cultivating organizational culture and ethical … organizational culture and ethical behavior....

38
Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 1 Cultivating Organizational Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical Culture and Ethical Behavior Behavior

Upload: trinhkiet

Post on 11-Apr-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 1

Cultivating Organizational Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical Culture and Ethical

BehaviorBehavior

Page 2: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2

OutlineOutline

••Foundation of Organizational CultureFoundation of Organizational Culture•Layers of Organizational Culture

•Four Functions of Organizational Culture

•Types of Organizational Culture

•Outcomes Associated with Organizational Culture

•How Cultures are Embedded in Organizations

••Embedding Organizational Culture Through Embedding Organizational Culture Through Socialization Processes and Mentoring.Socialization Processes and Mentoring.

•A Three-Phase Model of Organizational Socialization

•Practical Application of Socialization Research

•Attitudes

•Using Mentoring to Your Advantage

Page 3: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 3

Outline (continued)Outline (continued)

Fostering Ethical Organizational BehaviorFostering Ethical Organizational Behavior• A model of Ethical Behavior• Do Moral Principles Vary by Gender?• How to Improve the Organization’s Ethical Climate

Page 4: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 4

Organizational Culture IsOrganizational Culture Is

“The set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.”

-- Edgar Edgar ScheinSchein

Page 5: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 5

The Layers of Organizational The Layers of Organizational CultureCulture

Observable

Artifacts

Espoused

Values

Basic Underlying

Assumptions

Source: Adapted from E H Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd ed (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992), p 17.

Page 6: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 6

Understanding Organizational Culture

Antecedents

• Founder’s values

• Industry & business environment

• National culture• Senior leaders’vision and behavior

Organizational Structure &

Practices

• Reward systems

• Organizational design

Organizational Culture

• Observable artifacts

• Espoused values

• Basic assumptions

Group & Social Processes

• Socialization

• Mentoring• Decision making

• Group dynamics

• Communication• Influence &

empowerment• LeadershipOrganizational

Outcomes

• Effectiveness

• Innovation & stress

Collective Attitudes &

Behavior

• Work attitudes

• Job satisfaction

• Motivation

Page 7: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 7

Four Functions of Organizational CultureFour Functions of Organizational Culture

Organizationalculture

Sense-makingdevice

Organizationalidentity

Social systemstability

Collectivecommitment

Page 8: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 8

Types of Organizational CultureTypes of Organizational Culture

ConstructiveConstructive Self-actualizing Value self-developmentand creativity

Type ofType of NormativeNormativeCultureCulture BeliefBelief CharacteristicsCharacteristics

ConstructiveConstructive Achievement Goal and achievementoriented

ConstructiveConstructive Humanistic- Participative, employeeencouraging centered, and supportive

ConstructiveConstructive Affiliative High priority on constructiveinterpersonal relationships,

and focus on work groupsatisfaction

Page 9: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 9

Types of Organizational Culture (continued)Types of Organizational Culture (continued)

Type ofType of NormativeNormativeCultureCulture BeliefBelief CharacteristicsCharacteristics

PassivePassive-- Approval Avoid conflict, strive to be likedDefensiveDefensive by others, and approval oriented

PassivePassive-- Conventional Conservative, bureaucratic, andDefensiveDefensive people follow the rules

PassivePassive-- Dependent Nonparticipative, centralizedDefensive Defensive decision making, and employees

do what they are told

PassivePassive-- Avoidance Negative reward system andDefensiveDefensive avoid accountability

Page 10: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 10

Types of Organizational Culture (continued)Types of Organizational Culture (continued)

Type ofType of NormativeNormativeCultureCulture BeliefBelief CharacteristicsCharacteristics

AggressiveAggressive-- Oppositional Confrontation and negativismDefensiveDefensive rewarded

AggressiveAggressive-- Power Nonparticipative, take charge of DefensiveDefensive subordinates and responsive to

superiors

AggressiveAggressive-- Competitive Winning is values and a win-Defensive Defensive lose approach is used.

AggressiveAggressive-- Perfectionistic Perfectionistic, persistent, and DefensiveDefensive hard-working

Page 11: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 11

Developing an Adaptive Culture

Firm succeeds.Business leaders emphasize the importance of

constituencies and leadership in creating the success.

Early business leaders create an implement a business visionand strategy that fits the business environment well.

A strong culture emerges with a core that emphasizes service to customers, stockholders, and employees, as well as the importance of leadership.

Subsequent top managers work to preserve theadaptive core of the culture.

They demonstrate greater commitment to itsbasic principles than any specific business

strategy or practice.

Page 12: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 12

Embedding Organizational CultureEmbedding Organizational Culture

• Formal statements of organizational philosophy, mission, vision, values, and materials used for recruiting, selection and socialization

• The design of physical space, work environments, and buildings

• Slogans, language, acronyms, and sayings• Deliberate role modeling, training programs,

teaching and coaching by managers and supervisors

• Explicit rewards, status symbols (e.g., titles),and promotion criteria

• Stories, legends, and myths about key people and events

Page 13: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 13

Embedding Organizational CultureEmbedding Organizational Culture(continued)(continued)

• The organizational activities, processes, or outcomes that leaders pay attention to, measure, and control

• Leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises

• The workflow and organizational structure• Organizational systems and procedures• Organizational goals and the associated criteria

used for recruitment, selection, development, promotion, layoffs, and retirement of people

Page 14: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 14

A Model of Organizational A Model of Organizational SocializationSocialization

Perceptual and Social Perceptual and Social ProcessesProcessesPhasesPhases

1. Anticipatory socialization

Learning that occursprior to joining the organization

• Anticipating realitiesabout the organizationand the new job

• Anticipating organization’sneed for one’s skillsand abilities

• Anticipating organization’ssensitivity to one’s needsand values

Page 15: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 15

A Model of Organizational A Model of Organizational Socialization (cont.)Socialization (cont.)

Perceptual and Social Perceptual and Social ProcessesPhasesPhases Processes

2. Encounter

Values, skills and attitudes start to shiftas new recruit discovers what theorganization is trulylike

• Managing lifestyle-versus-work conflicts

• Managing intergrouprole conflicts

• Seeking role definitionand clarity

• Becoming familiarwith task and groupdynamics

Page 16: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 16

A Model of Organizational A Model of Organizational Socialization (cont.)Socialization (cont.)

Perceptual and Social Perceptual and Social ProcessesPhasesPhases Processes

3. Change and acquisition

Recruit masters skills and roles and adjusts to workgroup’s values and norms

• Competing role demandsare resolved

• Critical tasks are mastered

• Group norms and valuesare internalized

Page 17: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 17

A Model of Organizational Socialization (continued)A Model of Organizational Socialization (continued)

PhasesPhases

1. Anticipatory socialization

2. Encounter

3. Change and acquisition

OutsiderOutsider

SocializedSocializedInsiderInsider

Behavioral OutcomesBehavioral Outcomes

• Performs role assignments

• Remains with organization

• Spontaneously innovatesand cooperates

Affective OutcomesAffective Outcomes

• Generally satisfied

• Internally motivated to work

• High job involvement

Page 18: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 18

Have you Been Adequately Have you Been Adequately Socialized?Socialized?

• Have you been adequately socialized?

• Does your employer adequately socialize employees?

• How do high levels of socialization impact a new employee’sjob satisfaction? Explain.

• What is a new employee’s role in the socialization process?

Page 19: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 19

MentoringMentoring

The process of forming and maintaining intensive and lasting developmental relationships between a variety of developers (i.e., people who provide career and psychosocial support) and a junior person (the protégé, if male; or protégée if female).

Page 20: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 20

Functions of Mentoring

Career Functions– Sponsorship– Exposure-and-Visibility– Coaching– Protection– Challenging Assignments

Psychological Functions– Role Modeling– Acceptance-and-

Confirmation– Counseling– Friendship

Page 21: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 21

Developmental Networks Associated Developmental Networks Associated with Mentoringwith Mentoring

Dev

elop

men

tal r

elat

ion

ship

div

ersi

ty

Developmental relationship strength

Source: M Higgins and K Kram, “Reconceptualizing Mentoring at Work: A Developmental Network Perspective,” Academy of Management Review, April 2001, p. 270

Strong tiesWeak ties

•D2

D1••P

•D2

D1••P

Low range

Receptive Traditional

D1•

D3•

•D2

•D4

Opportunistic

•P

D1•

D3•

•D2

•D4•P

High range

Entrepreneurial

Key: D, developer; P, protégé.

Page 22: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 22

A Model of Ethical Behavior in the A Model of Ethical Behavior in the WorkplaceWorkplace

Cultural Influences- Family

- Education-Religion

- Media/entertainment

Organizational Influences- Ethical codes

- Organizational culture- Role models

- Perceived pressure for results- Rewards/punishment system

Individual- Personality

- Values- Moral

principles- History of

reinforcement- Gender

Political/legal/economicinfluences

Ethical Ethical behaviorbehavior

Role

Role

Expe

ctatio

ns

Expe

ctatio

ns

Page 23: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 23

Institutionalization: A Forerunner of Culture

Institutionalization

When an organization takes on a life of its own, apart from any of its members, becomes valued for itself, and acquires immortality.

Page 24: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 24

What Is Organizational Culture?

Organizational Culture

A common perception held by the organization’s members; a system of shared meaning.

Characteristics:1. Innovation and risk

taking2. Attention to detail3. Outcome orientation4. People orientation5. Team orientation6. Aggressiveness7. Stability

Characteristics:1. Innovation and risk

taking2. Attention to detail3. Outcome orientation4. People orientation5. Team orientation6. Aggressiveness7. Stability

Page 25: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 25

Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures?

Dominant Culture

Expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members.

Subcultures

Minicultures within an organization, typically defined by department designations and geographical separation.

Page 26: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 26

Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? (cont’d)

Core Values

The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization.

Strong Culture

A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.

Page 27: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 27

What Is Organizational Culture? (cont’d)

Culture Versus Formalization– A strong culture increases behavioral consistency and

can act as a substitute for formalization.

Organizational Culture Versus National Culture– National culture has a greater impact on employees than

does their organization’s culture.

– Nationals selected to work for foreign companies may be atypical of the local/native population.

Page 28: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 28

What Do Cultures Do?

Culture’s Functions:1. Defines the boundary between one organization

and others.

2. Conveys a sense of identity for its members.

3. Facilitates the generation of commitment to something larger than self-interest.

4. Enhances the stability of the social system.

5. Serves as a sense-making and control mechanism for fitting employees in the organization.

Culture’s Functions:1. Defines the boundary between one organization

and others.

2. Conveys a sense of identity for its members.

3. Facilitates the generation of commitment to something larger than self-interest.

4. Enhances the stability of the social system.

5. Serves as a sense-making and control mechanism for fitting employees in the organization.

Page 29: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 29

What Do Cultures Do?

Culture as a Liability:1. Barrier to change.

2. Barrier to diversity

3. Barrier to acquisitions and mergers

Culture as a Liability:1. Barrier to change.

2. Barrier to diversity

3. Barrier to acquisitions and mergers

Page 30: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 30

How Culture Begins

Founders hire and keep only employees who think and feel the same way they do.

Founders indoctrinate and socialize these employees to their way of thinking and feeling.

The founders’ own behavior acts as a role model that encourages employees to identify with them and thereby internalize their beliefs, values, and assumptions.

Page 31: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 31

Keeping Culture AliveSelection– Concern with how well the candidates will fit into the

organization.– Provides information to candidates about the

organization.

Top Management– Senior executives help establish behavioral norms that

are adopted by the organization.

Socialization– The process that helps new employees adapt to the

organization’s culture.

Page 32: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 32

Stages in the Socialization Process

Prearrival StageThe period of learning in the socialization process that occurs before a new employee joins the organization.

Encounter StageThe stage in the socialization process in which a new employee sees what the organization is really like and confronts the possibility that expectations and reality may diverge.

Metamorphosis StageThe stage in the socialization process in which a new employee changes and adjusts to the work, work group, and organization.

Page 33: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 33

How Employees Learn Culture

• Stories• Rituals• Material Symbols• Language

• Stories• Rituals• Material Symbols• Language

Page 34: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 34

Creating An Ethical Organizational CultureCharacteristics of Organizations that Develop High Ethical Standards– High tolerance for risk– Low to moderate in aggressiveness– Focus on means as well as outcomes

Managerial Practices Promoting an Ethical Culture– Being a visible role model.– Communicating ethical expectations.– Providing ethical training.– Rewarding ethical acts and punishing unethical ones.– Providing protective mechanisms.

Page 35: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 35

Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture

Key Variables Shaping Customer-Responsive Cultures1. The types of employees hired by the organization.2. Low formalization: the freedom to meet customer service

requirements.3. Empowering employees with decision-making discretion to

please the customer.4. Good listening skills to understand customer messages.5. Role clarity that allows service employees to act as “boundary

spanners.”6. Employees who engage in organizational citizenship

behaviors.

Page 36: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 36

Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture (cont’d)

Managerial Actions :

• Select new employees with personality and attitudes consistent with high service orientation.

• Train and socialize current employees to be more customer focused.

• Change organizational structure to give employees more control.

• Empower employees to make decision about their jobs.

Managerial Actions :

• Select new employees with personality and attitudes consistent with high service orientation.

• Train and socialize current employees to be more customer focused.

• Change organizational structure to give employees more control.

• Empower employees to make decision about their jobs.

Page 37: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 37

Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture (cont’d)

Managerial Actions (cont’d) :

• Lead by conveying a customer-focused vision and demonstrating commitment to customers.

• Conduct performance appraisals based on customer-focused employee behaviors.

• Provide ongoing recognition for employees who make special efforts to please customers.

Managerial Actions (cont’d) :

• Lead by conveying a customer-focused vision and demonstrating commitment to customers.

• Conduct performance appraisals based on customer-focused employee behaviors.

• Provide ongoing recognition for employees who make special efforts to please customers.

Page 38: Cultivating Organizational Culture and Ethical … Organizational Culture and Ethical Behavior. Comportamiento organizacional M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 2 Outline •Foundation

Comportamiento organizacional

M. En C. Eduardo Bustos Farías 38

Spirituality and Organizational Culture

Workplace Spirituality

The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of the community.

Characteristics:• Strong sense of purpose• Focus on individual development• Trust and openness• Employee empowerment• Toleration of employee expression

Characteristics:• Strong sense of purpose• Focus on individual development• Trust and openness• Employee empowerment• Toleration of employee expression