.illilm kdele&ist 6cen Tte.kcc Tfh)ck)hsskn h.h el 8" Ahrdf ",82/ Fk .hs *"/ Fk fhn deltri!utkn te tfk 4kcns e$ &htfk&htidhckdele&ids hln ks)kdihcc mh&k tfker/ Fk .hs delsinkrkn elk e$ tfk $htfkrs e$ mh&k tfker/

@h`rhphr ludckhr pchlt sfut ne*l htkr deechlt systka nkvkceps ckh` Zkdkltc( )e.kr mklkrhtiel ulit 8 ht @h%rh)hr Hte&id Re.kr Tthtiel :@HRT= il Muhrht .hs sfutne.l $er ilnk4litkc )krien h$tkr ckh%hmk e$ fkh# .htkr/

Rhckstilihl /hlhl Hc /reuj *ils ":>1 Mcejhc .khdfkr Rri-k Rhckstilihl tkhdfkr Fhlhl Hc Freu! $re& h rk$umkk dh&) fhs !kkl h.hrnkn )rkstimieus elk&icciel necchr ",82 Mce!hc k̂hdfkr Rrizk/ Tfk .hs )rkskltkn .itf tfk h.hrn ht h dkrk&el fkcn il'u!hi $er fkr eutsthlnilm deltri!utiel te tfk )re$kssiel/ Tfk !kht lilk etfkr 4lhcists te !hm tfkh.hrn ildcunilm Ilnih;s Ze!il Dfhurhsih( .fe ruls h let-$er-)re4t sdfeec il Au&!hi $er mircs$re& tfk dit;s rkn cimft nistridt e$ @h&hti)urh/

>3tf akktilm e !rehnjhln Deaaissiel er 'usthilhjck Nkvkcepaklt fkcn il NujhiTusthilh!ck 'k#kce)&klt .hs fkcn el 8 Ahrdf ",82 il 'u!hi( ?litkn Hrh! K&irhtks:?HK=/&kktilm .hs fkcn te )re&etk tfk )e.kr e$ !rehn!hln lkt.er%s hln skr#idks$ertfk ",+, Hmklnh $er Tusthilh!ck 'k#kce)&klt/

+hrdf >8 is dkckjrhtkn hlluhccy hs Ri NhyRi 'h is e!skr#kn el Ahrdf 8 :+8 il tfk &eltfnh nhtk $er&ht= sildk +( 8( hln hrk tfk 4rsttfrkk simli4dhlt nimits e$ Y/Il ",,*( tfk ?litkn Tthtks Feusk e$ Zk)rksklthti#ks su))ertkn tfk nksimlhtiel e$ Ri 'h/

Jliel Mevkrlaklt g


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'D hcce*s pidturks e D+s; Mevkrlers; +ilistkrs il Mevkrlaklt Hnvkrtiskaklts ^fk Tu)rk&k Deurt fhs hcce.kn )u!cidhtiel e$ )fetemrh)fs e$ Me#krlers( Dfik$ Ailistkrs hln tfkAilistkrs e$ tfk nk)hrt&klt deldkrlkn il me#krl&klt hn#krtisk&klts/ Zucilm il tfis rkmhrn .hsmi#kl ! h TD !kldf fkhnkn ! 1 Hjkc Rri-k7ritisf &htfk&htidihl Hlnrk. icks :2"= .hs lh&kn hs tfk .illkr e$ tfk )rkstimieus ",82 H!kcRrizk/ Fk .hs skckdtkn ! tfk Ler.kmihl Hdhnk& e$ Tdikldks hln 6kttkrs $er sec#ilm h dklturiksecn f)etfksis :kNuhtiel=( 0kr&ht;s 6hst ^fkerk&/ Hdhnk& fhs nksdri!kn fis hdfik#k&klt hshl k)edfhc &e&klt $er &htfk&htids hln .icc !k !kste.kn .itf tfis h.hrn il Ah ",82 ! tfk

Dre.l Rrildk Fhh%el/Hjkc Rri-k Hjkc Rri-k is h Ler.kmihl )rizk h.hrnkn hlluhcc te elk er &erk eutsthlnilm&htfk&htidihls/ It is nksdri!kn hs tfk &htfk&htidihl;s Le!kc Rrizk/ ^fk h.hrn .hs ksth!cisfkn! tfk Me#krl&klt e$ Ler.h il ",,8/ It fhs !kkl lh&kn h$tkr Ler.kmihl &htfk&htidihl LikcsFklri% H!kc/

Ilnih rhl`s >>#tf el J&(s =ercn /hppilkss Ilnk< ":>1 Ilnih rhl%kn 88tf eut e$ 8GO deultriks el tfk ?litkn Lhtiels; ercn Fh))ilkss Ilnk :FI=",82/ It .hs rk#khckn ! tfk $eurtf ercn Fh))ilkss Zk)ert ",82 )u!cisfkn ! tfk Tusthilh!ck'k#kce)&klt Tecutiels Lkt.er% :T'TL=( h mce!hc ilitihti#k $er tfk ?L/Fimfcimfts e$ Zk)ert ê) 8, deultriks1 'kl&hr% :8st=( T.itzkrchln :"ln=( Idkchln :+rn=( Ler.h

:tf= hln 0ilchln :Gtf=( Dhlhnh :2tf=( Lktfkrchlns :Otf=( Lk. Ckhchln :tf=( Hustrhcih :*tf= hlnT.knkl :8,tf=/ G 6khst fh))ikst deultriks1 Z.hlnh :8G"ln=( 7klil :8G+rn=( H$mfhlisthl :8Gtf=( ême :8GGtf=(Trih :8G2tf= hln 7urulni :8GOtf=/H&elm 7ZIDT1 7rhzic :8Otf=( Zussih :G2tf=( Dfilh :+rn=( Teutf H$ridh :882tf= hln Ilnih :88tf=/Ilnih;s Lkimf!eurs1 Lk)hc :Otf=( Dfilh :+rn=( 7futhl :tf=( Rh%isthl :8,tf=( 7hlmchnksf:88,tf=( Tri 6hl%h :88Otf= hln H$mfhlisthl :8Gtf=/

'fkflhi k


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ilstru&klt h$tkr tfk ckmklnhr 7is&icchf @fhl/ Fk fhickn $re& h $h&ic e$ rkle.lkn Tfkflhik)elklts $re& 7klhrhs/

J' Rrksinklt !hrhd` )jhah leailhtks +krrid` Mhrchln er J' 'uprkak Deurt Rrksinklt 7hrhd% !h&h fhs le&ilhtkn #ktkrhl h))khcs deurt unmk Akrrid% Mhrchln :2+= te !ktfk lkt ?T Tu)rk&k Deurt +hrdf% Iltkrlhtielhc Nhy e $erksts


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K#kr khr "8st Ahrdf is !kilm e!skr#kn hs Iltkrlhtielhc 'h e$ 0erksts te rhisk h.hrklkss e$ tfki&)erthldk e$ hcc t)ks e$ $erksts hln e$ trkks eutsink $erksts/ ^fk&k $er ",821 50erksts hln.htkrB/ ^fk nh .hs ksth!cisfkn ! rksecutiel e$ tfk ?litkn Lhtiels Mklkrhc Hssk&!c elLe#k&!kr "( ",8"/

/' Rrhlley *ils ":>1 '*iss )pkl Mrhln Rri< Mecn jhnailtel titck Hdk Ilnihl sfuttckr FT Rrhlle :ercn le 8+= fhs .el tfk )rkstimieus ",82 T.iss )kl MrhlnRri Mecn !hn&iltel teurlh&klt il tfk &kl;s silmck dhtkmer/ Il tfk 4lhc &htdf )chkn ht 7hskc(

T.itzkrchln( fk nk$khtkn Ahrd C.ik!ckr :ercn le O= e$ Mkr&hl "8-8( "8-8G sderk/ It .hs fisskdeln Mrhln Rri Mecn titck h$tkr tfk Ilnelksih )kl Mrhln Rri Mecn .el il ",8/

Gemksf*hr Nutt *ils Mecn aknhc il Hsihl )cyapid uhcigdhtiel teurlhakltTthr Ilnihl mrh))ckr emksf.hr 'utt fhs .el h Mecn &knhc il tfk Hsihl c&)id Xuhci4dhtielteurlh&klt il tfk 2G %m $rkkstck dhtkmer/

Ilnih .rkstcilm sthr Gemksf*hr Nutt fhs Nuhci4kn$er tfk ":>1 Zie )cyapids il tfk 2G %m .kimft dhtkmer il $rkkstck dhtkmer/

+hrdf ":% =ercn 'phrre* Nhy ^fk .ercn s)hrre. nh is !kilm e!skr#kn k#kr khr el Ahrdf ", te rhisk h.hrklkss e$ tfkfeusk s)hrre. hln etfkr de&&el !irns te ur!hl kl#irel&klts hln tfrkhts te tfkir )e)uchtiels/

2J; .ur`ky Hmrkkaklt te thd`ck aimrhlt drisis deaks ilte kkdt ^fk hmrkk&klt !kt.kkl tfk Kure)khl ?liel :K?= hln ûr%k te thd%ck tfk &imrhlt drisis fhs$er&hcc de&k ilte kgkdt/ ?lnkr tfis hmrkk&klt( &imrhlts hrri#ilm il Mrkkdk .icc !k sklt !hd% te

ûr%k i$ tfkir hscu& dchi& is rkkdtkn/

IDD suspklns !hlmchnksf je*ckrs .hs`il Hfakn hln Hrhht 'ully er icckmhc je*cilmhdtiel

^fk Iltkrlhtielhc Drid%kt Deuldic :IDD= fhs sus)klnkn 7hlmchnksf !e.ckrs ĥs%il Hf&kn hlnHrh$ht Tull $er !e.cilm .itf hl icckmhc hdtiel .itf hl i&&knihtk kgkdt/

Mkkth`sfi Hrerh *ils ilhumurhc &eer Ilhyht @fhl Rri-k Hl Ilnihl stunklt Mkkth%sfi Hrerh fhs !kkl h.hrnkn tfk ilhumurhc Leer Ilhht @fhl Rrizk $erfkr kdkccklt nisskrthtiel el 5Mennkss Atfs il Mrh)fid Le#kcs1 Zki&hmililm Ilnihl 0k&ilitB/Durrkltc( Mkkth%sfi is h )est-mrhnuhtk stunklt e$ tfk Teutf Hsih Ilstitutk ht tfk Tdfeec e$riklthc hln H$ridhl Ttuniks :THT=( ?li#krsit e$ 6elnel/

'urht Dckhlkst Zhic*hy 'thtiel ^fk T.hdff 7fhrht H!fihl- >K% @hnh& T.hdffth @i Hur; is tfk )kt )rekdt e$ eur Rri&k AilistkrLhrklnrh Aeni .fidf .hs 9hmmkn eg el dte!kr "( ",8 .itf h #isiel te &h%k Ilnih $rkk e$ e)klnk$kdhtiel ! ",8* hln te $uc4c Ahfht&h Mhlnfi;s nrkh& e$ h dckhl Ilnih/ Hs h )hrt e$ tfis)rekdt( h sur#k .hs delnudtkn ht ,O rhic.h sthtiels( .fidf ildcunkn OG H-8 sthtiels hln ++"

H-dhtkmer sthtiels( Turht fhs k&krmkn te !k tfk dckhlkst Zhic.h Tthtiels il Ilnih( $ecce.kn !Zh%et hln 7ichs)ur/ 3hrhlhsi steen chst .fkl k#hcuhtkn el $ert dckhlcilkss )hrh&ktkrs .fidf$er&kn tfk !hsis e$ tfk sur#k/

'HHZD $erkiml +ilistkrihc +kktilm ^fk +Otf $erkiml &ilistkrihc &kktilm e$ tfk Teutf Hsihl Hssedihtiel $er Zkmielhc Dee)krhtiel:THHZD= deultriks deldcunkn il Lk)hc;s Re%fhrh el Ahrdf 8O .itf tfk nkdchrhtiel te del#klk tfk8*tf Tu&&it il Rh%isthl el *-8, Le#k&!kr ",82/

$irst =ercn 'ug $erua


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0irst ercn Tu4 0eru& .hs fkcn $re& 8O-", Ahrdf il Lk.'kcfi/ Rri&k Ailistkr Lhrklnrh Aeniilhumurhtkn ercn Tu4 0eru& il Lk. 'kcfi/ ^fk &kktilm .hs ermhlizkn ! Hcc Ilnih ?ch&h hlnAhsfhi%f 7ehrn :HI?A7=( tfk h)k !en e$ Tu4 'hrmhfs il Ilnih/

&hrklnrh +eni el .I+2(s (+est Ilukltihc Rkepck )l Iltkrlkt( ^IAK &hmhzilk el 82 Ahrdf ul#kickn its skdeln hlluhc +, Aest Il9ukltihc Rke)ck el tfk Iltkrlktcist/ ^fk cist fhs !kkl te))kn ! tfk hrtist hln kltrk)rklkur @hlk kst/ Ilnih;s Rri&k AilistkrLhrklnrh Aeni !ehstilm &erk tfhl 8 &icciel ^.ittkr $ecce.krs hln e#kr +" &icciel 0hdk!ee% ci%ks

steen ht 8Gtf il tfk cist/

IH$ delnudts nhy4limft k7kst Zkthic Rrekdt e$ tfk khr _ ",8G; ht DL7DH.hhz Zkhc Ksthtk H.hrns fkcn il Au&!hi/Ahcc e$ Ilnih chuldfkn tfk 4rst )fhsk e$ tfk &hcc ilAin- 'kdk&!kr ",8G .itf e#kr 8, !rhlns e)klilm tfkir neers te tfk duste&krs/'60 6i&itkn hcserkdki#kn tfk &est )rkstimieus h.hrns $er 'k#kce)kr e$ tfk 'kdhnk $er '60 6tn/ hln Rrekdt e$ tfknkdhnk $er '60 D!kr Dit( Murmhel/

+kssi hppeiltkn hs /uh*ki mcejhc hajhsshner0D 7hrdkcelh;s )chkr 7ielkc +kssi fhs !kkl lh&kn /uh*ki mcejhc hajhsshner/ ^fk)hrtlkrsfi) .itf 6ielkc Akssi sfe.dhsks tfk !rhln;s hciml&klt .itf )ke)ck hln !rhlns tfhtnk&elstrhtk( hln stri#k te.hrns its sfhrkn #hcuk e$ dellkdtilm mrkhtlkss/


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Fuh.ki sfi))kn 8, &icciel s&hrt)felks il ",8G hln !kdh&k tfk tfirn-chrmkst )chkrh$tkr Hppck hln 'hasulm/

M)I hcce*s 8?L huteahtid reutk $NI il IlsurhldkTkk%ilm te httrhdt &erk $erkiml il#kst&klt( tfk me#krl&klt fhs rkchkn 0'I ler&s $er ilsurhldkskdter ! )kr&ittilm e#krskhs de&)hliks te !u 8? pkr dklt sth`k il ne&kstid ilsurkrs .itfeut)rier h))re#hc/

Durrkltc( 0'I u) te "2 )kr dklt is )kr&ittkn tfreumf hute&htid h))re#hc reutk/0er 0'I u) te * )kr dklt( tfk h))re#hc e$ 0erkiml Il#kst&klt Rre&etiel 7ehrn is rkNuirkn/

$irst Mhy ahrrihmk jurkhu skt up il Ilnih!klfur 'hasel( hl LZI( fhs skt u) Ilnih;s 4rst Mhy ahrrihmk jurkhu $er fe&eskuhcs tefkc) mh )ke)ck 4ln tfk rimft &htdf $er tfk&/

^fk !urkhu dfhrmks 5F;::: se tfht elc skrieusdhlninhtks dh&k $er.hrn te cee% $er tfkir &htdf/ I$ il dhsk tfk )krsel neks let 4ln tfk &htdftfk &elk dfhrmkn is rk$ulnh!ck/

'unfir Zhfk,h mivkl kercn Ru))ktr 'h( is e!skr#kn el Ahrdf "8 k#kr khr/ ^fk inkh dh&k $re& tfk )u))kttfkhtkr Hrtist


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Iltkrlhtielhc Nhy er tfk 2ciailhtiel e Zhdihc Nisdriailhtiel ":>1 ejskrvkn ^fk Iltkrlhtielhc 'h $er tfk Kci&ilhtiel e$ Zhdihc 'isdri&ilhtiel ",82 .hs e!skr#kn el "8Ahrdf ",82 .itf tfk tfk&k Dfhccklmks hln Hdfik#k&klts e$ tfk 'ur!hl 'kdchrhtiel hlnRremrh&&k e$ Hdtiel/

+ 'u`uahrhl dfeskl er DW @ulfirhahl 7itkrhry Rri-kZkle.lkn Ahchhch& .ritkr A Tu%u&hrhl il tfk tfirn .kk% e$ Ahrdf ",82 .hs dfeskl $er tfkD3 @ulfirh&hl 6itkrhr Rrizk/ ^fk )rizk delsists e$ 8,,,8 ru)kks il dhsf( h dithtiel( hln h

sthtukttk nksimlkn ! hrtist 7' 'htfhl/D6W6 @ulfurhahl

• D/3/ @ulfurh&hl :8O8 _ 8**= .hs h &hl e$ ckttkrs( sedihc rk$er&kr( $eulnkr e$ @krhch

@hu&uni( eurlhcist hln ckhnkr/ Fk .hs h $ecce.kr e$ Trkk Lhrhhlh Muru/• @ulfirh&hl .hs hcse tfk kniter e$ Ahchhchrhh&( Lh#hkk#hl( @htfh&hci%h( u%tfi#hni(

Lh#hsh%tfi hln 3i#k%enhh&/

• Fk fhn tfk rhrk nistildtiel il Ahchhch& eurlhcis& !kilm tfk $eulnkr e$ @krhch @hu&uni

hln $eulnkr kniter e$ Ahchhchrhh&/

Rul,hj Mevt hpprevks cik tkra er shdrickmk( e Muru Mrhltf 'hfijRulh! hssk&!c fhs )hsskn h !icc .fidf sthtks tfht .fek#kr dhusks ilur( nh&hmk er shdrickmk

te Muru Mrhltf Thfi! .itf hl iltkltiel te furt tfk rkcimieus $kkcilms e$ tfk )ke)ck .icc !k)ulisfkn .itf i&)risel&klt $er ci$k/^fk 7icc skk%s ci$k i&)risel&klt $er shdrickmk e$ tfk MuruMrhltf Thfi!( ! hnnilm skdtiel "*G HH il IRD hln klfhldk&klt e$ )ulisf&klt ulnkr skdtiel"?F e IRD( ilurilm er nk4cilm )chdk e$ .ersfi) .itf iltklt te ilsuct tfk rkcimiel e$ hl dchss $re&t.e te 8, khrs/

chuldfks aejick hpp Rush @risfi(?liel Hmriducturk Ailistkr Zhnfh +efhl 'ilmf chuldfkn h lk. &e!ick h)) Rush @risfi( $er$hr&krs il ernkr te th%k tfk tkdflecem te $hr& 4kcns/ ^fk &e!ick h)) .hs chuldfkn ht tfk#hcknidter skssiel e$ tfk tfrkk-nh @risfi Jllhti +kch(/

Hci +efhakn 'fkil is h lk* Rrksinklt e Khl-ijhr ^fk kckdterhc hutferit e$ ̂ hlzhlih;s sk&i-hutele&eus hrdfi)kchme e$ Chlzi!hr( tfk CKD(hlleuldkn ildu&!klt Rrksinklt Hci Aefh&kn Tfkil fhn .el fis rk-kckdtiel !in( h$tkr )eccs!edettkn ! tfk &hil e))esitiel )hrt/

Mklkrhc 7eri Zejilsel *icc jkdeak tfk J' aicithry(s grst kahck deajht deaahlnkrH .e&hl fhs !kkl dfeskl te ckhn h %k de&!ht ulit $er tfk 4rst ti&k il H&kridhl fister/ 7eriZejilsel( G2( h $eur-sthr Hir 0erdk mklkrhc( fhs !kkl le&ilhtkn te th%k dfhrmk e$ tfk 4rst cilke$ nk$kldk e$ hl il#hsiel e$ tfk ?T &hilchln _ tfk ?litkn Tthtks Lertfkrl De&&hln

.*ittkr is >: ykhrs ecn le*

.̂ittkr is 8, khrs ecn le./ 'ersk( tfkl hl ulnkrmrhn ht Lk. er% ?li#krsit( chtkr tfkde&)hl;s 4rst DK( is le. DK hmhil/

.̂ittkr nksdri!ks +hrdf "> hs its !irtfnh( !ut tfk k#kltde&&k&erhtkn &erk dceskc rksk&!cks its deldk)tiel/

Ilnih te fest #tf !ZID' 'uaait il MehIlnih .icc fest tfk kimftf hlluhc Tu&&it e$ 7ZIDT $re& dte!kr 8G-82 il Meh il its dh)hdit hsdfhir e$ tfk il9ukltihc !ced de&)risilm 4#k deultriks .itf " )kr dklt e$ tfk .ercn )e)uchtiel hlnde&!ilkn M'R e$ e#kr 82 tricciel/Ilnih hssu&kn dfhir&hlsfi) e$ 7ZIDT :7rhzic-Zussih-Ilnih- Dfilh-Teutf H$ridh= $re& Zussih el0k!ruhr 8G hln it .icc chst ticc 'kdk&!kr +8/^fk ceme $er tfk Tu&&it is h cetus fh#ilm deceurs$re& hcc tfk 4#k &k&!kr deultriks hln h trhnitielhc lhahstk( il tfk dkltrk/


24/38

7kmklnhry erakr Iltkc D2) Hlny Mrevk is nkhn ht 0?Hln Mre#k( .fe 9kn $re& Lhzi hln Te#ikt e))rkssiel te !kde&k elk e$ tfk &est )e.kr$uc!usilkss ckhnkrs il tfk mce!hc tkdf ilnustr hs tfk dfhir&hl hln DK e$ Iltkc( nikn el Aelnh/Fk .hs O*/Mre#k .hs tfk 4rst firk ht Iltkc( .fidf .hs $eulnkn il 8*2 ! $er&kr k&)cekks e$0hirdficn Tk&idelnudter/

/7 Nhttu hppeiltkn te Iltkrlhtielhc /uahl Zimfts jeny

1 ^fk ercn Aktkerecemidhc 'h :A'= ",82 .hs e!skr#kn hdress tfk .ercn el "+ Ahrdf",82/ ^fk tfk&k $er tfk A' ",82 .hs Fettkr( 'rikr( kttkr/ 0hdk tfk 0uturk/

Ilnih haelm gvk lhtiels drkhtilm Ki`h vhddilk % =/)Ilnih is h&elm 4#k deultriks .fkrk )rekdts hrk ulnkr.h te nk#kce) #hddilks te 4mft tfknkhnc Ki`h virus hgkdtilm lk.!erls il + deultriks/Ht )rksklt( F shs &erk tfhl +,de&)hliks hrk .er%ilm el( er fh#k nk#kce)kn( )etkltihc lk. nihmlestid tksts/0er #hddilks( "+


25/38


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h!ck te )hrtidi)htk il tfk &ucti-4kcn dee)krhtiel e$ tfk TD/ It .icc hcse drkhtk lk. e))ertulitiks$er tfk TD;s &utuhcc !klk4dihc dee)krhtiel hln !klk4t )ke)ck ci#ilm il tfk ktklsi#k rkmieltfht tfk TD de#krs/fhlmfhi Dee'krhtiel rmhlishtiel (D)- TD is h Kurhsihl kdele&id( )ecitidhc hln &icithrermhlishtiel/ Ak&!krs1 Dfilh( Zussih( @hzh%fsthl( @rmzsthl( ̂ hi%isthl( ?z!k%isthl( Ilnih hlnRh%isthl/ !skr#krs1 H$mfhlisthl( Irhl( Aelmecih hln 7kchrus/ FkhnNuhrtkrs1 7kiilm( Dfilh/

Zitu !kri hppeiltkn hs hnviser e @WID

Letkn $hsfiel nksimlkr Zitu 7kri fhs !kkl h))eiltkn hn#iser te tfk @fhni hln 3icchmk IlnustriksDe&&issiel :@3ID= $er )re&etiel e$ %fhni il Ilnih hln hdress tfk .ercn/

&ide Zesjkrm *ils ":>1 Hustrhcihl Mrhln Rri< e $erauch )lk Akrdknks nri#kr Lide Zes!krm $re& Mkr&hl fhs .el tfk ",82 0er&uch lk Zeck HustrhcihlMrhln Rri fkcn ht tfk Akc!eurlk Mrhln Rri Dirduit/ Hustrhcihl Mrhln Rri titck rhdk .hs tfk 4rstrhdk e$ tfk ",82 skhsel e$ 0er&uch lk il .fidf tethc 88 tkh&s fhn )hrtidi)htkn/ It .hsZes!krm;s e#krhcc 4$tkkltf dfh&)ielsfi) titck e$ 08 il fis dhrkkr hln tfk 4rst .il il tfk ",82/

=rkstckr /hrnkkp 'ilmf *ils sicvkr aknhc il Hsihl )cyapid uhcigdhtiel .eurlhakltIlnihl .rkstckr Fhrnkk) Tilmf fhs .el sic#kr &knhc il tfk Hsihl c&)id Xuhci4dhtiel

êurlh&klt il tfk * %m dhtkmer/ Il tfk 4lhc !eut )chkn fkcn il Hsthlh( @hzh%fsthl( Fhrnkk)cest te fis e))elklt 'i Sihe e$ Dfilh/ 7 rkhdfilm tfk 4lhc il tfk * %m dhtkmer( fk Nuhci4kn $er)hrtidi)htiel il tfk ",82 Zie c&)ids il Mrkde-Ze&hl dhtkmer/ itf tfis .il( Fhrnkk) !kdh&ktfk 4rst Ilnihl te mkt hl c&)id !krtf il tfk Mrkde-Ze&hl dhtkmer il chst 8" khrs/ ^fk)rk#ieus )hrtidi)htiel il tfis dhtkmer .hs e$ Ahush& @fhtri il ",, Htfkls Mh&k

/' Rrhlley *ils ":>1 '*iss )pkl Mrhln Rri< Mecn jhnailtel titckHdk Ilnihl sfuttckr FT Rrhlle :ercn le 8+= fhs .el tfk )rkstimieus ",82 T.iss )kl MrhlnRri Mecn !hn&iltel teurlh&klt il tfk &kl;s silmck dhtkmer/ Il tfk 4lhc &htdf )chkn ht 7hskc(T.itzkrchln( fk nk$khtkn Ahrd C.ik!ckr :ercn le O= e$ Mkr&hl "8-8( "8-8G sderk/ It .hs fisskdeln Mrhln Rri Mecn titck h$tkr tfk Ilnelksih )kl Mrhln Rri Mecn .el il ",8/

$rhldk deultry is festilm ?tf Iltkrlhtielhc Hjicyapids*tf Iltkrlhtielhc H!ic&)ids sthrtkn il 0rhldk/ H!ic&)ids is h mce!hc .er% s%iccs de&)ktitiel.fidf is fkcn k#kr $eur khrs .itf hl hi& te )re&etk sedihc h.hrklkss il tfk 4kcn e$ s%iccsnk#kce)&klt hln k&)ce&klt/H!ic&)ids de&ks $re& tfk inkh e$ ermhlizilm h de&)ktitiel te)re&etk tfk s%iccs e$ )krsels .itf nish!icitiks/

+hrdf "F% Iltkrlhtielhc Nhy e Zkakajrhldk e tfk Widtias e 'chvkry hln tfk.rhlshtchltid 'chvk .rhnk K#kr khr "Gtf Ahrdf is !kilm e!skr#kn hs Iltkrlhtielhc 'h e$ Zk&k&!rhldk e$ tfk 3idti&s e$Tch#kr hln tfk ^rhlshtchltid Tch#k ^rhnk/

It feleurs hln rk&k&!krs tfesk .fe sugkrkn hln nikn hs h delskNukldk e$ tfk trhlshtchltidsch#k trhnk/ It hcse hi&s ht rhisilm h.hrklkss h!eut tfk nhlmkrs e$ rhdis& hln )rkunidk/

^fk?litkn Lhtiels Mklkrhc Hssk&!c :?LMH= fhn nkdchrkn "G Ahrdf hs tfk Iltkrlhtielhc 'h e$Zk&k&!rhldk e$ tfk 3idti&s e$ Tch#kr hln tfk ^rhlshtchltid Tch#k ^rhnk ! hne)tilm hrksecutiel il ",,O/ It .hs 4rst e!skr#kn il ",, .itf tfk tfk&k 57rkh%ilm tfk Tickldk( 6kst k0ermktB/ Tildk tfkl it is e!skr#kn k#kr khr

J' deaknihl Mhrry 'fhlncilm phssks h*hy6kmklnhr ?T .ritkr( hdter( hln de&knihl Mhrr Tfhlncilm )hsskn h.h il 6es Hlmkcks nuk tefkhrt htthd%/ Fk .hs 22/ Fk fhs il9ukldkn h mklkrhtiel e$ de&knihls .itf fis K&& H.hrn.illilm ^3 skriks( >It;s Mhrr Tfhlncilm;s Tfe.;/


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Jliel Dhjilkt hpprevkn rupkks ?::: drerk er '!+ ^fk ?liel Dh!ilkt h))re#kn h 8/G !icciel :h!eut Zs *(,,, drerk= egkr e$ ercn 7hl% su))ert $ertfk T.hdff 7fhrht Aissiel :T7A= il rurhc hrkhs/

Rrksinklt(s Zuck iapeskn il Jtthrh`fhlnRrksinklt Rrhlh! Au%fkrkk fhs i&)eskn Rrksklt;s Zuck :Tthtk K&krmkld= il tfk sthtk e$?tthrh%fhln il tfk .h%k e$ delstitutielhc !rkh%ne.l ulnkr Hrtidck +G2 e$ Delstitutiel/ Il tfis

rkmhrn( Rrksinklt fhs simlkn tfk )redch&htiel sthtk K&krmkld !hskn el tfk rkde&&klnhtiel e$tfk ?liel Dh!ilkt/ itf tfis )redch&htiel( Delmrkss Me#krl&klt fkhnkn ! Dfik$ AilistkrFhrisf Zh.ht dkhskn te $uldtiel hln tfk sthtk Hssk&!c fhs !kkl sus)klnkn/Rrksinklt;s Zuck- Hrtidck +G2 k&)e.krs tfk Rrksinklt te issuk h )redch&htiel e$ Rrksklt;s Zuck:Tthtk K&krmkld=( i$ fk is shtis4kn tfht situhtiel fhs hriskl il .fidf me#krl&klt e$ h sthtkdhllet !k dhrrikn el il hddernhldk .itf tfk )re#isiels e$ tfk Delstitutiel/ Leth!c( fk dhl hdthddernhldk .itf tfk rk)ert e$ tfk Me#krler er .itfeut it/

Jliel /khctf +ilistry chuldfks Ilnih(s grst ilnimkleus rethvirus vhddilk Zethvhd ^fk ?liel Ailistr e$ Fkhctf hln 0h&ic kc$hrk chuldfkn Ilnih;s 4rst ilnimkleus reth#irus#hddilk lh&kn Zeth#hd te de&!ht il$hlt &erthcit nuk te nihrrfekh/ It .hs chuldfkn ! ?liel

Fkhctf Ailistkr


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hln trhlslhtielhc der)erhtiels hln etfkr !usilkss kltkr)risks/

'yrihl Hray rkdhpturks fisterid dity e Rhcayrh rea I' Trihl Hr& hln )e)uchr nk$kldk $erdks fh#k rkmhilkn deltrec e$ tfk hldiklt dit e$ Rhc&rh$re& Isch&id Tthtk e$ IrhN hln Trih :ITIT= tkrrerist mreu)/ ^fk ci!krhtiel e$ tfk fisterid dit e$Rhc&rh $re& tfk ITIT tkrrer mreu) .hs ulnkrth%kl ! eilt kgerts e$ Trihl Hr& .itf su))ert e$lhtielhc h#ihtiel hln Zussihl Hkres)hdk 0erdks/ ^fk hldiklt dit e$ Rhc&rh is h ?LKTDnksimlhtkn ercn Fkrithmk sitk hln fe&k te se&k e$ tfk .ercn;s &est &hmli4dklt hldiklt ruils/

Hrviln @k,ri*hc lhakn haelm =ercn(s F: Mrkhtkst 7khnkrs jy $ertulk +hmh-ilk 'kcfi Dfik$ Ailistkr Hr#iln @kri.hc fhs !kkl lh&kn h&elm tfk .ercn;s G, mrkhtkst ckhnkrs !0ertulk &hmhzilk/ Fk is seck ckhnkr $re& Ilnih il tfk cist hln fhs !kkl )chdkn ht "ln )esitiel/",82 knitiel is 0ertulk &hmhzilk;s tfirn hlluhc >ercn;s G, Mrkhtkst 6khnkrs; cist hln it fhs !kklte))kn ! H&hzel DK :%


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Ilnih(s jimmkst Nkkldk 2F

^fk 2+rn Lhtielhc 0ic& H.hrns $er khr ",8G .krk hlleuldkn el " Ahrdf ",82/ 7hhfu!hci1 ^fk7kmillilm :^h&ic( ^kcumu= nirkdtkn ! T/ T/ Zhh&euci .hs skckdtkn hs tfk 7kst $khturk 4c&/7hrhlmi 7fhihhl :Filni= nirkdtkn ! @h!ir @fhl .hs skckdtkn hs tfk 7kst Re)uchr 4c& )re#inilm.feckse&k kltkrthil&klt/

^fk 2+rn Lhtielhc 0ic& H.hrns il tfk #hrieus dhtkmeriks hrk hs $ecce.s7kst Hdter1 H&ith!f 7hdfdfhl :Ri%u=/7kst Hdtrkss1 @hlmhlh Zhlhut :^hlu kns Ahlu Zkturls=/7kst 'irkdtiel1 Thlh 6kkch 7fhlshci :7hirhe Ahsthli=/7kst 0ic& el Tedihc Issuks1 Lirhlhh%h& :Ahchhch&= nirkdtkn ! 3/ @/ Rrh%hsf/ 7kst Tu))ertilm Hdter1 Th&utfirh%hli $er tfk 4c& 3ishrhlhi :^h&ic=/7kst Tu))ertilm Hdtrkss1 ĥl#i Hz&i $er tfk 4c& 7hirhe Ahsthli :Filni=/

7kst Dficnrkl;s 0ic&1 'urelte :Filni= nirkdtkn ! Teu&lknrh Rhnfi/7kst Dficn Hrtist1 Mhurh# Aklel $er tfk 4c& 7kl :Ahchhch&=/T)kdihc 1; .fidf seumft te h&kln tfk 2lkay Rrepkrty Hdt; >?1#( .hsrk$krrkn te h Zhh Th!fh Feusk De&&ittkk $er nkthickn sdrutil chst $ertlimft/


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R+ &hrklnrh +eni ulvkics Hsih(s chrmkst eptidhc tkcksdepk HZI2' ht &hilithcHsih;s chrmkst hln 4rst e$ its %iln e)tidhc tkcksde)k Hrh!fhtth Zkskhrdf Ilstitutk e$!skr#htielhc Tdikldks :HZIKT= .hs ul#kickn ht 'k#hstfhc il Lhilithc 'istridt( ?ttrh%hfln/ It .hsrk&etkc hdti#htkn ! Rri&k Ailistkr Lhrklnrh Aeni hln fis 7kcmihl deultkr)hrt Dfhrcks Aidfkc$re& 7kcmiu&/

$hustil Hrdfhlmk .euhnkrh s*erl il hs lk* Rrksinklt e Dkltrhc Hridhl Zkpujcid

0hustil Hrdfhlmk ^euhnkrh :G= tee% tfk ehtf e$ edk hs tfk lk. Rrksinklt e$ Dkltrhc H$ridhlZk)u!cid :DHZ=/ itf tfis fk !kde&ks 4rst kckdtkn ckhnkr e$ DHZ sildk Ausci& rk!kcs fhne#krtfre.l tfk me#krl&klt il khrc ",8+/ Fis )rksinkld )uts hl kln te h t.e-khr trhlsitielhcme#krl&klt tfht dh&k ilte $erdk il khrc ",8/ êuhnkrh is .kcc rks)kdtkn $er&kr &htfk&htfidsRre$ksser/ Fk fhn skr#kn hs Rri&k Ailistkr hs $er&kr Rri&k Ailistkr e$ k-)rksinklt 0rhldeis7ezizk $re& FL sth`k il Whl`er eicgkcn ^fk Zussihl Me#krl&klt fhs h))re#kn h nkhc e$ LMD 3inksf 6tn :36= te hdNuirk 8GP sth%k il3hl%er eic4kcn $re& Zeslk$t/ ^fk nkhc .hs simlkn !kt.kkl tfk 36 hln Zeslk$t il Tk)tk&!kr",8G hln is .ertf 8/+ !icciel ?T necchrs/ 3hl%er is Zussih;s skdeln !immkst eic 4kcn .itf dh)hdite$ tethc "/G !icciel rkde#krh!ck rkskr#ks !hrrkcs :er G,, &icciel tellks=/ Hs )kr tfk nkhc 36;ssth%k il 3hl%er .icc rhisk te "2P $re& 8GP hln .icc mi#k it h!eut +/G &icciel &ktrid tellks e$ eic hkhr DelskNukltc( Zeslk$t .icc rkthil tfk rk&hililm G,/8 )kr dklt hln hcse rkthil $ucc deltrec e$

il$rhstrudturk e$ tfk 3hl%er dcustkr/

2jech eutjrkh` il =kst Hridh le celmkr pesks mcejhc ris` 1 F ^fk ercn Fkhctf rmhlishtiel :F= fhs nkdchrkn tfht K!ech eut!rkh% il kst H$ridh is lecelmkr delstitutks h Ru!cid Fkhctf K&krmkld e$ Iltkrlhtielhc Deldkrl/ F( h s)kdihcizknhmkld e$ tfk ?litkn Lhtiels fhs edihcc nkdchrkn hl kln te h lkhrc ",-&eltf K!ech eut!rkh%k&krmkld tfht fhs %icckn h!eut 88(+,, )ke)ck/ ^fk nkdchrhtiel .hs &hnk ! F 'irkdter-Mklkrhc 'r Ahrmhrkt Dfhl h$tkr hddk)tilm tfk rkde&&klnhtiels e$ h de&&ittkk e$ ilnk)klnkltk)krts/ ^fk de&&ittkk hcse fhs dhcckn $er tfk ci$tilm e$ hl trh#kc hln trhnk rkstridtiels hgkdtilmMuilkh( 6i!krih hln Tikrrh 6kelk/2jech eutjrkh`4 Muilkh .hs !irtf)chdk e$ nkhncikst K!ech eut!rkh% il fister hln .hs ilitihcc


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dkltrkn el deultr;s rk&etk seutf-khstkrl rkmiel e$ Lzkrk%erk il ",8+/ 6htkr it fhn s)rkhn te itslkimf!eurilm deultriks 6i!krih hln Tikrrh 6kelk hln hcse sk#kl etfkr deultriks/ Te $hr fhs %icckn&erk tfhl 88(+,, )ke)ck il tfksk tfrkk .erst fit .kstkrl H$ridhl lhtiels/

Dhcierlih Dfreak chlns *ercn(s ridfkst fersk rhdkDhci$erlih Dfre&k usti4kn fis sthtus hs eilt $h#eritk ! chlnilm tfk 'u!hi ercn Du).itf h)kr$kdtc ti&kn rul ulnkr ed%k 3idter Ks)ilesh/ Dfre&k .el tfk 8,-&icciel 'u!hi ercn Du)ht Aknhl Zhdkdeursk il tfk ?litkn Hrh! K&irhtks/Dfre&k 4lisfkn skdeln il tfk rhdk chst khr(

)hrt e$ h nish))eiltilm dh&)himl $er tfk -khr-ecn/

/hryhlh jkdeaks grst te chuldf il,kdthjck deltrhdkptivk Fhrhlh !kdh&k tfk 4rst sthtk il tfk deultr te i&)ck&klt tfk usk e$ ilkdth!ck deltrhdk)ti#kshs h $h&ic )chllilm &khsurk/ Il tfis rkmhrn( Dfik$ Ailistkr Ahlefhr 6hc @fhtthr fhs chuldfkn>Rrekdt Thch&hti; il hssisthldk e$ Rhtf4lnkr Iltkrlhtielhc/ @k $hdts Rhtfglnkr Iltkrlhtielhc1 Itis h mce!hc lel-)re4t ermhlizhtiel tfht $edusks el rk)renudti#k fkhctf( $h&ic )chllilm( FI3HI'T)rk#kltiel hln dhrk( hln &htkrlhc fkhctf/

Rchyjhd` 'ilmkr R6 'usfkkch kltkrs Muillkss =ercn Zkderns Zkle.lkn )ch!hd% silmkr R/ Tusfkkch Aefhl drkhtkn h lk. .ercn rkdern $er silmilm fimfkst

lu&!kr e$ selms/ Tfk fhs le. !kkl rkdemliskn ! !etf tfk Muillkss 7ee% e$ ercn Zkderns $ersilmilm &est lu&!kr e$ selms il Ilnihl chlmuhmks/ Muillkss 7ee% e$ ercn Zkderns edihccdrknitkn fkr $er silmilm rkdern 8O(2*G selms :sece( nukt hln dferus !hd%kn selms= il t.kc#kIlnihl chlmuhmks

I'Z) skt te chuldf rkdern "" shtkccitks il silmck aissiel ^fk Ilnihl T)hdk Zkskhrdf rmhlishtiel :ITZ= is skt te sdri)t fister ! chuldfilm h rkdernlu&!kr e$ "" shtkccitks il h silmck &issiel il Ah ",82/ ^fksk shtkccitks :&idre hln lhle= .icc !kchuldfkn usilm ITZ;s .er%fersk Rechr red%kt RT63 D+/ It .icc !k dhrrilm Ilnih;s Dhrtesht "Dhcelm .itf "8 etfkr shtkccitks $re& etfkr deultriks( ildcunilm ?T( Dhlhnh( Ilnelksih hlnMkr&hl hs de-)hssklmkrs/ ^fis chuldf .eucn !k &hnk $re& tfk Thtisf 'fh.hl T)hdk Dkltrk ht

Trifhri%eth/ Khrcikr il ",,( ITZ fhn sklt tkl shtkccitks ilte er!it il h silmck &issiel/

=ercn !hl` hpprevkn 5>:: aicciel cehl te Bernhl 1 $IN2 =ercn Dfkss Dhlninhtks .eurlhaklt


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Zussihl mrhln&hstkr Tkrmk @hrh%il fhs .el tfk )rkstimieus 0I'K ercn Dfkss Dhlninhtks êurlh&klt fkcn il Aesde./ Il tfk 4lhc Zeuln 8( fk nk$khtkn H&kridhl mrhln&hstkr 0h!ihleDhruhlh sderilm /G )eilts/ itf tfis #idter( fk .icc le. )ch .itf tfk ildu&!klt .ercndfh&)iel( Ler.kmihl Mrhln&hstkr Ahmlus Dhrcskl( il h &htdf $er tfk .ercn dfkss dre.l ilLe#k&!kr ",82/

.kckdea Deaaissiel hpprevks >>" hs tfk silmck kakrmkldy luajkr ^fk k̂ckde& De&&issiel fhs h))re#kn tfk lu&!kr 88" hs tfk silmck k&krmkld lu&!kr $er

Ilnih( si&ichr te *88 e$ ?litkn Tthtks :?T= hln *** e$ ?litkn @ilmne& :?@=/ Fkldk$ertf Ilnihlditizkls il nistrkss .icc !k h!ck te mkt hcc k&krmkld skr#idks sudf hs )ecidk( 4rk nk)hrt&klt hlnh&!uchldk ! ust nihccilm tfis silmck-lu&!kr/ It .icc nirkdt tfk dhcc te deldkrlkn nk)hrt&kltsi&&knihtkc $er fkc)/

Hmrh ji`kr jkdeaks grst sece *eahl te rink hdress +hlh RhssRhcch#i 0huznhr( +G( $re& Hmrh !kdh&k tfk 4rst .e&hl sece !i%kr il tfk 6i&dh 7ee% e$ Zkderns terkhdf tfk ti) e$ Ahlh )hss il ?tthrh%fhln( hrmuh!c tfk .ercn;s fimfkst &eterh!ck &eulthil)hss/ Ahlh risks te h sthmmkrilm hctitunk e$ G(2+ & :8(*O $t= h!e#k skh ck#kc( el tfk !ernkr!kt.kkl Ilnih hln ^i!kt( hln is rkd%elkn hs elk e$ tfk &est niduct !i%ilm trhics/

&hlnith !h`sfi lhakn Rrksinklt; D2) e !hl` e tfk =kstIlnihl-H&kridhl Lhlnith 7h%sfi fhs !kkl h))eiltkn tfk Rrksinklt hln Dfik$ Kkduti#k dkre$ 7hl% e$ tfk kst( h ulit e$ 0rkldf !hl%ilm mihlt 7LR Rhri!hs/7h%sfi( GO( .icc rk)chdk AidfhkcTfk)fkrn hs 7hl% e$ tfk kst;s lkt Rrksinklt hln Dfik$ Kkduti#k dkr :DK= hln is k)kdtknte eil tfk !hl% hs h DK-il-trhililm el H)ric 8 hln .icc th%k tfk fkc& edihcc el 8630LTthtk-e.lkn cklnkr I'7I 7hl% fhs il$er&kn sted% kdfhlmks tfht 6i$k Ilsurhldk Der)/ :6ID= e$Ilnih le. e.ls 8/+OP sth%k il tfk !hl%/ ^fk ci$k ilsurhldk !kfk&etf )rk#ieusc e.lkn O/"8Pil tfk !hl%( .fidf trhls$krrkn O/82P kNuit sth%k er 8G/O drerk sfhrks te 6ID/>::L $NI hcce*kn il k4deaakrdk ahr`ktpchdk aenkc

^fk me#krl&klt fhs mi#kl tfk mrkkl cimft te 8,,P 0'I il tfk &hr%kt)chdk $er&ht e$ k-de&&krdkrkthicilm .itf h #ik. te httrhdt &erk $erkiml il#kst&klts/ Hs )kr tfk muinkcilks issukn !tfk 'k)hrt&klt e$ Ilnustrihc Recid hln Rre&etiel :'IRR= el 0'I il k-de&&krdk( $erkiml nirkdtil#kst&klt :0'I= fhs let !kkl hcce.kn il il#klter-!hskn &enkc e$ k-de&&krdk/Ht )rksklt( mce!hc k-thic mihlts ci%k H&hzel hln k7h hrk e)krhtilm elcilk &hr%kt)chdks il Ilnih(.fick fe&kmre.l )chkrs ci%k 0ci)%hrt hln Tlh)nkhc fh#k $erkiml il#kst&klts k#kl hs tfkrk.krk le dckhr 0'I muinkcilks el #hrieus elcilk rkthic &enkcs/

Mu,hrht hln +hfhrhsftrh deltrijutk 81L te Ilnih(s kK)ert Rkr$er&hldk e$ Tthtks>( tfk hlhczkn nhth !kt.kkl",,O-, hln ",8-8G rk)erts tfht Muhrht hln Ahfhrhsftrh hddeult $er &erk tfhl 2 )krdklt e$

tfk &krdfhlnisk delsiml&klts $re& tfk deultr/ ^fk te) 4#k sthtks dchi& e#kr 2* )kr dklt e$Ilnih;s kltirk k)ert khrlilms/

=ercn tfkhtrk nhy dkckjrhtkn ^fk Iltkrlhtielhc ^fkhtrk Ilstitutk :I^I= Dkltrks hln tfk iltkrlhtielhc tfkhtrk de&&ulit hdresstfk .ercn dkck!rhtkn tfk ercn ^fkhtrk 'h :^'= el "O Ahrdf ",82/

^fk 4rst ercn ^fkhtrk'h Iltkrlhtielhc Aksshmk .hs .rittkl !


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dkrti4dhtk e$ rkmistrhtiel e$ tfk L70Ds il kkrdisk e$ tfk )e.krs del$krrkn el it ulnkr Tkdtiel G-IH :2= e$ tfk Zkskr#k 7hl% e$ Ilnih Hdt( 8*+/0ecce.ilm tfk dhldkcchtiel e$ rkmistrhtiel dkrti4dhtk( tfksk de&)hliks dhllet trhlshdt tfk!usilkss e$ h lel-!hl%ilm 4lhldihc ilstitutiel/L70Ds .fesk rkmistrhtiel fh#k !kkl dhldkcknildcunk @ulnhl 6khsilm hln 0il#kst( Zhskkrh Il#kst&klts( 6i&tk I&)k( 'imlit Aeters 0ilhldk(H%hlsfh Delsucthld Tkr#idks( 7ili De&&krdihc Kltkr)risks( Lirhl%hr Il#kst&klts( hln TurilIl#kst&klts/

+eni rkhdfks !russkcs er Ilnih42J 'uaaitRri&k Ailistkr Lhrklnrh Aeni hrri#kn il 7russkcs el tfk 4rst ckm e$ fis tfrkk-lhtiel teurte 7kcmiu&( tfk ?T hln Thuni Hrh!ih/ 'urilm tfk deursk e$ tfk #isit Aeni .icc httkln tfk Ilnih-K?su&&it hln tfk mce!hc ludckhr skdurit su&&it il tfk ?T/l fis nhcelm #isit te 7russkcs( Aeni .icc fecn h !ichtkrhc su&&it .itf 7kcmihl Rri&k AilistkrDfhrcks Aidfkc hln tfkl httkln tfk 8+tf Ilnih-Kure)khl ?liel :K?= Tu&&it/

Bhitcky chuldfks +h`k il Ilnih( delkrkldk il 'ynlky0ilhldk Ailistkr Hrul


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• DDT dckhrkn )re)eshc te hdNuirk t.e &erk - HHDT

• fidf )rekdt fhs !kkl chuldfkn te &h%k Lhtielhc Fimf.hs $rkk e$ Zhic.h dressilms - Tktu

7fhrhth& )rekdt

• fkrk nin tfk ercnUs destcikst trhil sthtiel e)klkn - Lk. er%

• fidf nh is e!skr#kn el tf Ahrdf - Lhtielhc Th$kt 'h hln Lhtielhc Th$kt kk%

• Lh&k tfk nimithc .hcckt chuldfkn !06IR@HZ^ - 0ci)%hrt Aelk

• 0iknb Dhsf hln Derru)tiel il Drid%kt hutferkn ! -


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• Lh&k tfk sdfk&k chuldfkn ! @hrlhth%h $er hddinklt #idti&s; $rkk trkht&klt -

Au%fh&hltri Thlt.hlh Fhrisf ehlh

• 7urkhu e$ Ilnihl Tthlnhrns 7icc( ",8G )hsskn ! - Zhh Th!fh

• fe fhs !kkl h))eiltkn ! Ilnihl Zhic.hs hs delsucthlt te nisde#kr hn#krtisilm )etkltih

e$ trhils E sthtiels - Krlst E eulm :K=

• fht .hs tfk tfk&k e$ tfk Ddcilm k#klt e$ Ilnihl Hr& - Ddck te Zkddck

• fe fhs !kkl h))eiltkn hs DK e$ nimithc !usilkss ! DH Aknih - 3i#k%


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• fe fhs .el Hcc Klmchln 7hn&iltel titck - 6il 'hl

• fe fhs .el ",82 Mce!hc ^khdfkr Rrizk - Rhckstilihl Fhlhl Hc Freu!

• fkrk nin tfk tf ercn Delmrkss e$ 7ies)fkrk Zkskr#ks ilhumurhtkn - 6i&h

• Ahriti&k Ilnih Tu&&it ",82 .icc !k fkcn il - Au&!hi

• fidf ul&hllkn s)hdkdrh$t te Ahrs( chuldfkn eiltc ! Zussih hln Kure)k - KeAhrs

",82

• fe fhs !kkl dfeskl $er IHH Kniter e$ tfk khr - Thlh Mu)th

• fidf !hccistid &issick fhs !kkl suddkss$ucc tkst-4rkn ! Ilnih - Hmli-I

• Lh&k e$ Ilnihl sdfechr .fe .hs h))eiltkn hs 3idk Dfhldkccer e$ Dhl!krrh ?li#krsit - F

'kk) Thili

• ercn Delsu&kr Zimfts 'h - 8Gtf Ahrdf

• KT 7hl% il%kn Ae? .itf - Ilnih 7rhzic Dfh&!kr

• fe .hs kckdtkn hs 4rst di#icihl Rrksinklt e$ Ahl&hr - Ftil @h.

• fidf )remrh&&k .icc klh!ck Ttunklts te hdt hs ^eurist 0hdicithters - Rhrth% Aitrh

• fidf 4r& .hs skckdtkn ! Ilnih Rest hs delsucthlt $er )h&klts !hl% - 'kceittk

• Re)k 0rhldis hlleuldkn .fesk lh&k te !k mrhltkn Thiltfeen - Aetfkr ^krksh

• fe fhs !kkl sus)klnkn ! ?L hs meen.icc h&!hsshner h$tkr ne)ilm hcckmhtiels - Ahrih

Tfhrh)e#h

• fe fhs .el 0irst Rrizk il ?L \6il%sT'Ms 'hth 3isuhcizhtiel Dfhccklmk - Ilnih-!hskn se$t.hrk klmilkkr

H!nucNhnir Zhsfi%

• fidf nh is e!skr#kn el 8,tf Ahrdf - ercn @inlk 'h

• fidf nh is e!skr#kn el 82tf Ahrdf - ercn Delsu&kr Zimfts 'h

• fe is tfk hutfer e$ Mhlnfi1 Hl Iccustrhtkn 7iemrh)f - Rrh&en @h)eer

• fe fhs .el Dfh&kci 'k#i


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• Lh&k e$ tfk $hst )htrec #ksskc .fidf .hs de&&issielkn il Ilnihl Dehst Muhrn - IDMT

Hrl#ksf

• 6elmitunilhc Hmkilm Ttun il Ilnih .hs chuldfkn ! - ?liel Ailistr e$ Fkhctf hln 0h&ic

kc$hrk

• 7rehn!hln dellkdti#it te LK Tthtks .hs ilhumurhtkn ! RA Lhrklnrh Aeni #ih .fidf

deultr - 7hlmchnksf

• fidf deultr is festilm *tf Iltkrlhtielhc H!ic&)ids - 0rhldk

• fkl .hs ercn ^u!krducesis 'h ",82 e!skr#kn - "tf Ahrdf

• ê &e!icisk celm tkr& il#kst&klt ilte LII0 ?liel Dh!ilkt h))re#kn Ae? !kt.kkl - Ilnih

hln ?HK

• 7FK6 de&&issielkn Re.kr Rchlt il k̂chlmhlh - 2,, A

current affairs monthly march. 2016

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