�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

! kl/rosf“qmf]nfO{ sf“r} ;nfbsf] ¿kdf / crf/ agfP/ vfOG5 . o;df le6fldg aL sDKn]S;, le6fldg ;L kfOG5 / krfpg ;lsg] /]zf / () k|ltzt eGbf a9L kfgLsf] dfqf x'G5 . udL{ df};ddf o;sf] dfu a9L x'G5 .

@ xfjfkfgLGofgf] df};ddf v]tL ul/g] afnL xf] . o;n] t'iff/f] ;x“b}g . cfb|tf a9L ePdf la?jf /fd|/L km:6fp“b}g .

# pko'Qm hftx¿pko'Qm hftx¿df kf]Og;]6, s';'n], eQmk'/ nf]sn, cflb .a0f{z°/ hftx¿df lgGhf, lk|of, a]nL, dflngL, ;'k/ 8fog]i6L, d]lxsf] n· lu|g, cflb .

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sf“qmf] v]tL k|ljlw

Photo: Fintrac

Photo: Fintrac

�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

$ /f]Kg] / afnL lng] ;dodlxgf

If]q j} h] c ;f ef cf sf d+ k' df kmf r}

dWo kxf8

t/fO{÷ leqL dw];

-hft, :yfgLo xfjfkfgL / k|ljlw cg';f/ nufpg] / afnL lng] ;do km/s x'g ;S5 ._

% df6f]pRr pj{/fzlQm / lk=Pr= dfg %=% b]lv ^=* ;Dd ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .

^ hUufsf] tof/L@–# k6s ulx/f];“u vghf]t u/L df6f] v's'nf] agfpg] .!*) ;]=dL= rf}8fOsf] 8\ofª / b'O{ 8\ofªsf] aLr @% ;]=dL= sf] s'n];f] agfpg] .

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Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.

!*) ;]=dL=

8\ofª

s'n];f]

@% ;]=dL=

Photo: Fintrac

�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

& aLp b/pGgt M k|lt /f]kgL %)–&% u|fd -k|lt s6\7f ##–%) u|fd_a0f{z°/ M k|lt /f]kgL @) u|fd -k|lt s6\7f !# u|fd_a]gf{ M k|lt /f]kgL @%)–#)) j6f -k|lt s6\7f !^%–@)) j6f_

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Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.

* g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf a]gf{ pTkfbgsf“qmf]sf] la?jf Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf pTkfbg ug]{ . xfjf v]Ng / kfgL lgsf;sf] nflu Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf $ b]lv ^ j6f Kjfn kfg]{ .

Knfli6s y}nfdf :j:y la?jf pTkfbg ug{ pj{/fzlQm ePsf] df6f] Ps efu, /fd|/L s'lxPsf] uf]a/dn @ efu / v/fgL tyf afn'jfsf] Ps efusf] ld>0f agfO{ Knfli6s y}nfdf eg]{ .

tof/ ePsf] df6f]sf] ld>0fnfO{ @ u|fd a]leli6g k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ lehfpg'k5{ / 9';Laf6 hf]ufpg $* b]lv &@ 306f ;]tf] Knfli6sn] 5f]k]/ /fVg] .

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�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf a]gf{ pTkfbg ===

Knfli6s y}nfdf $ b]lv % ;]=dL= ulx/fOdf @ b]lv # bfgf aLp /f]Kg] / t'?Gt} kfgL xfNg] . lxp“b df};ddf lr;f]af6 arfpgsf] nflu ;]tf] Knfli6sn] 5f]kL u'df]h agfpg] . u'df]h leq Aof8sf] tfkqmd a9\b5 h;n] ubf{ la?jfsf] a[l4 rf“8f] eO{ pTkfbg klg rf“8} lng ;lsG5 .

( dnvfb/f;folgs dnsf] kl/df0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm, cl3Nnf] afnL, sDkf]i6 dnsf] kl/df0f / afnLsf] hftdf e/ kb{5 .

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Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.

dnvfb k|lt /f]kgL k|lt s6\7f slxn]

sDkf]i6!))) s]=hL= ^^) s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{

l8PkL %=) s]=hL= #=# s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{

kf]6f; %=) s]=hL= #=# s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{

o"l/of @=% s]=hL= !=^ s]=hL= la?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf@=% s]=hL= !=^ s]=hL= la?jf ;f/]sf] $) lbgdf

gf]6 M ;Dej ePdf lkgf !)) s]=hL= / af]gldn %)–!)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL -lkgf ^^ s]=hL= / af]gldn ##–^^ s]=hL= k|lt s6\7f_ sf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .

�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

!) la?jfsf] pd]/ / ;fg]{ tl/sfPs 8\ofªdf b'O{ xf/ /f]Kg] lx;fjn] xf/sf] b'/L !%) ;]=dL= / af]6b]lv af]6sf] b'/L ^) b]lv () ;]=dL= x'g]u/L lrgf] nufP/ ;f] lrgf]df #)x#) ;]=dL=sf] vf8n agfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] dnvfb vf8ndf xfnL a]gf{ nufpg] .y}nfdf tof/ ePsf] a]gf{ ;fbf{ h/f gxlNng] u/L Knfli6s sf6]/ a]gf{ lems]/ tof/L vf8ndf ;fg{'k5{ .olb aLp /f]Kg] eP $–% ;]=dL=sf] ulx/f] 8f]adf @–# bfgf aLp /f]Kg] / pd|]kl5 Pp6f :j:y lj?jf /fvL c¿ x6fpg] .

!! yfFqmf lbg]sf“qmf] nx/] afnL ePsf] x'gfn] clgjfo{ ?kdf yf“qmf lbg] . o;n] sf“qmf]sf] la?jf x's{g ;xfotf k'¥ofp“5 / kmnnfO{ df6f]sf] ;+;u{af6 arfp“5 .yf“qmf] cefj ePsf] If]qdf 5fkf] lbg ;lsG5 .

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Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.

!%) ;]=dL=

^)–() ;]=dL=

#) ;]=dL=

#) ;]=dL=

�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

!@ uf]8d]nPs k6s xn'sf uf]8d]n u/L b'O{–tLgk6s;Dd emf/kft pv]Ng] .5fkf] lbg ;s]df emf/kftsf] k|sf]k sd x'G5 .

!# l;+rfO{cfjZostf cg';f/ * b]lv !) lbgsf] km/sdf s'n];f]df kfgL k6fpg] .

!$ afnL ;+/If0fd'VotofM kmn s'xfpg] cf}+;f sL/f, /ftf] vk6] / yf]Kn] vk6] sL/f nfU5 . cf}+;fn] kmndf c08f kfb{5 / kmn s'lxG5 / em5{ . vk6] sL/fn] kftsf] xl/of] efu sf]t/]/ vfG5 / vk6]sf] nfef{n] h/fx¿nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofO{ af]6 /fd|/L x's{g lb“b}g .cf}+;f sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|lt /f]kgLdf sDtLdf # j6f jf k|lt s6\7f @ j6f km]/f]df]g 6«ofk -So"lnP/_ k|of]u ug]{ . o:t} k/fu;]rg eO{;s]kl5 l5of“÷lrlrnfnfO{ sfuh jf sk8fsf] vf]n agfP/ 9fSg] .

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Photo: Fintrac

Photo: USDA ARS

cf}+;f kfg]{ sL/f

Photo: NFRP/USAIDkm]/f]d]g 6«ofksf] k|of]u

Photo: Louis Tedders, USDAyf]Kn] vk6]/ftf] vk6]

�sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw

afnL ;+/If0f ===

vk6] sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf Snf]/f]kfOl/km; @ ld=ln= ld;fP/ kft / af]6sf] h/f If]qdf df6f] /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .v]taf/L ;kmf /fVg] .d'VotM v/fg] /f]u, skf;] 9';L / efO/;hGo /f]u nfU5 . oL /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf pGgt tyf a0f{z°/ hft dfq nufpg] . aLpsf] pkrf/ ubf{ @ u|fd a]lel:6g k|lt s]=hL= sf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .efO/; lgoGq0fsf] nflu le/sf]g Pr @–# ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

!% afnL lng]sf“qmf]sf] hft cg';f/ aLp /f]k]sf] %) b]lv &) lbgdf slnnf] sf“qmf] l6Kg ;lsG5 . @–# lbgsf] km/sdf sf“qmf] l6Kg] .

!^ pTkfbgsf“qmf]sf] hft / Joj:yfkg cg';f/ k|lt /f]kgL !%))–@))) s]=hL= -k|lt s6\7f !)))–!#)) s]=hL=_ pTkfbg x'g;S5 .

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v/fg] /f]u

Photo: Charles Averre, North Carolina State University

efO/;hGo /f]uPhoto: Charles Averre, North Carolina State University

skf;] 9';L /f]uPhoto: Gerald Holmes, Valent USA Corporation

Photo: Fintrac