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CONTOH KASUS AKIBAT PAPARAN BAHAN TOKSIK

By Yusniar Hanani Darundiati, STP, MKesENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTHDIPONEGORO UNIVERSITYSEMARANG, INDONESIA

Chemicals of Concern

PesticidesMercury

DioxinPCBs

Flame RetardantsBisphenol-A

PhthalatesPerflurocarbons

(etc.)(routes of exposure)

Thalidomide

Introduced in 1956 as sedative (sleeping pill) and to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Withdrawn in 1961

Discovered to be a human teratogen causing absence of limbs or limb malformations in newborns

5000 to 7000 infants effected Resulted in new drug testing rules

FAS Child

Effects of Prenatal Alcohol

Lead In Homes

Recycling Lead

Hg – Like Water

Polluting with HG

Discharge in Minamata Bay

Fetal Effects of MeHg

Life-Long Effects of MeHg

Planting Seed with Mercury

Iraq Mothers with Bread

Iraq Infant - Effects of Mercury

Coal Fired Plants – Hg Emissions

Outbreaks of MeHg Poisoning

Place Year CasesMinamata 1953-60 1000

Nigata 1964-65 646

Guatemala 1963-65 45

Ghana 1967 144

Pakistan 1969 100

Iraq 1956 100

Iraq 1960 1,002

Iraq 1971 40,000

On-going 2001 ???

Mercury poisoning

Toxic chemicals find way into the womb

Five years ago Molly and Zachery Gray were in the midst of a dark, lonely spiral. It began with Molly's first miscarriage….

Toxic Cadmium Prompts Recall of McDonald’s Shrek glasses Tuesday, June 08, 2010

the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) announced a voluntary recall of those promotional Shrek Forever After glasses. 12 million of those glasses.."

in the Fiona glass, we detected 1,049 ppm cadmium in the baby’s face. I detected no cadmium in Fiona’s dress (at the sleeve) but did find 10,900 ppm chromium.

What is endocrine disruption ?

Definition of the EU commission (1998):Exogenic compounds which negatively affect the health of an intact organism or its offspring by interference with its endocrine function.

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are environmental chemicalswhich directly or indirectlyinfluence the hormonal systemand may be active at low concentrations.

Marbuse: The fusion ofSalmakis and Hermaphroditos(early 16th century)

InsecticidesCarbarylChlordanDDT and DDEDicofolDieldrinEndosulfanLindanMethoxychlorMirexOxychlordanParathionToxaphenPyrethroide

NematicidesAldicarbDBCP (1,2-Dibrom-3-chlorpropan)

FungicidesBenomylFenarimolMancozebManebTributyltin compounds (TBT)Triphenyltin compounds (TPT)VinclozolinZineb

HerbicidesAlachlorAmitrolAtrazin2,4-Dichlorphenoxy-acetic acidMetribuzinNitrofen2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxy-acetid acid

Industrial chemicalsAlkylphenolsBisphenol ADioxine (2,3,7,8-TCDD)PentachlorphenolPhthalatePolybromated Biphenyls (PBB)Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

Suspected endocrine disrupting compounds

(from Oehlmann & Markert, 1997)

Evidence in vertebrates

Malformations in sexual organs. Examples: Hemi- and minipenes Hemi- and minipenes

in alligatorsin alligators in Florida,Lake Apopka - causedby a DDT accident

Feminisation in male fishFeminisation in male fish (ovotestes) (ovotestes) in sewage polluted surface waters in North America and Europe

Masculinisation Masculinisation (arrhenoidy) (arrhenoidy) in female carp in female carp downstream of pulp mills

Masculinisation of female fathead minnowsMasculinisation of female fathead minnows downstream of animal farms

Animal evidence surrounds us

EDCs

• Drugs such as birth control pills, DES, and cimetidine, especially in sewage water

DES, diethylibestrol, given to mothers to prevent morning sickness, caused genital cancers in their children 20 years later.

Definition DES

Synthetic estrogen given as a feed additive to livestock and prescribed for pregnant women 1947-1971 to prevent miscarriages (experiments started in 1942) – interferes with normal development of the reproductive tract and fertility of sons and daughters

Plastic Bottles Release Potentially Harmful Chemicals (Bisphenol A) After Contact With Hot Liquids

ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2008) — When it comes to Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from polycarbonate plastic bottles, it's not whether the container is new or old but the liquid's temperature that has the most impact on how much BPA is released, according to University of Cincinnati (UC) scientists.

BPA, Chemical Used To Make Plastics, Found To Leach From Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles Into Humans

ScienceDaily (May 22, 2009) — A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to interfere with reproductive development in animals and has been linked with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans.

Endocrine Disruptors: Babies Absorb the Most Bisphenol A

ScienceDaily (Apr. 6, 2010) — The hormonally active substance bisphenol A is contained in many synthetic and packaging materials. As a result, the substance can find its way into the food chain and the human organism. Just who is exposed and to what extent is shown in a new study from ETH Zurich: babies who are fed with polycarbonate bottles are especially at risk.

KASUS Suginami (TERUNGKAP di tahun 2000) kawasan pengolahan limbah di pinggiran

kota Tokyo, Jepang - lebih dari 90 senyawa beracun

di sekitar lokasi incinerator

Saksi korban: Keiko Sato, perempuan (67 tahun) pembengkakan payudara lonjakan kadar hormon testosteron– “tumbuh” janggut di dagunya Pada rambut Sato ditemukan arsen, timbal dan merkuri

dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi. “alarm” bagi penggunaan teknologi insinerasi untuk

pengelolaan limbah padat perkotaan

Girl, 10, is the youngest person in the U.S. to be diagnosed with breast cancer Last updated at 11:15 PM on 19th May 2009

Doctors in California said they believe Hannah, who is at least two years away from typical puberty, is the youngest person to suffer from breast cancer.

Hannah said: 'How could this happen? I am only ten years old. I did not even know what cancer was. I just kept crying and couldn't stop.

Hannah Powell-Auslum, of La Mirada, California, has stunned doctors with her breast cancer diagnosis

The Potential of Children

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