Cultural Resource Cultural Resource ManagementManagement

Preservation and ProtectionPreservation and ProtectionIdentification and ManagementIdentification and Management

MitigationMitigationRepatriationRepatriation

Archaeological Ethics-ROPA and SAAArchaeological Ethics-ROPA and SAA

Preservation and ProtectionPreservation and Protection

Antiquities Act 1906Antiquities Act 1906 Archaeological Resources Protection Archaeological Resources Protection

Act 1979Act 1979

Antiquities Act of 1906Antiquities Act of 1906

Allows President of the US to declare Allows President of the US to declare historic landmarks, historic and historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other prehistoric structures, and other significant objects to be national significant objects to be national monuments.monuments.

Secretary of Interior can make rules Secretary of Interior can make rules and regulations for this act.and regulations for this act.

Archaeological Resources Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) 1979Protection Act (ARPA) 1979

Provides for permitting process to excavate Provides for permitting process to excavate sites.sites.

Prohibits:Prohibits: Unauthorized excavation, removal, damage, Unauthorized excavation, removal, damage,

alteration, or defacement of archaeological alteration, or defacement of archaeological resources. resources.

Trafficking in archaeological resources the excavation Trafficking in archaeological resources the excavation or removal of which was wrongful under Federal law.or removal of which was wrongful under Federal law.

Trafficking in interstate or foreign commerce in Trafficking in interstate or foreign commerce in archaeological resources the excavation, removal, archaeological resources the excavation, removal, sale, purchase, exchange, transportation or receipt of sale, purchase, exchange, transportation or receipt of which was wrongful under State or local law. which was wrongful under State or local law.

ARPA PenaltiesARPA Penalties Any person who knowingly violates, or counsels, procures, Any person who knowingly violates, or counsels, procures,

solicits, or employs any other person to violate, any solicits, or employs any other person to violate, any prohibition contained in law will, upon conviction, be fined prohibition contained in law will, upon conviction, be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than one not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.year, or both.

Provided, however, that if the commercial or Provided, however, that if the commercial or archaeological value of the archaeological resources archaeological value of the archaeological resources involved and the cost of restoration and repair of such involved and the cost of restoration and repair of such resources exceeds the sum of $500, such person shall be resources exceeds the sum of $500, such person shall be fined not more than $20,000 or imprisoned not more than fined not more than $20,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. two years, or both.

In the case of a second or subsequent such violation upon In the case of a second or subsequent such violation upon conviction such person shall be fined not more than conviction such person shall be fined not more than $100,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or $100,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. both.

ARPA ViolationsARPA Violations

Plastic protects the evidence of looting at Vicksburg National Military Park, where Civil War relic hunters excavated numerous holes causing wide spread damage to sensitive archeological sites.

GEGE®® Case Case The mound was an 1 ,800-year-old burial and ceremonial site of the The mound was an 1 ,800-year-old burial and ceremonial site of the

Hopewell culture, which contained literally thousands of artifacts made Hopewell culture, which contained literally thousands of artifacts made of silver, copper, wood, leather, flint, obsidian, mica, pearl, shell, bone, of silver, copper, wood, leather, flint, obsidian, mica, pearl, shell, bone, and drilled and inlaid bear teeth. and drilled and inlaid bear teeth.

This particular mound also contained burnt and un-burnt human bones of This particular mound also contained burnt and un-burnt human bones of at least three individuals. at least three individuals.

One of the principal deposits was first exposed by Way while operating One of the principal deposits was first exposed by Way while operating his bulldozer in connection with a nearby Federally sponsored highway his bulldozer in connection with a nearby Federally sponsored highway construction project. Rather than notify authorities, as was required by construction project. Rather than notify authorities, as was required by law, Way removed hundreds of artifacts and transported them to his law, Way removed hundreds of artifacts and transported them to his home in Illinois. home in Illinois.

Shortly thereafter, Way sold these artifacts to Gerber for $6,000.00 in Shortly thereafter, Way sold these artifacts to Gerber for $6,000.00 in cash, and in addition agreed to lead Gerber back to the site. Upon cash, and in addition agreed to lead Gerber back to the site. Upon locating the site, Gerber hired Glover and Towery to help him further loot locating the site, Gerber hired Glover and Towery to help him further loot the site while he took photographs and kept track of artifacts being the site while he took photographs and kept track of artifacts being removed. removed.

Some of the artifacts that were removed by these three men were later Some of the artifacts that were removed by these three men were later sold at the August, 1988, Owensboro, Kentucky, "Show of Shows." sold at the August, 1988, Owensboro, Kentucky, "Show of Shows."

To date, the FBI has recovered nearly 3,000 artifacts looted from the To date, the FBI has recovered nearly 3,000 artifacts looted from the burial mound, including copper and silver ear spools, silver "panpipe" burial mound, including copper and silver ear spools, silver "panpipe" musical instruments, copper axe-heads, or "celts," pearls, beads and musical instruments, copper axe-heads, or "celts," pearls, beads and blades made of obsidian, flint, and clear quartz.blades made of obsidian, flint, and clear quartz.

Criminal ChargesCriminal Charges On July 9, 1992, Deborah J. Daniels, U. S. Attorney for the On July 9, 1992, Deborah J. Daniels, U. S. Attorney for the

Southern District of Indiana, announced the sentencing of Southern District of Indiana, announced the sentencing of four men in connection with the looting of a Hopewell burial four men in connection with the looting of a Hopewell burial mound located on General Electric (GE) property near mound located on General Electric (GE) property near Mount Vernon, Indiana. Mount Vernon, Indiana.

On July 8, 1992, U.S. District Judge Gene F. Brooks On July 8, 1992, U.S. District Judge Gene F. Brooks sentenced Arthur J. Gerber to one year in prison, a fine of sentenced Arthur J. Gerber to one year in prison, a fine of $5,000, and forfeiture of the further sum of $4,750 in lieu of $5,000, and forfeiture of the further sum of $4,750 in lieu of his motor vehicles, which were used in looting the site. his motor vehicles, which were used in looting the site.

He also will be placed on supervised release for 3 years He also will be placed on supervised release for 3 years following his prison tem. During this supervised release, following his prison tem. During this supervised release, Gerber will not be permitted to attend or promote Gerber will not be permitted to attend or promote archeological exhibitions at which artifacts are bought or archeological exhibitions at which artifacts are bought or sold, nor can he engage in artifact transactions.sold, nor can he engage in artifact transactions.

The other three men: Way, Glover and Towery, were The other three men: Way, Glover and Towery, were sentenced to two years probation, 6 months of work sentenced to two years probation, 6 months of work release, and fined $2,000. release, and fined $2,000.

Identification and ManagementIdentification and Management

Historic Sites Act 1935Historic Sites Act 1935 National Historic Preservation Act National Historic Preservation Act

19661966

Historic Sites Act of 1935Historic Sites Act of 1935 This Act declares it a federal policy to preserve This Act declares it a federal policy to preserve

historic and prehistoric areas of national historic and prehistoric areas of national significance and establishes the National Historic significance and establishes the National Historic Landmarks program.Landmarks program.

It also empowers the Secretary of the Interior to It also empowers the Secretary of the Interior to "secure, collate, and preserve drawings, plans, "secure, collate, and preserve drawings, plans, photographs, and other data of historic and photographs, and other data of historic and archeological sites, buildings, and objects." archeological sites, buildings, and objects."

The passage of the Historic Sites Act also The passage of the Historic Sites Act also formalizes National Park Service programs formalizes National Park Service programs involved in salvage archeology, programs that involved in salvage archeology, programs that were designed to put many people to work during were designed to put many people to work during the Great Depression (Childs and Corcoran 2000).the Great Depression (Childs and Corcoran 2000).

A cow examines an archeological excavation undertaken at Appomatox Court House National Historic Park prior to park improvements.

National Historic Preservation Act National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 1966(NHPA), 1966

Creates National Register of Historic Resource:Creates National Register of Historic Resource: Districts, sites, buildings, structures and other Districts, sites, buildings, structures and other significantsignificant

objects.objects. Established State Historic Preservation offices.Established State Historic Preservation offices.

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act requires requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties and afford the their undertakings on historic properties and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings. opportunity to comment on such undertakings.

SignificanceSignificance is determined when is determined when Association with historic eventsAssociation with historic events Important personsImportant persons Distinctive design of physical characteristicsDistinctive design of physical characteristics Potential to provide important information about history or Potential to provide important information about history or

prehistoryprehistory

How do you know it is Significant?How do you know it is Significant?

Is an isolated projectile point Is an isolated projectile point significant?significant?

Is every house where “so and so Is every house where “so and so slept here” significant?slept here” significant?

Ezekial Jones

slept here

Who’s that?

MitigationMitigation

Reservoir Salvage Act 1960Reservoir Salvage Act 1960 Archaeological and Historic Archaeological and Historic

Preservation Act 1974Preservation Act 1974 Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987

Reservoir Salvage Act, 1960Reservoir Salvage Act, 1960

For the preservation of historic and For the preservation of historic and archaeological data which could be archaeological data which could be lost due to dam construction.lost due to dam construction.

Prior to construction, Secretary of Prior to construction, Secretary of Interior must be notified of dam site, Interior must be notified of dam site, survey for archaeological and historic survey for archaeological and historic materials must be conducted.materials must be conducted.

If data exists, has significance and If data exists, has significance and should be preserved, and feasible to should be preserved, and feasible to collect the archaeological excavation.collect the archaeological excavation.

Salvage archeology being conducted 1930s during dam construction.

Archaeological & Historic Archaeological & Historic Preservation Act (AHPA), 1974Preservation Act (AHPA), 1974

Updates Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960, to Updates Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960, to preservation archaeological and historic data preservation archaeological and historic data that would otherwise be lost through all federal that would otherwise be lost through all federal construction or other federally licensed or construction or other federally licensed or assisted activities.assisted activities.

Federal agencies must notify Secretary of Interior Federal agencies must notify Secretary of Interior if activities will affect resources, the agency must if activities will affect resources, the agency must then mitigate the impact.then mitigate the impact.

Funding is provided either by the agency or with Funding is provided either by the agency or with Interior funds as long as it does not exceed 1% of Interior funds as long as it does not exceed 1% of the funds available for the purpose, also provides the funds available for the purpose, also provides for preservation as well as excavation.for preservation as well as excavation. i.e. a 100,000,000 dollar highway project could spend 1,000,000 i.e. a 100,000,000 dollar highway project could spend 1,000,000

on archaeology! on archaeology!

Abandoned Shipwreck Act of Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 19871987

Under the Abandoned Shipwreck Act, the U.S. Government Under the Abandoned Shipwreck Act, the U.S. Government asserted title to three categories of abandoned shipwrecks: asserted title to three categories of abandoned shipwrecks: abandoned shipwrecks embedded in a State's submerged abandoned shipwrecks embedded in a State's submerged lands; abandoned shipwrecks embedded in coralline formations lands; abandoned shipwrecks embedded in coralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands; and abandoned protected by a State on its submerged lands; and abandoned shipwrecks located on a State's submerged lands and included shipwrecks located on a State's submerged lands and included in or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register in or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. of Historic Places.

The Act directed the National Park Service to prepare The Act directed the National Park Service to prepare guidelines to assist States and Federal agencies in developing guidelines to assist States and Federal agencies in developing legislation and regulations to carry out their responsibilities legislation and regulations to carry out their responsibilities under the Act. In accordance with the Act, the guidelines are under the Act. In accordance with the Act, the guidelines are intended to maximize the enhancement of cultural resources; intended to maximize the enhancement of cultural resources; foster a partnership among sport divers, fishermen, foster a partnership among sport divers, fishermen, archeologists, salvors, and other interests to manage archeologists, salvors, and other interests to manage shipwreck resources of the States and the United States; shipwreck resources of the States and the United States; facilitate access and utilization by recreational interests; and facilitate access and utilization by recreational interests; and recognize the interests of individuals and groups engaged in recognize the interests of individuals and groups engaged in shipwreck discovery and salvage. shipwreck discovery and salvage.

Artifact submerged in the waters of Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida.

Repatriation/Native IssuesRepatriation/Native Issues

Native American Graves Protection Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990and Repatriation Act 1990

Sacred Lands Act 2002Sacred Lands Act 2002

Native American Graves Protection and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 1990Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 1990

Defines and directs the protection of Native Defines and directs the protection of Native American graves that could be impacted due to American graves that could be impacted due to construction, and provides for reburial of construction, and provides for reburial of previously excavated remains.previously excavated remains.

Definitions:Definitions: cultural affiliation-relationship of shared group cultural affiliation-relationship of shared group

identity which can be reasonably traced.identity which can be reasonably traced. associated funerary objects-objects placed with associated funerary objects-objects placed with

remains during death rites.remains during death rites. sacred objects-objects important to religious practice.sacred objects-objects important to religious practice. tribal patrimony-objects associated with Native tribal patrimony-objects associated with Native

American groups, not belonging to individual.American groups, not belonging to individual. Right or possession-possession assigned to closely Right or possession-possession assigned to closely

related cultural group, unless group ties cannot be related cultural group, unless group ties cannot be proven.proven.

OwnershipOwnership

Lineal descendants of the Native Lineal descendants of the Native AmericanAmerican

Owners of associated tribal landOwners of associated tribal land Aboriginal tribe of associated federal Aboriginal tribe of associated federal

landland Tribe of strongest demonstrated Tribe of strongest demonstrated

relationshiprelationship

What do we do with Kennewick What do we do with Kennewick Man?Man?

Should he be returned to Should he be returned to Native Americans?Native Americans?

If so, what group?If so, what group? Should scientists have the Should scientists have the

opportunity to study opportunity to study Kennewick Man?Kennewick Man?

What should archaeologist What should archaeologist do about future finds of do about future finds of this age?this age?

Native American Sacred Lands Native American Sacred Lands Act of 2002Act of 2002

A bill to protect sacred Native American Federal lands from significant damage.

Introduced in the U.S. House on July 18, 2002 by Rep. Nick Rahall, D-W.Va., and Rep. Dale Kildee, D-Mich

Bill is currently in the House Resources Committee, awaiting executive comment from the Department of the Interior.

ProvisionsProvisions Federal lands shall be designated unsuitable for any Federal lands shall be designated unsuitable for any

or certain types of undertakings if the head of the or certain types of undertakings if the head of the department or agency with administrative jurisdiction department or agency with administrative jurisdiction over that Federal land decides, in accordance with over that Federal land decides, in accordance with this section, that by a preponderance of the evidence this section, that by a preponderance of the evidence the undertaking is likely to cause significant damage the undertaking is likely to cause significant damage to Indian sacred lands. to Indian sacred lands.

Each department or agency of the United States with Each department or agency of the United States with administrative jurisdiction over the management of administrative jurisdiction over the management of Federal lands shall -- Federal lands shall -- (1) accommodate access to and ceremonial use of Indian (1) accommodate access to and ceremonial use of Indian

sacred lands by Indian religious practitioners; sacred lands by Indian religious practitioners; (2) avoid significant damage to Indian sacred lands; and (2) avoid significant damage to Indian sacred lands; and (3) consult with Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian (3) consult with Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian

organizations prior to taking significant actions or developing organizations prior to taking significant actions or developing policies affecting Native American sacred lands. policies affecting Native American sacred lands.

ROPA Code of Ethics: The Archaeologist's ROPA Code of Ethics: The Archaeologist's Responsibility to the PublicResponsibility to the Public

Archaeology is a profession, and the privilege of professional practice requires Archaeology is a profession, and the privilege of professional practice requires professional morality and professional responsibility, as well as professional professional morality and professional responsibility, as well as professional competence, on the part of each practitioner.competence, on the part of each practitioner.

An archaeologist shall:An archaeologist shall: Recognize a commitment to represent Archaeology and its research results to the Recognize a commitment to represent Archaeology and its research results to the

public in a responsible manner;public in a responsible manner; Actively support conservation of the archaeological resource base;Actively support conservation of the archaeological resource base; Be sensitive to, and respect the legitimate concerns of, groups whose culture Be sensitive to, and respect the legitimate concerns of, groups whose culture

histories are the subjects of archaeological investigations;histories are the subjects of archaeological investigations; Avoid and discourage exaggerated, misleading, or unwarranted statements about Avoid and discourage exaggerated, misleading, or unwarranted statements about

archaeological matters that might induce others to engage in unethical or illegal archaeological matters that might induce others to engage in unethical or illegal activity;activity;

Support and comply with the terms of the UNESCO Convention on the means of Support and comply with the terms of the UNESCO Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property, as adopted by the General Conference, 14 November 1970, Paris.cultural property, as adopted by the General Conference, 14 November 1970, Paris.

An archaeologist shall not:An archaeologist shall not: Engage in any illegal or unethical conduct involving archaeological matters or Engage in any illegal or unethical conduct involving archaeological matters or

knowingly permit the use of his/her name in support of any illegal or unethical knowingly permit the use of his/her name in support of any illegal or unethical activity involving archaeological matters;activity involving archaeological matters;

Give a professional opinion, make a public report, or give legal testimony involving Give a professional opinion, make a public report, or give legal testimony involving archaeological matters without being as thoroughly informed as might reasonably archaeological matters without being as thoroughly informed as might reasonably be expected;be expected;

Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation about Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation about archaeological matters;archaeological matters;

Undertake any research that affects the archaeological resource base for which Undertake any research that affects the archaeological resource base for which she/he is not qualified.she/he is not qualified.

The Archaeologist's Responsibility to The Archaeologist's Responsibility to Colleagues, Employees, and StudentsColleagues, Employees, and Students

An archaeologist shall:An archaeologist shall: Give appropriate credit for work done by others;Give appropriate credit for work done by others; Stay informed and knowledgeable about developments in her/his field or fields of Stay informed and knowledgeable about developments in her/his field or fields of

specialization;specialization; Accurately, and without undue delay, prepare and properly disseminate a Accurately, and without undue delay, prepare and properly disseminate a

description of research done and its results;description of research done and its results; Communicate and cooperate with colleagues having common professional Communicate and cooperate with colleagues having common professional

interests;interests; Give due respect to colleagues' interests in, and rights to, information about sites, Give due respect to colleagues' interests in, and rights to, information about sites,

areas, collections, or data where there is a mutual active or potentially active areas, collections, or data where there is a mutual active or potentially active research concern;research concern;

Know and comply with all federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and Know and comply with all federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations applicable to her/his archaeological research and activities;regulations applicable to her/his archaeological research and activities;

Report knowledge of violations of this Code to proper authorities.Report knowledge of violations of this Code to proper authorities. Honor and comply with the spirit and letter of the Register of Professional Honor and comply with the spirit and letter of the Register of Professional

Archaeologist's Disciplinary Procedures.Archaeologist's Disciplinary Procedures. An archaeologist shall not:An archaeologist shall not:

Falsely or maliciously attempt to injure the reputation of another archaeologist;Falsely or maliciously attempt to injure the reputation of another archaeologist; Commit plagiarism in oral or written communication;Commit plagiarism in oral or written communication; Undertake research that affects the archaeological resource base unless Undertake research that affects the archaeological resource base unless

reasonably prompt, appropriate analysis and reporting can be expected;reasonably prompt, appropriate analysis and reporting can be expected; Refuse a reasonable request from a qualified colleague for research data;Refuse a reasonable request from a qualified colleague for research data; Submit a false or misleading application for registration by the Register of Submit a false or misleading application for registration by the Register of

Professional Archaeologists.Professional Archaeologists.

The Archaeologist's Responsibility to The Archaeologist's Responsibility to Employers and ClientsEmployers and Clients

An archaeologist shall: Respect the interests of her/his employer or client, so far as is consistent with the Respect the interests of her/his employer or client, so far as is consistent with the

public welfare and this Code and Standards;public welfare and this Code and Standards; Refuse to comply with any request or demand of an employer or client which Refuse to comply with any request or demand of an employer or client which

conflicts with the Code and Standards;conflicts with the Code and Standards; Recommend to employers or clients the employment of other archaeologists or Recommend to employers or clients the employment of other archaeologists or

other expert consultants upon encountering archaeological problems beyond other expert consultants upon encountering archaeological problems beyond her/his own competence;her/his own competence;

Exercise reasonable care to prevent her/his employees, colleagues, associates Exercise reasonable care to prevent her/his employees, colleagues, associates and others whose services are utilized by her/him from revealing or using and others whose services are utilized by her/him from revealing or using confidential information. Confidential information means information of a non-confidential information. Confidential information means information of a non-archaeological nature gained in the course of employment which the employer or archaeological nature gained in the course of employment which the employer or client has requested be held inviolate, or the disclosure of which would be client has requested be held inviolate, or the disclosure of which would be embarrassing or would be likely to be detrimental to the employer or client. embarrassing or would be likely to be detrimental to the employer or client. Information ceases to be confidential when the employer or client so indicates or Information ceases to be confidential when the employer or client so indicates or when such information becomes publicly known.when such information becomes publicly known.

An archaeologist shall not:An archaeologist shall not: Reveal confidential information, unless required by law;Reveal confidential information, unless required by law; Use confidential information to the disadvantage of the client or employer;Use confidential information to the disadvantage of the client or employer; Use confidential information for the advantage of herself/himself or a third person, Use confidential information for the advantage of herself/himself or a third person,

unless the client after full disclosure;unless the client after full disclosure; Accept compensation or anything of value for recommending the employment of Accept compensation or anything of value for recommending the employment of

another archaeologist or other person, unless such compensation or thing of value another archaeologist or other person, unless such compensation or thing of value is fully disclosed to the potential employer or client;is fully disclosed to the potential employer or client;

Recommend or participate in any research which does not comply with the Recommend or participate in any research which does not comply with the requirements of the Standards of Research Performance.requirements of the Standards of Research Performance.

Standards of Research Standards of Research Performance Performance

The archaeologist has a responsibility to prepare adequately The archaeologist has a responsibility to prepare adequately for any research project, whether or not in the field. for any research project, whether or not in the field.

In conducting research, the archaeologist must follow In conducting research, the archaeologist must follow her/his scientific plan of research, except to the extent that her/his scientific plan of research, except to the extent that unforeseen circumstances warrant its modification. unforeseen circumstances warrant its modification.

Procedures for field survey or excavation must meet the Procedures for field survey or excavation must meet the following minimal standards.following minimal standards.

During accessioning, analysis, and storage of specimens During accessioning, analysis, and storage of specimens and records in the laboratory, the archaeologist must take and records in the laboratory, the archaeologist must take precautions to ensure that correlations between the precautions to ensure that correlations between the specimens and the field records are maintained, so that specimens and the field records are maintained, so that provenience contextual relationships and the like are not provenience contextual relationships and the like are not confused or obscured.confused or obscured.

Specimens and research records resulting from a project Specimens and research records resulting from a project must be deposited at an institution with permanent must be deposited at an institution with permanent curatorial facilities, unless otherwise required by law.curatorial facilities, unless otherwise required by law.

The archaeologist has responsibility for appropriate The archaeologist has responsibility for appropriate dissemination of the results of her/his research to the dissemination of the results of her/his research to the appropriate constituencies with reasonable dispatch.appropriate constituencies with reasonable dispatch.

SAA Code of EthicsSAA Code of Ethics Principle No. 1: Stewardship Principle No. 1: Stewardship The archaeological record, that The archaeological record, that

is, in situ archaeological material and sites, archaeological is, in situ archaeological material and sites, archaeological collections, records and reports, is irreplaceable. It is the collections, records and reports, is irreplaceable. It is the responsibility of all archaeologists to work for the long_term responsibility of all archaeologists to work for the long_term conservation and protection of the archaeological record by conservation and protection of the archaeological record by practicing and promoting stewardship of the archaeological practicing and promoting stewardship of the archaeological record. record.

Principle No. 2: AccountabilityPrinciple No. 2: Accountability Responsible archaeological Responsible archaeological research, including all levels of professional activity, requires an research, including all levels of professional activity, requires an acknowledgment of public accountability and a commitment to acknowledgment of public accountability and a commitment to make every reasonable effort, in good faith, to consult actively make every reasonable effort, in good faith, to consult actively with affected group(s), with the goal of establishing a working with affected group(s), with the goal of establishing a working relationship that can be beneficial to all parties involved.relationship that can be beneficial to all parties involved.

Principle No. 3: CommercializationPrinciple No. 3: Commercialization The Society for American The Society for American Archaeology has long recognized that the buying and selling of Archaeology has long recognized that the buying and selling of objects out of archaeological context is contributing to the objects out of archaeological context is contributing to the destruction of the archaeological record on the American destruction of the archaeological record on the American continents and around the world. continents and around the world.

Principle No. 4: Public Education and OutreachPrinciple No. 4: Public Education and Outreach Archaeologists should reach out to, and participate in Archaeologists should reach out to, and participate in cooperative efforts with others interested in the archaeological cooperative efforts with others interested in the archaeological record with the aim of improving the preservation, protection, record with the aim of improving the preservation, protection, and interpretation of the record. and interpretation of the record.

SAA Code of EthicsSAA Code of Ethics Principle No. 5: Intellectual PropertyPrinciple No. 5: Intellectual Property Intellectual property, as Intellectual property, as

contained in the knowledge and documents created through the study of contained in the knowledge and documents created through the study of archaeological resources, is part of the archaeological record. As such it archaeological resources, is part of the archaeological record. As such it should be treated in accord with the principles of stewardship rather should be treated in accord with the principles of stewardship rather than as a matter of personal possession. than as a matter of personal possession.

Principle No. 6: Public Reporting and Publication Principle No. 6: Public Reporting and Publication Within a Within a reasonable time, the knowledge of archaeologists gain from reasonable time, the knowledge of archaeologists gain from investigation of the archaeological record must be presented in investigation of the archaeological record must be presented in accessible form (through publication or other means) to as wide a range accessible form (through publication or other means) to as wide a range of interested publics as possible. The documents and materials on which of interested publics as possible. The documents and materials on which publication and other forms of public reporting are based should be publication and other forms of public reporting are based should be deposited in a suitable place for permanent safekeeping. deposited in a suitable place for permanent safekeeping.

Principle No. 7: Records and PreservationPrinciple No. 7: Records and Preservation Archaeologists should Archaeologists should work actively for the preservation of, and long term access to, work actively for the preservation of, and long term access to, archaeological collections, records, and reports. archaeological collections, records, and reports.

Principle No. 8: Training and ResourcesPrinciple No. 8: Training and Resources Given the destructive Given the destructive nature of most archaeological investigations, archaeologists must ensure nature of most archaeological investigations, archaeologists must ensure that they have adequate training, experience, facilities, and other that they have adequate training, experience, facilities, and other support necessary to conduct any program of research they initiate in a support necessary to conduct any program of research they initiate in a manner consistent with the foregoing principles and contemporary manner consistent with the foregoing principles and contemporary standards of professional practice.standards of professional practice.